Curso de Ingles Tecnico Para Quimica

INGLS TCNICO

PARA QUIMICOS Curso de Ingls especfico para qumicos o profesionales (o estudiantes) en el campo de la qumica

Aprende a :

1. Comunicar utilizando trminos tcnicos especficos de la materia

2. Entender y redactar artculos cientficos

3. Aprende a escribir tu curriculum en ingls, expande tus horizontes

4. Descubre las otras ventajas

INGLS TCNICO English for chemistry El curso de ingls tcnico de iquimicas.com

2

Presentacin

Este libro est dirigido en particular a estudiantes o profesionales del sector qumico en general.

El objetivo de este libro es promover el aprendizaje de modo activo, por lo que proponemos textos tcnicos

y cientficos para aprender de modo simple y eficaz.

Para un mejor provecho del contenido de este curso se recomienda poseer conocimientos bsicos de ingls

general antes de afrontar el ingls tcnico especifico.

Objetivos

El objetivo principal es que usted, al final de este curso logre:

1. Leer y comprender textos de carcter tcnico o cientfico que presenten trminos, expresiones o

estructuras sintcticas caractersticas de las ciencias qumicas y ciencias afines.

2. Mejorar la capacidad de produccin escrita y de comprensin de textos tcnicos de carcter

cientfico

3. El libro propone diferentes argumentos cientficos divididos por captulos y cuenta con ejercicios.

4. Ampliar el propio vocabulario relativo al mundo de la qumica en general

5. Escribir el propio currculo vitae en ingls

6. Dominar una valida herramienta para afrontar el mercado laboral cada vez ms competitivo.

Estructura del curso:

Introduccin: Survival english - Ingls general bsico

Laboratory equipment and lab work + Safety in the laboratory

Introducing chemistry: Matter, Branches of chemistry, The periodic table, Chemical reactions.

Chemical Compounds: Nomenclature

Environmental damage

Industrial Chemistry

How to write a resume that generates results

Improving your English


3

Index Remembering numbers Page 5

Definition of atom Page 6

Atomic number Page 7

Temperature Page 8

Chemistry of colours Page 9

The pH scale Page 10

Tips on studying a foreign language Page 11

What is chemistry? Page 12

Building blocks of matter Page 14

States of matter Page 15 16

Lewis structure Page 17

The Periodic Table Page 18 19

Chemical Phenomenon Page 20

Chemical Reactions Page 21

Laboratory equipment Page 23 28

Words relating to lab work Page 29

Lab Safety Rules Page 30

Laboratory Safety equipment Page 31

Hazard Diagrams Page 32

Chemical Labels Page 33

Lab work Page 35

Traditional naming of inorganic compounds Page 37 39

IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds Page 40 41

List of common ion names Page 42

IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds Page 43 45

Organic compounds list containing a few types of organic molecules P. 46

Pollution Page 49

The lexicon of environmental damage Page 50

Sewage treatment Page 51

Basics of piping & Instrumentation Diagrams Page 53

Symbols for process equipment Page 54

Units of measurement Page 55

Writing a resume Page 57

Vocabulary


4

Refreshing your English Unit 1

target: Refresh your english

1. Remembering Numbers - The atomic number, Temperature

2. Remembering colors, the pH scale

3. Tips on studying a foreign language

4. Steps to write a summary

Vocabulary:

Atom = Atomo

Structure = Estructura

Protons = Protones

Neutrons = Neutrones

Elements = Elementos

Nucleus = Nucleo

Scales = Escalas

Measurement = Medicion / to measure = medir

To absorb = absorber

Due to = debido a

Discoveries = descubrimientos

Theoretical = teorico

Chemical phenomena = Fenomeno Quimico

Matter = Materia

Shape = Forma

Bond = Enlace

Surrounded = Rodeado

Shape = Forma

Bond = Enlace


Takes place = Tener lugar (ocurrir)

To Combine = Combinar

Compound = Compuesto

Reactants = Reactivos

Products = Productos

Mean = Medio

Made of = Hecho/a de/por.

En esta primera unidad podrs encontrar algunas frases escritas en espaol.

A partir de la unidad 2 se usar principalmente el ingls para que te

familiarices con el idioma ms fcilmente.


5

Remembering Numbers

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four

5. Five

6. Six

7. Seven

8. Eight

9. Nine

10.Ten

11.Eleven

12.Twelve

13.Thirteen

14.Fourteen

15.Fifteen

16.Sixteen

17.Seventeen

18.Eighteen

19.Nineteen

20.Twenty

21.Twenty-one .etc

30. Thirty

40. Forty

50. Fifty

60. Sixty

70. Seventy

80. Eighty

90. Ninety

100. One hundred (a hundred)

101. One hundred and oneetc

200. Two hundredetc

1000. One thousand (a thousand)

2001. Two thousand and one

1.000.000 One million

Los nmeros que van desde 21 a 99 se escriben con un guion - entre la decena

y la unidad (example: 21 = twenty-one)

En british english (ingls britnico) para los nmeros mayores de 100 se usa and

entre las centenas y el resto del nmero (example: 210 = two hundred and ten ;

en ingls americano (American english) se dice two hundred ten (sin and)


6

Hundred, thousand, million se escriben sin la s del plural, excepto cuando son

usados como expresiones indefinidas. (example: hundreds of dollars = centenares

de dlares) los nmeros grandes se escriben con comas, no con puntos y los

nmeros con decimales se escriben con puntos no con comas. Los nmeros

decimales despus de la coma se leen singularmente (example: 86,512 eighty-six

point five one two) Notar que el point indica que los nmeros que expresar

despus son decimales.

Numeros ordinales

Numero Abreviacin En espaol

First 1st Primero

Second 2nd Segundo

Third 3rd Tercero

Fourth 4th Cuarto

Fifth 5th Quinto

Sixth 6th Sexto

Seventh 7th Sptimo

Eighth 8th Octavo

Nineth 9th Noveno

tenth 10th Dcimo

A todos los nmeros se les agrega la terminacin th, menos a los que terminan en 1,

2 o 3 (despus del 20), a los que se agrega, -st, -nd, -rd, respectivamente. Example:

Twenty-first (21st), twenty-second (22nd), twenty-third (23rd)

Definition of atom

Do you ever wonder whats an atom?

All objects surrounding1 us are made of2 matter3.

Air, water, a brick, even4 you are made of matter! Matter is anything that has mass. Matter is made

up5 of smaller pieces; atoms. An atom is the defining structure of an element,

which cannot be broken by any chemical means6. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and

neutrons with electrons circling7 this nucleus. 1 Surrounding = que rodea/rodeando

2 Made of = hecho de/ compuesto por

3 Matter = materia

4 Even = hasta / incluso / aun

5 Made up = sinonimo de made of

6 Chemical means = medios quimicos/metodos quimicos

7 Circling = rodeando


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Atomic Number

The atomic number is the number of protons in an element.

the number of protons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of

electrons.

Prueba tu: Intenta traducir los prrafos anteriores (definition of atom and Atomic

number) al espaol.

________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________


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Numbers and temperature

There are many scales1 of temperature: Celsius, Fahrenheit and

Kelvin. The most commonly2 used is Celsius. In U.S.A is mostly3 used

the Fahrenheit scale.

For practical purposes of scientific temperature measurement4, the

International System of Units (SI) defines a scale and unit for the

thermodynamic temperature: Kelvin, which the unit symbol is K.

Grados (Spanish) = Degrees (English)

Unit conversions

Fahrenheit = Celsius * 9 / 5 + 32

Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9

Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15

Exercise 1 - Try to complete the blanks with: 296,15 - 89,6 1.85 - 51,6

32 oC ________ F

125 F ________ oC

23 oC ________ K

275 K ________ oC

1 Scales = Escalas

2 Commonly = Comunmente

3 Mostly = Mayormente

4 Measurement = Medidas / Mediciones


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Chemistry of colours

Every day materials we use presents many different colors. But why things have

color? Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and delivers1 energy in little packets

called photons. All materials absorb photons of some energy, but only substances2

that absorb photons of visible radiations will have color. The color of a transparent

object is due to3 the colors of light that can pass through4 the material. The color of

any colored object comes from the light it doesnt absorb. The color absorbed

determines the color observed.

Color absorbed Color observed

Red Blue green

Orange Blue

Yellow green Violet

Blue violet Yellow

Remembering the colours

- Exercise 2 - match the color with the correct name

Green

Yellow

Blue

Brown

Red

Pink

Light blue

Violet

White

Black

Orange

Try to do this exercise without looking at the solutions at the end of the next page.

1 Deliver = Llevar

2 Substances = Sustancias

3 Due to = Debido a

4 Pass through = Atravesar


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The pH scale

What is Acid? There are three common1 definitions for

acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brnsted-Lowry definition,

and the Lewis definition. A Lewis acid is a species that

accepts a pair of electrons from another species; in other

words, it is an electron pair acceptor

What is base? A base is a chemical species that donates

electrons or hydroxide ions or that accepts protons.

The pH scale measures2 how acidic or basic a substance is.

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH

less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.

An indicator is usually some weak3 organic acid or base dye4 that changes colors5 at

definite pH values.

One of the oldest and most commonly used forms of pH indicator is the litmus

paper. Litmus paper is paper that has been treated6 with a specific indicator - a

mixture of 10-15 natural dyes obtained from lichens that changes colors at definite pH

values.

Colors in a pH indicator

0 Red 1 Orange Red 2 Dark orange

3 Orange 4 Tan 5 Sun Yellow

6 Lemon Yellow 7 Yellow green 8 Olive drab

9 Asparagus 10 Dark sea green 11- Royal blue

12 Dark slate blue 13 Ultramarine 14 - Navy blue 1 Common = Comun / General

2 Measures = Mide

3 Weak = Dbil

4 Dye = Tinte / Tinta / Tintura

5 Color = In American (USA) English we write color, in british English colour but the meaning is the same.

6 Has been treated = Ha sido tratado


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Important! : key for exercise 2 (Chemistry of colors): Page 9

Tips on studying a foreign Language

Study every day

Isolate new vocabulary and study it separately

Avoid word-by-word translation.

Read many times a new passage trying to guess the meaning of a new

word from context.

Check word endings

Memorize irregular verbs

Practice: read and listen, watch foreign TV, read news in English

Stay up-to-date, read, listen, speak, as frequently as possible.

Try to write a summary of what youve learned in this unit

Steps to write a summary

1. Read the passage twice

2. try to understand the passage

3. Find out exactly what you need to summarize

4. Identify the main idea.

5. Write your first draft. Then edit your first draft.

6. Make a list of the new words you've learned

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

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Understanding Chemistry Unit 2

Target:

1. Introducing chemistry

2. States of Matter

3. Atoms and molecules

4. The periodic table

5. Chemical reactions

Vocabulary:

Atom = Atomo

Structure = Estructura

Protons = Protones

Neutrons = Neutrones

Elements = Elementos

Nucleus = Nucleo

Scales = Escalas

Measurement = Medicion / to measure = medir

To absorb = absorber

Due to = debido a

Discoveries = descubrimientos

Theoretical = teorico

Chemical phenomena = Fenomeno Quimico

Matter = Materia

Shape = Forma

Bond = Enlace


Shape = Forma

Bond = Enlace


Takes place = Tener lugar (ocurrir)

To Combine = Combinar


Reactants = Reactivos

Products = Productos:


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What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is an experimental science. Chemistry is evidence based. All chemical

statements1 are based on experiment. It shares2 the experimental method of all

sciences. It improves in time also using new discoveries3 and concepts from other

sciences.

In turn, it provides both theoretical and experimental tools to different sciences.

Biology, Geology cannot be studied without a thorough4 understanding of chemical

phenomena.

Chemistry is the study of matter and changes that take place with that matter.

Branches of Chemistry

Find the words that describes the branches of chemistry

I N O R G A N I C R T Q R Y

G A R R Y X C P H I S Y J L

F Y G W E R T Y E J K L O W

W X A P O Z L I M X R E N E

F I N D U S T R I A L X U Y

O R I T Y E W Q S E R T C H

L I C A N A L Y T I C A L H

X C F G G E N E R A L Y E V

N T Y U R F P H Y S I C A L

B I O C H E M I S T R Y R O

Inorganic organic industrial analytical general physical nuclear chemistry

- biochemistry

Exercise 3 - Fill in the blanks with the words youve found.

The branch of chemistry that studies compounds of carbon is

Application of chemistry to manufacturing processes:

The branch of chemistry that studies compounds excluding those of carbon is

.studies radioactivity, fission and fusion of nuclei

.studies molecules and their transformation

1 Statement = Declaracion / Afirmacion

2 Shares = Comparte

3 Discoveries = Descubrimientos

4 Thorough = Completo / Exhaustivo / Minucioso


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Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies chemical processes in living

things

The determination of the composition of substances are studied in

..

Application of mathematics and physics to chemistry: Physical chemistry

The building blocks of matter

Picture 1

Matter is everything around us that we can touch, or see, or feel, or smell. Remember

the definition of matter.

Matter: is anything that takes up space or has a mass of any kind.

Exercise 4 - Look at picture 1 (in page 13) and complete the following

sentences.

Matter is composed of different kinds of structures. These

structures are made up of

A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its

chemical composition and properties. A molecule consist of two or more ..


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States of matter

There are three main1 states of matter: solid, liquid and gases. Each of these states is

also known as a phase. The main differences between these states are shape2 and

volume.

Exercise 5 - Read the definition and complete the blanks with the correct

word

_______: Is matter with a rigid shape and fixed volume

_______: Has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape

_______: Has neither fixed volume nor shape. It expands to fill its container

completely.

Exercise 6: Look the next three images and give a title to each one.

Picture 2

Why do atoms bond together?

As we have seen in page 5, an atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons

with electrons circling this nucleus.

You can break down3 the shell4 and orbitals of an atom on several5 levels of detail.

There are the main shells of the atom, and these are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4..etc. Each

shell holds different sub-shells, which are themselves composed of atomic orbitals.

Whats an orbital?

Can we know with certainty both where an electron is and where it's going next?

According to The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, we can't. That makes it impossible

to plot an orbit for an electron around a nucleus.

However, there is a region of space where we can probably find an electron. Such a

region of space is called an orbital. You can think of an orbital as being the region of

space in which the electron lives.

Now we can try to answer the main question: why do atoms bond together?

1 Main = Principal

2 Shape = Forma

3 Break down = Romper / descomponer

4 Shell = Capa

5 Several = Varios


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Atoms are at their most stable when they have no partially-filled electron shells.

If an atom has only a few electrons in a shell, it will tend to lose them to empty the

shell. (These elements are metals).

When an atom has a nearly full electron shell, it will try to find electrons from another

atom so that it can fill its outer shell. (These elements are nonmetals).

So, atoms bond1 together for a very simple reason: atoms like to have full valence

shells. Why? To get more stable, like noble gases.

Different kind of bond: Ionic bond and Covalent bond.

When metal atoms bond, a metallic bond occurs.

The bond between two nonmetal atoms is usually a covalent bond.

Where metal and nonmetal atom come together an ionic bond occurs.

Covalent bond

A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of

pairs of electrons between atoms

Ionic bond

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction

between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation, which

is usually a metal, and an anion, which is usually a nonmetal.

Exercise 7: Answer these questions

Whats a noble gas?

__________________________________________________________________

Whats the main difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

__________________________________________________________________

How can an atom get more stable?

__________________________________________________________________

1 Bond = Enlace


17

Lewis Structure

Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule

and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

How does it work?

1. Just write the symbol of an element, for example oxygen

2. The chemical symbol for the atom is surrounded1 by a number of dots2

corresponding to the number of valence electrons.

Your turn: Exercise 8 Write the Lewis structure for the following elements:

C Carbon

Li Lithium

He Helium

F Fluorine

1 Surrounded = Rodeado

2 Dots = puntos


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The Periodic Table

The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular display of the 118 known

chemical elements organized by selected properties of their atomic structures. The

elements are placed in specific places because of the way they look and act.

Exercise 9 Choose 3 different colors to identify metals, metalloids and non-

metals in the following periodic table.

The horizontal rows of the table are called periods. Vertical columns are called

groups.

Elements of the periodic table

H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium

K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium

Fr Francium Be Beryllium Mg Magnesium

Ca Calcium Sr Strontium Ba Barium

Ra Radium Sc Scandium Y Yttrium

Lu Lutetium Ac Actinium Lr Lawrencium

Ti - Titanium Zr Zirconium Hf Hafnium

Rf Rutherfordium V Vanadium Ta Tantalum

Db Dubnium Cr Chromium Mo molybdenum

W Tungsten Sg Seaborgium Mn Manganese

Tc Technetium Re Rhenium Bh Bohrium


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Fe Iron Ru Ruthenium Os Osmium

Hs Hassium Co Cobalt Rh Rhodium

Ir Iridium Mt Meitnerium Ni Nickel

Pd Palladium Pt Platinum Ds - Darmstadtium

Cu Copper Ag Silver Au Gold

Rg Roentgenium Zn Zinc Cd Cadmium

Hg Mercury Cn - Copernicium B Boron

Al Aluminum Ga Gallium In Indium

Tl Thallium C Carbon Si Silicon

Ge Germanium Sn Tin Pb Lead

N Nitrogen P Phosphorus As Arsenic

Sb Antimony Bi Bismuth O Oxygen

S Sulfur Se Selenium Te Tellurium

Po Polonium F Fluoride Cl Chlorine

Br Bromine I Iodine At Astatine

He Helium Ne Neon Ar Argon

Kr Krypton Xe Xenon Rn Radon

La Lanthanum Ce Cerium Th Thorium

Pr - Praseodymium Pa Protactinium Nd Neodymium

U Uranium Pm Promethium Np Neptunium

Sm Samarium Pu Plutonium Eu Europium

Am Americium Gd Gadolinium Cm Curium

Tb Terbium Bk Berkelium Dy Dysprosium

Cf Californium Ho Holmium Es Einstenium

Er Erbium Fm Fermium Tm Thulium

Md Mendelevium Yb Ytterbium No Nobelium

Nb Niobium Uut - Ununtrium Uuq - Ununquadium

Uup - Ununpentium Uuh - Ununhexium Uus Ununseptium Uuo - Ununoctium


20

Chemical phenomenon

A chemical phenomenon is any change in the structure of matter. It happens when a

compound is transformed into another with different properties.

Examples of chemical reactions in everyday life

1. Photosynthesis in plants

2. Digestion in our own bodies

3. Decay of any biological matter (from plants to dead animals).

4. Oxidation of various materials exposed to the atmosphere (For example: Iron

can rust.)

5. Combusting petrol in a car engine

6. Cooking, souring, fermenting or burning

Thus, it won't be wrong to say learning chemistry and chemical reactions start at

home.

Exercise 10 Write 10 examples of chemical reactions.

1.

2.

3. .

4. .

5.

6.

7.

8.

9. .

10..

This is an example of

chemical phenomenon


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Chemical reactions

A chemical reaction takes place1 whenever elements combine to form a compound2.

So, a chemical reaction is a change in which reactants3 form new compounds called

products4.

Rate5 of reaction:

As you probably know, reactions happens at different speed. Some reactions occurs6

in less than a second while others takes years to happen. The rate of the reaction7

depends on the type of molecules which are combining.

Which things can affect the rate of the reaction?

1. Concentration : more concentration = higher chance that molecules will collide

= reaction is speeded up8

2. Temperature: higher temperature = molecules have more energy and bounce9

much more = more molecules will collide10 to combine = reaction is speeded up

3. Pressure: increasing11 pressure (especially in gases) = molecules concentrate

and collide with each other more often

1 Takes place = ocurre

2 Compound = Compuesto

3 Reactants = Reactivos

4 Products = Productos

5 Rate = Velocidad

6 Occurs = sinonimo de happens

7 Rate of the reaction = velocidad de reaccion

8 Speeded up = acelerada

9 Bounce = rebotar / brincar

10 Collide = chocar / encontrarse

11 Increasing = aumentando


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In the lab Unit 3

target:

1. Laboratory equipment

2. Safety in the lab

3. Lab work

4. Words relating to lab work

Vocabulary:

Container = Contenedor/Recipiente

Heated = Calentado

Withdraw = Retirar

Grind = Moler

Hold = mantener/sostener/sujetar

Salt bridge = Puente salino

Concern = Referirse

Supplies = suministros

labels = etiquetas

hazard = Peligro/riesgo

Avoid = evitar

Fanning = abanicar/ventilar

spill = vertido/derrame

to rinse = enjuagar

Running water = agua corriente

Discarding = descartando

Dealing = tratar

deal with = tratar con

statements = declaraciones/afirmaciones


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Laboratory equipment

Name: Beaker

Use: as container1. It can be heated2

Made of: glass

Name: Graduated Cylinder

Use: its very useful to measure volume.

Made of: glass

Name: Stirring Rod

Use: To stir combinations of materials

Made of: glass

Name: Buret

Use: To withdraw3 and measure volumes of solutions in titration4

Made of: glass

1 Container = contenedor / recipiente

2 Heated = Calentado

3 Withdraw = retirar

4 Titration = Titulacion


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Name: Mortar and Pestle

Use: to grind1 chemicals to a powder

Made of: heavy porcelain

Name: Volumetric Flask

Use: Used in preparation of solution

Made of: glass

Name: Spatula

Use: ..

Made of: metal, plastic or porcelain

Name: Erlenmeyer flask / conical flask

Use:..

Made of: Glass

Name: Bchner flask, also known as a vacuum2 flask

Use:

Made of:

Name: Wash bottle

Use: to dispense distilled water

Made of: .

1 Grind = Moler / Pulverizar

2 Vaacum = Vacio


25

Name: Tongs

Use: To pick up and hold apparatus

Made of: Metal

Name: Double buret clamp (with two burets)

use: Hold burets when titrating

Made of: with flexible clips

Name: Balance

Use:

Name: Volumetric flask

Use: marked off to 500ml capacity

Made of: glass

Name: Florence flask

Use: can be heated

Made of: ..

Name: Bunsen burner

Use: heating device

Made of: metal


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Name: Test tubes in rack

Use: Hold test tubes

Made of: Plastic or wood

Name: Bottle

Use: .

Made of: glass

Name: Funnel

Use: ........

Made of: glass

Name: Dropper pipet

Use: to transfer small amounts of liquids

Name: Volumetric Pipet

Use: .

Made of: glass

Name: Evaporating dish

Use: .

Made of: Porcelain


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Name: U tube

Use: Useful as a "salt bridge" when making batteries

Made of: glass

Name: Watch glass

Use:

Made of: glass

Name: Condensers

Use: general purpose condenser that can be used for distillation and

extraction

Made of: glass

Name: Separatory Funnel

Use: to separate liquids with different density

Made of: glass

Name: Test tube

Use:.

Made of: .

Name: Desiccator or desiccant container

Use: is a chamber that removes water from chemicals or items

Name: Petri dish

Use: used to culture cells, which can be bacteria, animal, plant, or fungus


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Name: Syringe

Name: Tripod

Use: hold flask to be heaten

Made of: metal

Name: Gloves

Use: Protect your hands

Name: Goggles

Use: to protect your eyes

All the laboratory equipment made of glass are also called laboratory glassware.

Exercise 11 Group these words under the correct heading

first-aid kit gloves - Volumetric pipet burette - safety shower - eye-wash - lab coat

goggles - Beaker

Safety Equipment Protective clothing

Glassware

Find the key at the end of the next page


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Words relating to Lab work

Give the Spanish translation for the next words. These words may come in

handy when describing lab work.

Add = ..

Check = ..

Spread = ..

Splash = ..

Stir = ..

Mix = ..

Melt = ..

Dry = ..

Grow = ..

Titrate = ..

Swab = ..

Weight = ..

Remove = ..

Heat = ..

Sample = ..

Shake = ..

key for exercise 11:

Safety equipment: first-aid kit, safety shower, eye-wash Protective clothing: lab coat, gloves, goggles Glassware: beaker, burette, volumetric pipet


30

Lab Safety Rules

Safety must be the first concern1 of everyone working in a laboratory.

1. Know the location and use of all safety equipment in your laboratory. (read more at the next page)

2. Wear a laboratory coat or apron. 3. Wear gloves when dealing with chemicals.

4. Wear closed-toe and closed-heel shoes 5. Wear protective glasses or goggles for all laboratory work. (Wear glasses instead

of contacts if possible )

6. Tie back loose hair. 7. Keep your work area clean and organized, free from unnecessary supplies2 and

papers. 8. Check chemical 3labels twice to make sure you have the correct substance. Some

chemical formulas and names differ by only a letter or number.

9. Pay attention to the hazard4 classifications shown on the label. 10.You may be asked to transfer some laboratory chemicals from a common bottle or

jar to your own test tube or beaker. DO NOT return any excess material to its original container.

11.Never taste laboratory materials.

12.Handle equipment carefully and deliberately 13.When using equipment with electrical cords, place the cord out of the way

14.Avoid5 using chipped6 or broken glassware 15.If you are instructed to smell something, do so by fanning7 some of the vapor

toward your nose. Do not place your nose near the opening of the container.

16.Never look directly down into a test tube; view the contents from the side. 17.In case of a chemical spill8 on your skin or clothing rinse9 the affected area with

plenty of water. If the eyes are affected water-washing must begin immediately and continue for 10 to 15 minutes or until professional assistance is obtained.

1 Concern = Preocupacion

2 Supplies = Suministros

3 Label = Etiqueta

4 Hazard = Peligro / Riesgo

5 Avoid = Evitar

6 Chipped = Astillado

7 Fanning = Abanicandose

8 Spill = Derrame

9 Rinse = Enjuagar


31

18.Minor skin burns should be placed under cold, running water1.

19.When discarding2 used chemicals, carefully follow the instructions provided. 20.Wash hands after dealing3 chemicals.

21.Do NOT put lab supplies in your mouth. 22.Before leaving the laboratory, ensure that gas lines and water faucets are shut off.

Laboratory Safety Equipment (including the safety shower, eye wash, first-aid kit, fire extinguisher, and blanket)

Safety Shower

Use a safety shower in the event of a chemical spill.

How to use:

1. Pull the overhead handle 2. remove clothing that may be contaminated with chemicals

3. Rinse the skin

Fire Blanket

A fire blanket can be used to smother a fire. How to use:

1. Place the blanket on top, or surrounding a burning object, the job of the

blanket is to cut off the oxygen supply to the fire, thereby putting it out

Eye wash fountain

In the event of an eye injury4 or chemical splash, use the eyewash immediately. How to use:

1. Run some water through the eyewash fountain before you use it.

2. Retract your eyelid (hold it open); 3. Run fresh water over your eye for several minutes (from 10 to 15 minutes)

Fire extinguisher

There are two main types of fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide or dry chemical

(powder). How to use:

1. Read the tag to know which you will use. The tag also should show the date the extinguisher was last serviced

2. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are good, general purpose extinguishers. 3. Dry-chemical (powder) are used for difficult cases, say certain types of

electrical fires. 4. avoid using a dry-chemical extinguisher on a fellow human being.

1 Running water = Agua corriente

2 Discarding = Descartar / desechar

3 Dealing = Tratar

4 Injury = lesion / dao / herida


32

First aid kit: First Aid1 kits are available in the lab for minor injuries like cuts or

scrapes. Exits from the lab: Make sure that you know how to exit the lab quickly, in the

event of an emergency. You should know two ways to get out.

Hazard diagrams

hazard diagram is widely used to indicate the health, fire,

and reactivity of chemicals. It is important to be familiar with this diagram and what the number in each section

indicates in regards to the hazard presented by the chemical to which it is referring

Red is FIRE danger: rated on a 0-4 basis.

0 = will not burn

1 = must be preheated to burn

2 = Ignites when moderately heated

3 = Ignites at normal temperatures

4 = Extremely flamable

Yellow indicates REACTIVITY danger: rated on a 0-4 basis

0 = Normally stable

1 = Unstable if heated: use normal precautions

2 = Violent chemical change possible: use hose streams from distance

3 = Strong shock or heat may detonate: use monitors from behind explosive

resistant barriers

4 = May detonate: vacate area if materials are exposed to fire

Blue represents HEALTH HAZARDS: rated on a 0-4 basis

0 = Like ordinary material

1 = Slightly hazardous

2 = hazardous: use breathing apparatus

3= Extremely dangerous: use full protecting clothing

4 = Too dangerous to enter vapor or liquid

WHITE signifies specific hazards, e.g. oxidizers, acids, bases, or corrosive materials.

1 First Aid = Primeros Auxilios


33

Chemical labels

Chemical manufacturers are required to perform an assessment of the physical and

health hazards of the chemicals they produce. This information must be made

available in two places: the chemical label and the material safety data sheet (MSDS).

Thus, the information found on the original container label and the MSDS may provide

a great deal of information about the identity of the chemical constituents and their

health and physical hazards

Flammable

Explosive

Corrosive

Poison

Environmental hazard

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

When a chemical is purchased, the supplier will send a MSDS sheet.

The MSDS sheet lists the known dangers of the chemical in question.

Make sure you use the right MSDS sheet for the right chemical, as many chemical

names sound similar.

You can find more info on:

http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/MSDS/msds_explanation.htm


34

Exercise 12: Decide whether these statements are true or false

When in the laboratory you should wear sandals

When in the laboratory you should wear closed-toed shoes

If acid gets on your skin or clothes, wash at once with water

You must wear your goggles in the laboratory to improve your vision

Never heat a test tube that is closed

The most important thing in laboratory experiments is safety


35

Lab work

Methods of separating mixtures and purifying substances

Filtration

is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of

solids from fluids

Distillation

Distillation is used to separate two liquids that are miscible (miscible: liquids that

completely mix and dont form two layers1)

Decantation

Is the way of separating a liquid from an insoluble solid which has a density greater

than water. The mixture is allowed to stand e.g. in a beaker, until all the solid settles

out to the bottom of the container. Then the liquid is carefully poured off2 to leave the

insoluble solid behind.

Chromatography

is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures.

The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the "mobile phase", which carries3 it through

a structure holding another material called the "stationary phase". The various

constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The

separation is based on differential partitioning4 between the mobile and stationary

phases. Subtle5 differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential

retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation.

Exercise 13 Try to describe others Methods of separating mixtures and

purifying substances

TLC Thin Layer Chromatography :

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

How can we separate two liquids that do not mix?

1 Layers = Capas

2 Poured off = Vertir Fuera

3 Carries = Lleva

4 Partitioning = Particionamiento

5 Subtle = Sutil


36

Chemical Compounds

Unit 5

target:

1. Nomenclature: - traditional naming of inorganic compounds

- IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds

- IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

2. List of common ions names

3. Organic compounds list containing a few types of organic molecules

Vocabulary:

Write below your own vocabulary list.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

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37

Traditional naming of inorganic compounds

Compuestos binarios

La primera palabra seala alguna caracterstica general a un grupo grande de

sustancias, por ejemplo: acido, hidrxido, etc. La segunda palabra seala la

caracterstica especial que permite distinguir la especie qumica:

Metal oxides

1. Oxido de + nombre del metal

2. Oxido metal+ico

In english

To name oxides according to the traditional nomenclature1 you need to learn a little

system of prefixes and suffixes for the oxidation numbers.

If the metal has one oxidation number there isnt a suffix to use. (some people use ic

suffix)

If it has two oxidation numbers you have to choose a suffix according the oxidation

number.

With the smaller number you should use ous, and ic with the bigger number.

-ous -ic

+2 +3

+1 +2

Be careful: Suffix2 does not depend on the number, but on how many valences3 the

element has.

Writing structure of traditional nomenclature:

ElementName+Suffix Oxide

Manganic Oxide Ferric Oxide

1 Nomenclature = Nomenclatura

2 Suffix = Sufijo

3 Valences = Valencias


38

Hydroxides

Hydroxides1 has this writing structure:

Metal+OH

You need to use a suffix like in oxide nomenclature (-ic or - -ous)


ElementName+Suffix Hydroxide

Example: Ferric Hydroxide

Acids

Acids are formed when Non-Metal Oxides (also known as anhydrides) react2 with water

You need to learn a little system of prefixes3 and suffixes (for the oxidation numbers)

Hyp..ous -ous -ic Per..ic +2 +4 +6

+1 +3 +5 +7

the suffix does not depend on the number but on how many valences the element has


ElementName + Suffix Acid

Or, when needed:

Prefix + ElementName + Suffix Acid

Examples:

Hypochlorous acid

Chlorous acid

Chloric Acid

Perchloric acid

1 Hydroxides = Hidroxidos

2 React = Reaccionar

3 Prefixes = Prefijos


39

IUPAC and STOCK nomenclature in acids is not used frequently, as it is a bit difficult

and general chemical compound markets in the most part use only the TRADITIONAL nomenclature.

Salt nomenclature

The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium)

followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate). Salts are often referred to only by the name of the cation (e.g. sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name

of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate).


40

IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds

You need to learn the following prefixes:

Number Prefixes

1 -mono

2 -di

3 -tri

4 -tetra

5 -penta

6 -hexa

7 -hepta

8 -octa

9 -nona

10 -deca

the writing structure of IUPAC nomenclature is:

Prefix ElementName + Prefix + Hydroxide/oxyde

if the metal has a subscript1 of one, we dont use MONO, we only use MONO if the radical OH has 1 as subscript

The name of the electronegative constituent is constructed by modifying the element name with the ending

ide

Examples:

1. HCl hydrogen chloride

2. NO nitrogen oxide, or nitrogen monooxide, or nitrogen monoxide

3. NO2 nitrogen dioxide

4. N2O4 dinitrogen tetraoxide

5. OCl2 oxygen dichloride

6. O2Cl dioxygen chloride

7. Fe3O4 triiron tetraoxide

8. SiC silicon carbide

1 Subscript = Subindice


41

Naming cations

The name of a monoatomic cation is that of the element with an appropriate charge number appended1 in parentheses.

Naming anions

The name of a monoatomic anion is the element name (Table I) modified so as to

carry the anion designator ide, either formed by replacing the ending of the element name (en,ese, ic, ine, ium, ogen, on, orus, um, ur, y or ygen) by ide or by directly adding ide as an ending to the element name. El nombre de un anion monoatomico es el nombre del elemento (ver table 1) modificado en

modo que pueda llevar el sufijo ide relativo al anion. Se forma remplazando el final del nombre del elemento (en,ese, ic, ine, ium, ogen, on, orus, um, ur, y or ygen) con ide o directamente agregando ide al final del nombre del elemento.

Examples:

1. chlorine, chloride 2. carbon, carbide

3. xenon, xenonide 4. tungsten, tungstide

5. bismuth, bismuthide The endings in anion names are ide (monoatomic or homopolyatomic species, heteropolyatomic species named from a parent hydride), ate (heteropolyatomic species named additively2), and ite (used in a few names which are still acceptable but do not derive from current systematic nomenclature)

Some names of monoatomic anions are based on the root of the Latin element names. In these the ending um or ium is replaced by ide. Examples:

1. silver, argentum, argentide 2. gold, aurum, auride

3. copper, cuprum, cupride 4. iron, ferrum, ferride

5. lead, plumbum, plumbide 6. tin, stannum, stannide

1 Appended = Adjunto / Aadido

2 Additively = Aditivamente


42

List of common ion names

Monatomic anions:

Cl chloride

S2 sulfide

P3 phosphide

Polyatomic ions:

NH4+ ammonium

H3O+ hydronium

NO3 nitrate

NO2 nitrite

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

HSO3 hydrogen sulfite (or bisulfite)

HCO3 hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate)

CO32 carbonate

PO43 phosphate

HPO42 hydrogen phosphate

CrO42 chromate

BO33 borate

C2O42 oxalate

CN cyanide

SCN thiocyanate

MnO4 permanganate


43

IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

In order to name organic compounds you must first memorize a few basic names. These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes1. In general, the base

part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what you have assigned to be the parent chain. The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s)

present on (or within) the parent chain. Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituents.

Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)

names of the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon chain

El sufijo ano utilizado para los alcanos en espaol corresponde al ane en ingls.

Name Number of carbons

Methane 1

Ethane 2

Propane 3

Butane 4

Pentane 5

Hexane 6

Heptane 7

Octane 8

Nonane 9

Decane 10

Undecane 11

Dodecane 12

The names of the substituents formed by the removal of one hydrogen from the end of the chain is obtained by changing the suffix -ane to -yl.

Examples:

Isobutyl

Tert-butyl

Sec-butyl

Isopropyl

A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears directly

in front of the base name

Commas are used between numbers and dashes2 are used between letters and numbers

1 Alkanes = Alcanos

2 Dashes = Guiones (-)


44

Example:

4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane

Alkyl halides

You need to use the prefix

Fluoro-

Chloro-

Bromo-

Iodo-

Example:

2-bromo-3-methylbutane

Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons

Double bonds1 in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -ene. If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present (-adiene, -atriene, etc)

Triple bonds are named in a similar way using the suffix -yne.

Alcohols

Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than one hydroxyl group2 (-OH), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.).

Ethers

The two alkyl groups3 attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used if both alkyl groups are the same.

Example:

Diethylether

1 Double Bond = Enlace Doble

2 Hydroxyl group = Grupo Hidroxilo

3 Alkyl groups = Grupo alquilo


45

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with anal

Ketones

Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more than one carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of carbonyl groups present (-anedione, -anetrione, etc.).

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane with -anoic acid

Esters

The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed by a space. The acyl portion of the name (what is left over) is named by replacing the -ic acid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate.

Example:

Methylpropanoate

Amines

They are named like ethers, the alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen are put in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed by the word amine

Example:

ethylmetylamine


46

Organic compounds list containing a few types of organic

molecules

Alkanes Alkenes

Alkynes Alcohols

Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids

Amines Amides

Nitrites Nitrates Amino acids

Haloalkanes Acyl/acid chlorides

Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Annulenes

Sulfides Sulfates

Hydrochlorides Esters

Ethers Sugars Cyanates

Isocyanates Cyanides

Cyanohydrins Fullerenes Phenols

Phenyls and benzyls

Exercise: Name these compounds

K2O

Fe2O3

Na2O

NaOH

Al(OH)3

CuOH


47

The Environment

Unit 6

target:

1. Environmental damage

2. Sewage treatment

Vocabulary:

Harm = Dao

Adverse effect = Efecto negativo

Fossil Fuels = combustibles fosiles

Sewage = Aguas Residuales

Household sewage = Aguas residuals del hogar

Sludge = lodo/sediment fangoso


48

Pollution

Is the introduction of pollutants1 (contaminants) into a natural environment2 that causes instability, disorder, harm3 or discomfort4 to the ecosystem5. Pollution6 can

take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise7, heat8 or light.

What is acid rain?

Acid rain9 is a precipitation10 having an acid pH value which has an adverse effect11 on animals and plants on which it falls. Acid rains results from the emission into the

atmosphere of various pollutant gases which originate from the burning of fossil fuels and from car exhaust fumes.

Exercise: Try to describe what is air pollution and what is the ozone layer.

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_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

1 Pollutants = Contaminantes

2 Environment = Ambiente

3 Harm = Dao

4 Discomfort = Malestar

5 Ecosystem = Ecosistema

6 Pollution = contaminacion

7 Noise = Ruido

8 Heat = Calor

9 Acid Rain = Lluvia Acida

10 Precipitation = Precipitacion

11 Adverse effect = Efecto adverso / Efecto negativo


49

The lexicon of environmental damage

Acid rain lluvia acida

Climate change cambio climatico

Deforestation - deforestacion

Ground pollution contaminacion del suelo

Ozone depletion Reduccion de la capa de ozono

Waste of resources derroche/despilfarro de recursos naturales.

Greenhouse efecto Efecto invernadero

Ozone layer Capa de ozono

Adverse Daino

Harmful Nocivo/Perjudicial

Harmless Inofensivo/inocuo

Warming calentamiento

Noxious Harmful/toxic

Hazard Risk

Rise increment

Endanger poner en peligro

Amount cantidad


50

Sewage treatment

Sewage1 treatment, or domestic wastewater2 treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage3, both runoff (effluents) and

domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-

safe4 fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge5) suitable6 for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).

A typical sewage treatment process:

1. Separate and dispose of grosser debris7 (large solids, rags, plastics) 2. Grit removal (grit, stones, sand) 3. Primary sedimentation (in which primary sludge is obtained) 4. Biological treatment (in which secondary biological- sludge is

obtained)

5. Tertiary treatment (tertiary sludge is obtained)

Exercise: Which are the main advantages obtained by treating wastewater?

For example: Quality improvement of streams.

1 Sewage = Aguas residuales / Aguas servidas

2 Wastewater = Aguas residuales

3 Household sewage = Aguas residuales de los hogares

4 Environmentally-safe = Ambientalmente seguro/a

5 Sludge = Lodo / Fango

6 Suitable = Adecuado / apto / idoneo

7 Debris = desechos solidos / escombros


51

Industrial Chemistry Unit 7

target:

1. Basics of P&ID

2. Common P&ID symbols used in developing Instrumentation Diagrams

3. Symbols for process equipment

4. Unit of measurement

Vocabulary:

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


52

Basics of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams

P&ID stands for Piping1 and Instrumentation Diagram or Drawing. Alternatively, it

could also be called Process and Instrumentation Diagram or simply P&I diagram or

drawing. P&IDs are also known as Engineering Flow Diagrams or Mechanical Flow

Diagrams .P&IDs are often used in the process industry to show the process flow and

other installed equipment and instruments. They show the interconnection of process

equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process.

Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams play a crucial role in the design and engineering

of process plants and piping systems. P&IDs are schematic diagrams that contain

engineering and design details of the process plants.

A P&ID is a working document that is used by every discipline involved in the design,

engineering and construction of process plants. It is used as a Process Plant Layout

and Piping Design reference for checking engineering and design documents and

drawings associated with a project.

Common P&ID symbols used in Developing Instrumentation

Diagrams - Instrument Indentifiers PC = Pressure2 controller

PI =Pressure Indicator

PR = Pressure recorder

PIC = Pressure indicating controller

PRC = Pressure recording controller

PSV = Pressure safety valve

RV = Relief valve3

LA = Level alarm

LAH = Level alarm high

LAL = Level alarm low

LI = Level indicator

LRC = Level recording cotroller

FA = Flow4 alarm

FE = Flow element

FI = Flow indicator

FR = Flow recorder

FRC = Flow recording controller

TA = Temperature alarm

TI = Temperature Indicator

TR = Temperature recorder

TRC = Temperature recorder controller

TW = temperature well

1 Piping = Tuberias

2 Pressure = Presion

3 Relieve valve = Valvula de alivio / seguridad

4 Flow = Flujo


53

Symbols for Process Equipment

Pressure vessels1

Centrifugal pump2

Conveyor belt3

Shell-and-tube heat exchanger

Jacketed vessel

Generic Valve

Glove valve

Butterfly valve

Ball valve

Gate valve

Angle valve

Three way valve

1 Vessel = Contenedor / tanque / recipiente

2 Pump = bomba

3 Conveyor belt = Cinta transportadora


54

Units of measurement

Exercise: Using a dictionary try to translate these unit of measurement

Millimeter

Centimeter

Decimeter

Meter

Kilometer

Miles

Foot

yard

inch

cubit

parsecs

light years

square meter

hectare

Degrees of Celsius

Kelvin

Fahrenheit

kilogram

metric ton

cubic meter

hectoliter

imperial gallon liquid

US gallon liquid

US gallon dry

barrel


55

How to write a resume?

Unit 8

Target:

1. Learn to write a resume.

Vocabulary:

Advertisement = Anuncio/Publicidad

Highlight = Destacar

Achievements = Logros

Skills = Habilidades

Duties = Funciones/deberes

Accomplishments = Logros/realizaciones

Honed = Perfeccionado


56

Writing a resume

A resume is an advertisement about you. It should highlight how your skills,

experience, and achievements match to the requirements of the job you want to get.

What you include on your resume and how you organize your information will be

different for each job.

1. Write your personal information: name, surname, phone number, email, address, etc.

2. Decide in what combination you will list your education, work history, and other achievements. Your best qualities should be listed first

3. List your employment history. This can be done in one of two ways:

a. If your work history includes positions in more than one field, you should

list your jobs under functional sub-headings, which categorize the skills

you used at each particular one. When listing your employment history in

this manner, each sub-heading should contain a listing of the positions

youve held that relate to those functional areas. The listing should

include the name and location of the employer, a description of your

duties and responsibilities, the dates you were employed, and any

accomplishments or achievements at that particular job.

b. If you can demonstrate that your evolving work history highlights the key

skills you want to promote, you may want to list your work history in

reverse chronological order, without including any sub-headings. Instead

of the subheadings, you could strategically select the way you word your

descriptions of your roles and responsibilities to highlight how you honed

those skills.

4. Provide information about your education. The details you include about your education will be the same as the details youd include in other resume

styles; the difference is in where you present the information on the resume.

5. Provide information on your skills, awards, and achievements. This can be blocked into one section, or they can be distributed within the sub-headings

of your resume that highlight specific skills.

6. Format your resume. Some guidelines to follow when formatting your resume:

a. Set your margins to 1 all the way around.

b. Use a standard font such as Arial or Times New Roman.

c. Use font size 16 for your name, 14 for section headings, and 12 for all

other text.

d. Use bold font for your name and section headings.

e. Use plenty of white space (blank lines). The proper use of white space

will make your resume easy to scan quickly and much easier to read.

f. Always use white paper and black font.


57

Vocabulary

Unit 8

Target:

- Improve your english


58

A Ablation = Ablacin

Absolute error = Error absoluto

Absolute zero = Cero absoluto

Absorption spectrum = Espectro de absorcin

Accuracy = Precisin

Acid = Acido

Acid rain = Lluvia acida

Activation energy = energa de activacin

Active transport = Transporte activo

Addition reaction = reaccin de adiccin

Adhesive forces = fuerzas de adhesin

Aerobic = aerbico

Aerobic respiration = respiracin aerbica

Affinity = Afinidad

Air pollution = Contaminacin del aire

Air quality assessment = Evaluacin de la calidad del aire

Alchemy = Alquimia

Amorphus solid = Solido amorfo

Angular momentum quantum number = Numero cuntico del momento angular

Antimatter = Antimateria

Archimedes Principle = Principio de Arqumedes

Atmosphere = Atmosfera

Avogadros Law = Ley de Avogadro

Avogadros Number = Numero de Avogadro


59

B Backscattering = Retro dispersin

Binary Acid = Acido binario

Binary Compound = Compuesto binario

Biodegradability = Biodegradabilidad

Boiling Point = Punto de ebullicin

Bond Energy = Energa de enlace

C Calorie = Caloras

Calorimeter = calormetro

Capillary = Capilar

Carcinogen = carcingeno / cancergeno

Carrier gas = Gas de transporte

Catode ray tube = Tubo de rayos catdicos

Centripetal force = fuerza centrpeta

Chain reaction = Reaccin en cadena

Chemical bonds = Enlaces qumicos

Chemical change = transformacin qumica

Chemical equation = Ecuacin qumica

Chemical equilibrium = Equilibrio qumico

Chemical kinetics = cintica qumica

Chemistry = Qumica

Climate = Clima


60

Coenzyme = Coenzima

Cohesive forces = Fuerzas de cohesin

Coke = Coque

Colligative Propierties = Propiedades coligativas

Collision theory = Teora de las colisiones

Colloid = Coloide

Complex ions = Iones complejos


Compressed gas = Gas comprimido

Compression factor = Factor de compresin

Concentration = Concentracin

Condensation = Condensacin

Condensed Phases = Fases condensadas

Conjugate acid-base pair = par conjugado cido base

Coordination = Coordinacin

Covalent bond = enlace covalente

Covalent compounds = Compuestos covalentes

Critical point = Punto critico

Cryoscopy constant = Constante crioscopica

Crystallization = Cristalizacin

D Deflagration = Deflagracin

Degeneracy = Degeneracin

Delocalization = Deslocalizacin


61

Denaturation = Desnaturalizacin

Density = Densidad

Depolarization Factor = Factor de despolarizacin

Diamagnetic = Diamagntico

Diamond = Diamante

Diastereotopic = diastereotpicos

Diathermic = Diatrmico

Dilution = Disolucin

Dipole dipole interactions = Interacciones dipolo-dipolo

Dipole moment = Momento dipolar

Dissociation = Disociacin

Distillation = Destilacin

Distortion = Distorsin

Double bond = Enlace doble

Drug = Droga/frmaco

Ductility = Ductilidad

Dynamic Equilibrium = Equilibrio dinmico

E Ebullioscopic constant = Constante ebulloscpica

Efficacy = Eficacia

Elastic Deformation = Deformacin elstica

Electrical conductivity = Conductibilidad elctrica

Electrolysis = Electrolisis

Electromagnetic Radiation = Radiacin electromagntica


62

Electron affinity = Afinidad electrnica

Electronegativity = Electronegatividad

Electronic Transition = Transicin electrnica

Electrophile = Electrfilo

Electrophoresis = Electroforesis

Electrostatics = Electroesttica

Element = Elemento

Eluant (or eluent) = eluyente

Emission spectrum = Espectro de emisin

Emulsifying agent = Agente emulsionante

Enantiomer = Enantiomero

Endothermic = Endotrmico

Energy = Energa

Enthalpy = Entalpia

Entropy = Entropa

Enzyme = Enzima

Equilibrium (or chemical equilibrium) = Equilibrio (o equilibrio qumico)

Essential oil = Aceite esencial

Eutectic temperatura = temperatura eutctica

Evaporation = Evaporacin

Excited state = Estado Excitado

Exothermic = Exotrmico

Extensive property = Propiedad extensiva

Extrapolate = Extrapolar


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F Fatty acid = cido graso

Fermentation = Fermentacin

Filtration = Filtracin

Fire = Fuego

Flame test = ensayo de la llama

Flammable = Inflamable

Fractional distillation = Destilacin fraccionada

Free radical = Radicales libres

Freezing point = punto de congelacin

G Galvanic cell = Celda galvnica

Gamma Radiation = Radiacin gamma

Glass = vidrio

Greenhouse gas = Gas de invernadero

Greenhouse effect = Efecto invernadero

H Heat = calentar

Heat capacity = Capacidad calorfica

Heavy metal = metal pesado

Heinsenberg uncertainty principle = Principio de indeterminacin de Heinsenberg


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Heterogeneous = heterogneo

Homogeneous = Homogneo

Hybrid = Hibrido

Hydrophobic = hidrfobo

Hygroscopic = Higroscpico

Hypothesis = hiptesis

I Ideal gas = gas ideal

Immiscible = inmiscible

Indicator = Indicador

Infrared = infrarrojo

Inhibitor = inhibidor

Inorganic chemistry = qumica inorgnica

Insecticide = Insecticida

Insoluble = insoluble

Intensive property = Propiedad intensiva

Intrinsic property = propiedad intrnseca

Isotopes = isotopos

K Kinetic = cintica

Kinetic energy = energa cintica


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L Light = luz

limiting reactant = Reactivo limitante

Lipid = lpidos

Litmus paper = Papel de tornasol

M Malleable = maleable

Mass = masa

Mass spectrometer = espectrmetro de masa

Matter = materia

Measurement = medida

Melting point = Punto de fusin

Metal complex = complejo metlico

Molarity = molaridad

Molecular geometry = geometra molecular

N Nitrate = nitrato

Noble gas = Gas noble

O Octet rule = Regla del octeto


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Oligosaccharide = oligosacrido

P Peptide bond = Enlace peptdico

Petrochemistry = Petroqumica

Physics = Fsica

Polymer = Polmero

Polyprotic acid = Acido polptico

Power = Poder/fuerza

Proof = Prueba

R Radiant energy = Energa radiante

Radiation = Radiacin

Radioactivity = Radioactividad

Reactant = Reactivo

Reductant = Reductor

Resonance = Resonancia

S Salt bridge = Puente salino

Saturated solution = Solucin saturada

Science = Ciencia

Scientific Method = Mtodo cientfico

Solubility = Solubilidad


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Specific heat = Calor especifico

Spontaneous process = Proceso espontaneo

Stoichiometry = Estequiometria

Strong acid = Acido fuerte

T Temperature = Temperatura

Theory = Teora

Thermochemistry = Termoqumica

Thermodynamic equilibrium = Equilibrio termodinmico

Thermoplastic = Termoplsticos

Transition metal = metal de transicin

V Vacuum = Vaco

Valence = Valencia

Valence electron = Electron de valencia

Viscosity = Viscosidad

W Wavelength = Longitud de onda

Weak = dbil


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Bibliography

www.iquimicas.com

chemguide.co.uk

http://wiki.answers.com

http://www.files.chem.vt.edu

http://www.chemistry-dictionary.com/

http://www.chem.unl.edu/safety/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry

http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drawing/Flow_sheets.html

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/glossaryz.htm

Curso de Ingles Tecnico Para Quimica

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