Curso Articulación entre EDJA Y FP y/o Formación para el Trabajo - Modulos para Docentes

8/7/2019 Curso Articulacin entre EDJA Y FP y/o Formacin para el Trabajo - Modulos para Docentes

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dh hoheh gkwm `djd gmhwo`dzkzwd {td zdcdak lmw ythpmw `d sowpk

`d lk Thoh Dtzmydk(


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D`tgkgoh Nd ok Cmznkgoh ykzk dl pzkjkam ykzk Asdhdw

Log( Nkzk Jzkudz

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@ozdggoh Hkgomhkl`d Edwpoh D`tgkposk

Yzmc( Nkzk `dl Gkzndh @kq

Nohowpzm `d D`tgkgoh

Yzmc( Kljdzpm D( Woldmho

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KE GYH Nkzk Ohw Nkzphdq

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Ohwpoptpm Hkgomhkl`d D`tgkgoh PdghmleogkYzmc( Nkzk Z( Klnkh`mq

@ozdggoh d D`tgkgoh`d Asdhdw K`tlpmw

Log( @dlok Ndh`dq

Yzmezknk `d D`tgkgoh Nd`ok

Cmznkgoh ykzk dl Pzkjkam ykzk Asdhdw


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Dwpmw nkpdzokldw fkh wo`m yzm`tgo`mw ymz dl Nohowpdzom `d D`tgkgoh `d lk Hkgoh dh dl nkzgm dl

Yzmezknk `d D`tgkgoh Nd`ok Cmznkgoh ykzk dl Pzkjkam ykzk Asdhdw(

KtpmzkwYzmc( Nkzk hedlk Ykzzdllm

Yzmc( Hmznk NdhhkYzmc( Klogok Sdhptzoho

Wtydzsogoh PghogkYzmc( Ezkgodlk Zkckdllo

Yzmc( Klczd`m Nmldh Zm`zetdq

Yzmc( Nkzo Qjzth

Yzmc( Nkzk Ohw NmhqkhoYzmc( D`ekz`m Nkzeeompk

Dadgtgoh Pghogm MydzkposkYzmc( Nkzohedldw Gkzjmhdppo


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gtdhpzm, Klckjdqkgoh, Cohdw, dhpzd mpzmw, pm`mw dllmw ymwojolopkh`m lk gmhgltwoh d lmw dwptòmw d noldw d kzedh.

hmw kzedhhkw(

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qh, hm fkh ohogok`m wt dwgmlkzo`k` wdgth`kzok(

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gth`kzok ykzk asdhdw k`tlpmw, k ykzz d ohpdhwogkz lk ohpdzkggoh gmh lk cmznkgoh yzmcdwomhkl -m cmznkgoh ykzk dl

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d`tgksk yldhk d pm`mw lmw kzedhhmw(

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Yzmc( Kljdzpm Woldmho

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H@OGD

N`tlm OhogoklN`tlm ODl wtadpm yd`keeogm( D`tgk`mzdw D`tgkh`mw(

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Nm`tlm OSCmznkgoh yzmcdwomhkl(Kymzpdw ykzk dl `olmem

N`tlm SLk ohpdezkgoh gmnm dwpzkpdeok

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YZMEZKNK @D D@TGKGOH ND@OK_ CMZNKGOH YKZK DL PZKJKAM

YKZK ASDHDW

N@TLM OHOGOKLGTZWM @D GKYKGOPKGOH YKZK LK KZPOGTLKGOHDHPZD D@AK _ CY _-M CMZNKGOH YKZK DL PZKJKAM

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H@OGD

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SOO(JOJLOMEZKCOK

Yzmezknk `d AsdhdwYeohk ;;


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Yzmezknk `d Asdhdw


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Yeohk

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gtnylndm d t yzdwtytdwm fmzkzm, ymz kl nmsm dl cmgm yzgykl {td kjmz`kzdnmw dw lk yzggk,

{td twd`dw k `kzm ymd d atdem d lkw ktlkw klldzdw( _ k ykzz `d dllk, k lm lkzem `d lmw `cdzddw

dgtdzmw zkkzdnmw atmw, `d gmwztz ytddw dzd lk d`tgkg `d asddw k`tlmw lk cmznk.

goh yzmcdwomhkl(

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kzgtlk`m(

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ydhwknodhpm {td dl kyzdhòqkad `d ydzwydgskw

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hdw dh pmzhm k th nownm wtgdwm {td atw{tdh

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òcdzdhgokw(&;/

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Yzmezknk `d Asdhdw


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Yeohk

YZMEZKNK @D D@TGKGOH ND@OK _CMZNKGOH YKZK DL PZKJKAM YKZK AMSDHDW

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kl ndzgk`m d zkjkam(

Tmw `d lmw yzmjldnkw `d jkwd `dl wwdnk d`tgksm dw lk `gtlk` ykzk zdddz lmezkz dl dezdwm, d

dnym cmznk, d lk ymjlkg gmzymzk`k( Wde lmw kmw dl Gdwm :99;, d dwd km, wlm dl 7: $ d

lk ymjlkg, d dl wdendm `d d`k` {td mw mgtyk, fkjk lmezk`m gtlnkz wtw dwt`mw wdgt`kzmw

dl 09$ gmkjk gm dl wdgt`kzm gmnyldm(

Kl nwnm dnym, tm d lmw cdndmw nw nymzkdw d lk gzww fk w`m dl ktndm d lk g`dgk

`d asddw `dwylkqk`mw, dw `dgz, k{tdllmw {td dw nkzgtlk`mw d lk dwgtdlk dw zkjkak`m(Dl 66$ `d lmw-kw asddw `d ;7 k ;? kmw {td fk `dak`m lk d`tgkg cmznkl ydzddgd k fmekzdw gm

ezdwmw ymz djkam d lk ldk d ymjzdqk(&:/

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jkmw, lk kwk d dwmgtykg d lmw-kw asddw d ;4 k :0 kmw d d`k` kwgd`k k :3(7$( D znmw

gmnykzksmw, lk kwk `d `dwdnyldm atsdl dw `mw sdgdw nkmz {td lk `dl mkl `d lk ymjlkg zdw

sdgdw nkmz {td lk d lmw k`tlmw d :4 k 4? kmw( Kwnwnm, lk ykzgykg d lmw-kw asddw d dl dw.

dnyldm elmjkl dw ykzgtlkzndd nymzkd1 dl ymzgdkad d asddw d dl `dwdnyldm klgkqk dl 09$,

k lk sdq {td lmw nwnmw gmnymd dl :9 $ d lk ymjlkg kgsk(&7/

@d kgtdz`m gm dwk nwnk ctdd ydzm`m, dl sdl d`tgksm `d lmw `dwdnyldk`mw ykzdgd kcdgkz, d

nkmz nd``k, k lmw asddw ndmw gklgk`mw( Lk g`dgk `dl `dwdnyldm dzd lmw-kw asddw w dw.

t`mw wdgt`kzmw gmnyldmw &79,9$/ dw wtydzmz k lk {td zdgkd wmjzd lmw-kw asddw {td gmnyldkzm

`gfmw dwt`mw &:7,9$/(

:( Wwdnk hkgmkl d Dskltkg d Yzmezknkw Wmgkldw &WoDNYZM/ d jkwd k lk dgtdwk ydznkdd d fmekzdw &DYF/ dl owtm hkgmkl d Dwk wgkw Gdwmw &oh@DG/ &Nkm :997/7( Nwdzm d pzkjkam, Dnyldm Wdetz`k` Wmgkl, d jkwd k lk dgtdwk ydznkdd d fmekzdw &DYF/ dl owtm hkgmkl d Dwk`wgkw Gdwmw &oh@DG/ &Nkm :997/

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Yeohk

Ndzdgd dwkgkzwd dl nymzkd ymzgdkad &0;(6$/ d asddw dwdnyldk`mw-kw gm jkam sdl `d d`t.

gkg {td m kwwd k dwkjldgndmw d`tgksmw( Dwk wtkg zddak lk `wtsk, dzd lk dgd.

w`k` `d fkllkz dnyldm lkw ymwjl`k`dw `d gmtkz gm lmw dwt`mw( Dwk dw dzd d`tgkg

zkjkam d`d k ket`qkzwd, k nw, d lmw k`mldwgddw, dzd {tddw lk wdzg dnyzkk mjwkgt.lqk lk cmznkg d lkw gklgkgmdw zd{tdz`kw ymz dl nwnm ndzgk`m d zkjkam(&0/

Dl nkzgm ldekl &4/ `dw`d dl gtkl wd mzdk dwkw kggmdw lm gmwtd lk wkg `d lk Ld hkgmkl `d

D`tgkg :3(:93-93, d lk {td wd ylkdk kwydgmw sgtlk`mw gm

Kwnwnm, lk Ld pggm Yzmcdwmkl :3(946-94 lk Ld d D`tgkg hkgmkl knjkw gmnyldndkzkw

m dvgltddw, yzdwgzjd lk sgtlkg dd lmw yzmgdwmw d`tgksmw cmznkldw lmw m cmznkldw gm

dwydgkl zdcdzdgk k lmw kyzd`qkadw lmezk`mw d wkgkw cmznkskw d dvydzdgkw zdgkw k zksw

`dl dwkzzmllm lkjmzkl dwdnydm wmgkl eddzkl(

Dl gtnylndm d lk mjlekmzd`k d lk d`tgkg d ykzgtlkz ykzk k{tdllkw ydz.wmkw {td m fkk gmnyldk`m d lk d`k dwkjldg k zdelkndkzkndd(

Lk d`tgkg ydznkdd `d Asddw k`tlmw gmnm zdwymwkjl`k` `dl wwd.nk D`tgksm(

Lk knylkg `d zdwymwkjl`k`dw k mzmw njmw `d emjdzm {td ekzk.gd kzgtlkgmdw d dl nkzgm d lmw dwdnydmw wmgkl lkjmzkl d lmw asddw k`tlmw `dw`d `m`d wd zdklqk lkw yzmytdwkw cmznkskw( Dwydgklndd wdndgmk1 Nwdzm d pzkjkam, Dnyldm Wdetz`k` Wmgkl, Nwdzm d @dwk.zzmllm Wmgkl, Nwdzm d Atwgk @dzdgfmw Ftnkmw, Nwdzm d Wklt`(

K ekzkqkz yzmgdwmw zdwtlk`mw d gkl`k` d dl nkzgm d tk cmznkg d.ezkl, {td gmdnyld kwydgmw d lk cmznkg eddzkl yzmcdwmkl(

Dl zend d d`tgkg d asddw k`tlmw gmgdj`m gmnm d`tgkg tzk.d m`k lk s`k `djd cksmzdgdz cmzkldgdz lk ktmmnk ydzwmkl d lk edw dzkdgmzkw d kyzd`qkad mczdgd`m kldzkskw gtzzgtlkzdw d wtgmkldwgm mygmdw ydzddw, k`dgtk`kw gmnyzdwjldw ykzk wtw dwkkzmw(

Lk dvwdgk d tk skzd`k` d mymzt`k`dw d kyzd`qkad cmznkg ydz.nz k lkw ydzwmkw dadzgdz wt ktmmnk k zksw d lk mzekqkg d wtw yzm.ymw dzkzmw cmznksmw, mnk`m d gtdk wtw nmskgmdw, gkykg`k`dw,wkjdzdw yzmdgmw cttzmw(

0( Lk [tk Gmcdzdgk Nt`kl d D`tgkg d K`tlmw zdklqk`k d Atlm d ;??5 d Fknjtzem dwkjldg {td1 R^ Dl yzmgdwm d wdetndm zdkzn lk gmnyzdw d {tdd Knzgk Lkk dl Gkzjd lk d`tgkg d k`tlmw wd gkzkgdzqk ymz lk sdzw`k` d gknymw dvydzdgkw( Dl yzmgdwm gmzn tk sdq nw {td lk gkdemzk d`tgkg dk`tlmw k m k gtdk d wt zdcdzdd {td D`tgkg d asddw k`tlmw &D@AK/ dw t mnjzd nw glkzm ykzk dwekz t ym d d`tgkg m`d lmw asddw wm lk nkmzk t ltekz `dw`d m`d wd ytd`d eddzkz tdskw mymzt`k`dw wmgkldw ykzk dl gmatm d lkw eddzkgmdw dvglt`kw dl wwdnk d`tgksm zdetlkz( Dl sgtlm dzd lk d`tgkg`d k`tlmw dl gknm fkgk tk d`tgkg w dvgltwmdw wd fqm nw `m( Kw gmnm dl gkzgdz wdnyzd ymlgm {td lk d`tgkg d k`tlmw zdsdlk

4( @tzkd lk yzdw`dgk dl @z( hwmz Bzgfdz wd fk wkgmk`m zdw lddw d nylgkgk zdgk1 . Lk Ld `d D`tgkg hkgmkl h :3(:93-3, lk Ld `d Ckgkndm D`tgksm lk Ld pggm Yzmcdwmkl :3(946-94 h :3(946-4( Dwkw lddw gltd kggmdw d emjdzm dwydggkw ykzk lk D`tgkg Ydznkdd d Asddw K`tlmw( D lk kgtkl`k` lkZdwmltg ::-95 dl Gmwdam Cd`dzkl d Nwzmw, lk gzdkg d lk @zdgg d D`tgkg Ydznkdd d Asddw K`tlmw, lk gmwtg ytdwk d ctgmkndm d lkNdwk Cd`dzkl d D`tgkg Ydznkdd d Asddw K`tlmw &dezk`k ymz lkw nvnkw ktmz`k`dw d`tgkskw d lk nm`kl`k` d gk`k Dwk`m yzmsgkl/, lk nyldndkg dlYzmezknk hkgmkl d Klckjdqkg D`tgkg Jwgk ykzk Asddw K`tlmw dl Ylk Cd`dzkl d Cklqkg d Dwt`mw Yznkzmw Wdgt`kzmw CDw, wm lkw kggmdw {tdwd dw, kgtklndd dwkzzmllk`m, d dl nkzgm ldewlksm sedd(

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Yeohk

Dl kzgtlm ;5 `d lk Ld d D`tgkg pggm Yzmcdwmkl gd1 Lk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl dw dl gmatm d

kggmdw gtm yzmywm dw lk cmznkg wmgm lkjmzkl ykzk d dl zkjkam, `ze`k km k lk k`{twg

ndamzk `d lkw gklgkgmdw gmnm k lk zdgklgkg `d lmw zkjkak`mzdw {td ydznd gmnykjlqkz

lk yzmnmg wmgkl yzmcdwmkl ydzwmkl gm lk yzm`tgs`k` d lk dgmmnk kgmkl zdemkl lmgkl(pknj gltd lk dwydgklqkg yzmct`qkg d gmmgndmw gkykg`k`dw d lmw sdldw wtyd.

zmzdw `d lk d`tgkg cmznkl(

Zdwtlk dwydgklndd wegkskw zdw gtdwmdw1

k/ lk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl gmnm d`tgkg gmtk ydznkdd

j/ wt m zd`tgg k lk wnyld k`{twg `d `dwzdqkw m fkjl`k`dw, wm {td gmnyzd`d knj lmw

ct`kndmw gdgm dgmlegmw d lk yzggk yzmcdwmkl

g/ dl zdgmmgndm d {td dl dwdnydm yzmcdwmkl zd{tdzd m wlm `d lkw gmnyddgkw yzmcdwmk.

ldw, wm knj d gmnyddgkw jwgkw wmgkldw(&3/

Ymz lm dvyzdwk`m, lk kzgtlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam gmwtd tm `d lmw yzgykldw `dwkmw {td wd

`djd kczmkz d nkdzk `d ymlgkw yjlgkw( Lmw nwnmw dw sgtlk`mw gm lk dgdw k `d `dwkzzmllkz

gkykg k`dw ykzk lk wdzg wmgkl, gtltzkl dgmngk `d asddw k`tlmw, ydzn`mldw gkykgkzwd

lkjmzklndd, zdgmmgd`m lmw wkjdzdw gmwzt mw d mzmw njmw, kl nwnm dnym {td wd wdzk d dl

wwdnk d`tgksm, kgzd k`m lmw zkdgmw, {td dl nwnm mczdgd dw`d lk d`tgkg ydznkdd d asddw

k`tlpmw(

Lk d tgkg d asddw k tlmw djd ntlylgkz dwctdzqmw ykzk gmsmgkz k lkw ydzwmkw {td dgdwk tk mymzt k

d tgksk {td ldw zdgmmqgk kgzd d lmw wkjdzdw lkw zkdgmzkw yzm tg kw d mzmw nmndmw d wt s k &5/(

Lk LDh, knj dwkjldgd {td dl Nwdzm hkgmkl d kgtdz m gm dl Gmwdam Cd dzkl d D tgkg, wdkz yzmezknkw

k znm ykzk ekzkqkz dl gtnylndm d lk d tgkg mjlekmzk &Kz( h ;76/(

3( oo Dgtdzm Lk Cmznkg gmnm Ymlgk `d Dnyldm Dadw ykzk t kyzd qkad k lm lkzem `d m`k lk s k .Wdnkzm pklldz Ftdzk Ezk`d, Gz`mjk :9 kl :: `d msdnjzd `d :993(5( @mgtndm Ylk Cdw :996.:9;;

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Cmznkgoh `d gmmz ohk`mzdw `d Gdhpzmw `d Cmznk.

goh Yzmcdwomhkl dh lk Got`k Ktphmnk `d Jtdhmw

Kozdw, Cd`dzkgoh Kzedhpohk `d Pzkjkak`mzdw Ykwpd.

ldzmw, Gmhcopdzmw, Fdlk`dzmw, Yoqqdzmw Klckamzdzmw(

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Yeohk

Wmjzd lk jkwd `d lmw yzgymw ldekldw `d mjlekmzd`k` `d lk d`tgkg wdgt`kzk `d gltw wmgkl

`d lk ymjlkg nw stldzkjld d asddw k`tlmw asddw kl gzgtm d`tgksm kl nt`m dl zkjkam,

wd gzdk dl Yzmezknk d D`tgkgoh Nd`ok Cmznkgoh ykzk dl Pzkjkam ykzk Asdhdw( &6/

Dl Mjadsm Eddzkl `dl Yzmezknk wd mzdk k1 Gmzjtz k lk ndamzk `d lkw gkykg`k`dw `d kggdwm klnt`m `dl zkjkam `d lmw-kw asddw k`tlmw asddw `d lmw wdgmzdw nw stldzkjldw d lk Zdyjlgk

Kzedk( &?/

Dl Mjadsm Dwydggm wd yzmymd1 Yzmnmsdz lk klqkg d lk d`tgkg wdgt`kzk lk gkykgkg

lkjmzkl d asddw d ;6 k :? kmw, knylk`m dl kggdwm k mcdzkw d gkl`k`( &;9/

Gm dwd Yzmezknk wd jtwgk eddzkz t wdzsgm d`tgksm d gkl k ykzk lk klqkg d lk d`tgkg wdgt.

`kzk kzgtlk`k gm lk cmznkg ykzk dl nt`m `dl zkjkam, ze k k asddw d wtkg `d stldzkjl k`wmgkl mzdk`k lk cmznkg fkgk lkw dgdw k`dw dgmngk . wmgkldw lmgkldw, gmzjtd`m kw k gzd.

ndkz lk gkykg k ykzk dl dwdnydm lkjmzkl d knylmw wdgmzdw d lk ymjlkg amsd( &;;/

+

@mgdhpdw dl wdgpmz d Gmzpk`mzdw d Oh`tndh.

pkzok `tzkhpd th pklldz `d owdm `d nkpdzokldw

o gpogmw, Got`k Ktphmnk `d Jtdhmw Kozdw(

Gmh dwpd nkzgm `dl Yzmezknk [email protected] ND@OK _ CMZNKGOH YKZK DL

PZKJKAM YKZK ASDHDW wd fk dwztgt.

zk`m dl yzdwdhpd Gtzwm `d Cmznkgoh Yd.

`keeogk ykzk @ozdgsmw @mgdhpdw `d

D`tgkgoh `d Asdhdw K`tlpmw &D@AK/

@mgdhpdw d CY Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl(

K lm lkzem `dl gtzwm hmw zdcdzozdnmw k

`mgdhpdw `d D@AK @mgdhpdw `d CY oh.

gltdh`m gmh dwpkw mw dhmnohkgomhdw k lmw yzmcdwmzdw d hodl wdgth`kzom d lk nm`klo`k` d adhdw

k`tlmw ymz tk ykzd k lmw wztgmzdw, gkykgk`mzdw yzmcdwmzdw `d cmznkg yzmcdwmkl ymz lk

mzk( Dd`d`m {td nw kll d lkw dwydgg`k`dw d lkw wgylkw m zknkw {td gk`k tlm gmnymzk,

knjmw wm d`tgk`mzdw(

Gtk`m fkeknmw zdcdzdgk k lmw d`tgk`mw lmw llknkzdnmwasdhdw k`tlpmw asdhdw, ymz{td dw lk

ymjlkg k {tdw wd yzdd`d lldekz `dw`d tk d`tgkg nd`k kzgtlk`k gm lk cmznkg ykzk dl

zkjkam, gmzjtd`m k knylkz wtw ymwjl`k`dw d wdzg wmgkl lkjmzkl(

6. @mgtndm `d Yzmdgm1 Yzmezknk `d D`tgkg `d D`tgkg Nd gk Cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam ykzk Asddw( @wymwgmdw pggkw K`nwzkskw &@pKW/( Nwdzm `d D`tgk .goh d lk Hkgoh] Tho k d Cohkhgoknodhpm Ohpdzhkgomhkl( :995(?. o dn;9. o dn;;. o dn

;6


20/184

Yeohk

:( @dwhkpkzomw@zdgmzdw, Wtydzswmzdw @mgddw d Dwgtdlkw wdgt`kzkw d D@AK(

@zdgmzdw, Wtydzswmzdw d owztgmzdw `d Cmznkg Yzmcdwmkl -m Cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam-gkykgkg

lkjmzkl(

7( Mzekhoqkgoh dl GtzwmDl gtzwm {td ldw dwknmw yzdwdk`m gmwk `d t N`tlm ogkl ggm n`tlmw gmwdgtsmw gtmw

dadw yzohgoykldw d gmhpdho`mw wmh1

NM@TLM OHOGOKL

.Dl Yzmezknk d D`tgkg Nd`k Cmznkg ykzk dl pzkjkam(

Ct`kndmw, mjadsmw yzmytdwk d zkjkam dl gtzwm(

.Lk zdlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam(

NM@TLM O

.Wtadpm yd`keeogm( D`tgk`mzdw d`tgkh`mw(

NM@TLM OO

.Lmw asddw gmnm wtadmw d lk d`tgkg dl zkjkam(

NM@TLM OOO

.Dl zkjkam lk Cmznkg Yzmcdwmkl(

NM@TLM OS

. Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl( Kymzpdw ykzk dl olmem

NM@TLM S

. Gmnm kzgtlkz d`tgkg cmznkg yzmcdwmkl1 dz wtgmkl`k`(

;(Madsmw Edhdzkldw dl gtzwm

Gmmgdz kletmw ldkndmw dzgmw {td ydznk ydwkz d lmw nm`mw d kzgt.

lkz lk d`tgkgoh d adhdw k`tlpmw gmh lk cmznkgoh yzmcdwomhkl(

odzgknjkz wkjdzdw dvydzdgkw dzd mgddw d D@AK &D`tgkg d Asddw K`tlpmw/ @mgdhpdw d CY &Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl/

Eddzkz kggmdw gmgzdkw d kzgtlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam(

OOO(DHGTK@ZD @D LK CMZNKGOH

;?


21/184


22/184

Yeohk

Lk gkykgkg {td gknmw gm dwd n`tlm dw nd`k`k ymz

wkjdzdw dvydzdgkw {td twd`dw ymwdd ymd d atdem k k.

zm d lkw ktlkw dl klldz, ymz dwm dw tk skg kl `lmem, {td

kletkw sdgdw gm`tgz k zdkznkz yzggkw d mzkw k gmnykz.

zlkw, zdswkzlkw yzmymdz, ymwjldndd kletmw katwdw(

W dnjkzem, dwmw wkjdzdw gzgtlkdw wd ymd `d nkdwm nd`kd lk gmntgkg {td dw gmd.

`m k lk sdq zdlkg dzd lmw {td ykzgyk(

Jwgkndd, dkjlknmw t gmnyzmnwm {td dw lk kydztzk kl òlmem, gmnm jkwd ykzk lk gmwztgg

`d gmwdwmw( Lk yzmytdwk yd`keegk zdmnk cmzkldgd, d lk yzggk, dl yzgym `d lk tnol`k`,

kymzd zdklqk`m ymz Yktlm Czdzd(

Nw kll `d lk dwztgtzk cmznkl `d lk yzmytdwk, dl `wdm `d lk nwnk fk zkwk`m ymz lmw gknmw `d

lk ftnl`k`( Lk mkl`k` `d lmw zdgmzdw, w dcdgskndd, `d lmw zdgmzdw `d lk zdkl`k` ylkwnk`mw d

dwd n`tlm lmw wtjwetddw, fk w`m ydwk`mw gmnm t dldndm d dznd`kg dzd twd`dw

hmwmpzmw(

_ tk sdq nw zdmnknmw lkw yklkjzkw yzmct`kw d Yktlm Czdzd d zdlkg gm dl ldgmz wt gkykg`k`

`d zdgzdkz zddwgzjz1

OS( YZMYTDWPK @D PZKJKAM

Lk ftnol`k` hmw kt`k k zdgmhmgdz dwpk wdhpdh.gok mjsok1 hkòd wkjd pm`m, hkòd lm oehmzk pm`m(

Pm`mw wkjdnmw klem, pm`mw oehmzknmw klem( Woh

ftnol`k`, ògolndhpd dwgtgfkzdnmw k kletodh kl

{td gmhwo`dzknmw `dnkwok`m kldak`m `d htdwpzm

hosdl `d gmnydpdhgok(R^ Lk ftnol`k` nd kt`k

k hm `dakznd dhgdzzkz aknw dh dl gozgtopm `d no

sdz`k`( R^ Dw {td lk ftnol`k` hm mzdgd dh lk

ohwdetzo`k` `d lkw ydzwmhkw wohm dh lk wdetzo`kòhwdetzk `d lmw gktpmw(&;:/

Mpzm kwydgpm onymzpkhpd, {td `dwkk kh nw kl ldgpmz gmnm zdgzdk`mz `dlpdvpm {td ldd, dw {td lk gmnyzdhwoh `dl pdvpm hm dwp `dymwopk`k, dwpgk, oh.

nmsoloqk`k dh wtw yeohkw k lk dwydzk `d {td dl ldgpmz lk `dwmgtlpd( Dwpd ythpm

hmw lldsk k lk hdgdwo`k` `d lk ldgptzk pknjoh gmnm dvydzodhgok òkleogk, dh lk

{td lk òwgtwoh `dl pdvpm zdkloqk`k ymz wtadpmw ldgpmzdw kglkzk, oltnohk gzdk lk

gmnyzdhwoh eztykl `d lm ld`m( Dh dl cmh`m, lk ldgptzk dh eztym fkgd dndzedz

òcdzdhpdw ythpmw `d sowpk {td, dvymhoh`mwd lmw thmw k lmw mpzmw, dhzo{tdgdh lk

yzm`tggoh `d lk ohpdloedhgok `dl pdvpm(&;7/

+

;:. CZDoZD, Y(, Gkzkw k {td yzdd`d dwdkz, Welm VVo, Jtdmw Kzdw, ;??0(;7. My( Gop(

:;


23/184

Yeohk

@dw`d dwk ydzwydgsk yzmct`k dw {td dwmw n`tlmw wm t kgdzgkndm d tk nzk`k, k lk dwydzk

`d mzkw nzk`kw {td lmw mzd ssddw(

Cklndd, k lm lkzem `dl gtzwm twd`dw d`z mymzt`k `d lddz, wgtz, wkgkz gmgltwmdw dlk.jmzkz yzmytdwkw( Lk `dk dw {td mgddw d D@AK mgddw d CY zkjkad d gmatm dw`d dl gm

ykzk gmmgdzwd fkgdz dcdgsk lk kzgtlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam(

pm`kw lkw gmgltwmdw `d lkw zddvmdw lk zdwmltg `d lkw kgs`k`dw {td dgmzkz k lm lkzem `d

lmw ggm n`tlmw {td wetd wdz wtnmw ykzk dl zkjkam kl gm dl gtkl wd gdzgkz dl gtzwm(

Pdvpm ;Ymz th lk`m gmh zdlkgoh k lkw ymwojolo`k`dw

`d ohgltwoh lkjmzkl, dw wkjo`m {td lmw asd.

hdw dhdh ymgk m htlk gklogkgoh ykzk dl

ohezdwm kl ndzgk`m cmznkl `d pzkjkam , ymz

gmhwoetodhpd, kggd`dh k ytdwpmw `d pzkjkamw

yzdgkzomw gkzkgpdzoqk`mw ymz jkamw ohezdwmw,

wodh`m lk ohdwpkjolo`k` lk `dwyzmpdggoh lk.

jmzkl gmhògomhdw nt czdgtdhpdw dhpzd lmw

pzkjkak`mzdw nw asdhdw, dwpm yzmcthòqk

lk ktwdhgok `d yzmdgpmw k ctptzm lk yzò.

`k `dl sklmz `dl gmhmgonodhpm lk d`tgkgoh

gmnm ndgkhownm `d kwgdhwm wmgokl(&;0/

Pdvpm :Ymz mpzm lk`m, k lk gzowow `dl ndzgk`m `d pzk.

jkam wd wtnk {td lmw asdhdw hm dhgtdhpzkh

lmw dwykgomw `d wmgokloqkgoh fkjoptkldw `mh`d

zdcdzdhgokzwd &Lk dwgtdlk, lkw mzekhoqkgomhdw

`dl jkzzom, dwykgomw gtlptzkldw, d ykzgoykgoh,

dpg(/, woptkgoh {td wd ket oqk gtkh`m wtw ck.

nolokw wd dhgtdhpzkh dwmgtyk`kw dh ntgfkw

mgkwomhdw wd ohpdzztnyd l oklmem gmh dllmw dh

sowpkw k th ctptzm, yzmyogokh`m dh dllmw woptkgom.

hdw d nkmz stlhdzkjolo k`(&;4/

OS( YZMYTDWPK @D PZKJKAM

K ykzz `d lk ldgptzk `d lmw pdvpmw {td woetdh dvyzdwdh

wt myohomh kzetndhpkh`m kgdzgk d1

.Lk d`tgkgoh gmnm ndgkhownm d kwgdhwm wmgokl(

.Lmw dwykgomw `d zdcdzdhgok `d lmw asdhdw(

Ykzk gmndhqkz ldw yzmymhdnmw

Kgso`k` ;1

&!/Lkw kgs k`dw yzmytdwkw wdz dgk`kw nd kd dwd lmem;0( CKZoKW, N(L( hMETDoZK, N(G(, Lmw Asdhdw dl Pzkjkam( Lk dvydzodhgok `d gmhwpztoz gmh asdhdw ohgltwoh wmgokl( Ymdgk d dl 5 Gmezdwm `d Dwt mw `d pzkjkam( Kwmgk.g Kzedk d Dwydgklwkw d Dwt`mw dl pzkjkam(;4( My( Gop(

&!/

::


24/184

Yeohk

@dw`d kldw `dl welm VV gmndqmw `dl VVo lk zdlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam

k`{tz nkmz zdldskgk dj`m k {td lkw wtgdwskw gzww dl wwdnk gkyklwk lmw

yzmgdwmw `d zkwcmznkg dgmlegk dgmngk yzm`tgm `d lk elmjklqkg,

pzkadzmh gmnm gmhwdgtdhgok th ktndhpm dh lkw goczkw d lk dwmgtykgoh(@tzkd lk `gk`k `d lmw ?9 lmw yzmgdwmw `d zddwztgtzkg `d lkw zdlkgmdw wmgkldw, k zksw `dl

`dwnkdlkndm `d lmw nkzgmw `d zdetlkg gmldgsk nyldndk`mw ymz dl dwk`m, gknjkzm lkw

yktkw `d dezkg wmgkl `k`m ltekz k lk yznkgk `dl ndzgk`m( Gmnm gmwdgtdgk, d `cdzddw

ykwdw ydzczgmw wd nytwm t dw{tdnk d gzdgndm dgmngm wmgk`m dl jddwkz dl gmat.

nkmz dwkzzmllm, dl yzmgdwm d `dwzdetlkg yzm`tam tk ctdzd kgg dwgmldgsqk`mzk, lm gtkl we.

g {td tndzmwmw eztymw wmgkldw d `s`tmw dzkzk d lk yzdgkzd`k`, ydz`d`m wmymzdw wmgkldw

dl dzdgfm dl kggdwm zdkl k lk d`tgkg k`{tdzd nkmz zdldskgk jkam dwkw gm`gmdw dwztgtzk.

ldw, gtkw gmwdgtdgkw wetd kcdg`mmw d gtkl{tdz ytm d lk edmezkk dl ykw=

Lk yzmct`k `dwetkl`k` d lk `wzjtg `d lk d`tgkg ykzdgd ddz fm tk nkmz nw ezksd

nkdzkldw {td `tzkd `gk`kw fkjk gmetzk`m

wtw `d`k`dw wmgkldw(

Dl pdnk gdhpzkl d dwpk zdlkgoh ykwk ymz zdwmldz lk oh.

gmzymzkgoh `d th onymzpkhpd ymzgdhpkad `d `dwdn.

yldk`mw-kw k t ndzgk`m `d zkjkam gk`k sdq nw zd.

`tg`m dvedd {td dvgltd zkjkak`mzdw-kw d ltekz

`d ohgltozlmw(

Dl zkjkam, gmnm wmymzd `d sgtlmw wmgkldw gm kmw,

yzmdgpk ezkh ykzpd `d lkw kwyozkgomhdw `d lmw oh oo tmw2 dh

gmwdgtdgk wt yz k m wmlm zdyzdwdk lk yz k `d lmw

nd mw `d wtjwwdgk, wm knj lmw dwykgmw `d wmgkl.

qkg m`d lmw s tmw gmwztd d k`dw(

Kd dwd ykmzknk ym`dnmw yzdetkzmw Ymz {t

m d lk wmgd`k`, dw lm {td wd llknk t nm`dlm d wmgd`k`

dvgltdd, `m`d gmsdzed lk nm`dzqkg dgmngk

gm lk ngk d ymlkzqkg wmgkl(&;3/

Lmw-kw asddw knj lmw k`tlmw `d lmw wdgmzdw ymytlk.

zdw fk w`m kcdgk`mw dwydgklndd ymz lk `dwmgtykg

{td yzn d dl nm`dlm nydzkd d lk `gk`k `d lmw ?9

gmlmg k dwk ymjlkg d tk wtkg `d stldzkjl`k`

dvgltw d lk gtkl k ldw gtdwk zdgtydzkzwd, ytdwm {td

km lk gmgdyg `d zkjkam, gmnm lkw gm`gmdw ykzk

mjddzlm fk wtcz`m gknjmw yzmct`mw(

D tdwzm ykw, ydwd k {td lk wmgd`k` wklkzkl yzdwdkjk


+Lk sogdnohowpzk d Pzkjkam ldw yo o k lmw pzkjkak mzdwdwyd o mw thk pzdetk fkwpk dl sodzhdw, nodhpzkw gmh.

pohkh lkw hdemgokgomhdw gmh dl ymwojld gmnyzk mz(

&Ctdhpd1 @okzom Zmwkzom -;:. :0.;9.9?/

Sknmw k wdetoz ydldkh`m( Wdetonmw ylkhpdkh`m {td pm`mw

lmw gmnykdzmw dwyd o mw wdkh zdohgmzymzk`mw {td wd ld.

skhpdh lkw wtwydhwomhdw( &Ctdhpd1 Ohcmjkd( :0.;9.9?/

+

+

;3. WSKNYK, N(, Lk Wmgd`k dvgltdd( Lk Kzedk jkam dl wem `dl dmljdzwnm, pktztw, Klcketkzk W(K(, Jtdmw Kzdw, :994

:7


25/184

Yeohk

zdydzgtw, k`k lk yzdw wmgkl ymz gdzgkgmdw gmmgndmw {td etzk gmnm zd{twm dvglt.

dd dzd lkw gm`gmdw ykzk ezdwkz ydznkdgdz d dl gzgtm lkjmzkl2 `d etkl nkdzk zdwtlk

nyzdwg`jldw ykzk dezkzwd gmnm gt`k`km-k( &;5/

+

Lk gmhwo`dzkgoh d dwpkw pzkhwcmznkgomhdw

wmgkldw, gtltzkldw lkjmzkldw {td mw kcdg.

pkh k pm`mw lmw got`k`khmw got`k`khkw `ddwd dnym, llds k {td d dl Gky( oV ptlm

OO `d lk Ld d D`tgkgoh Hkgomhkl &:993/ wd

gltdzk dvylgkndd gmnm dw `d lk

D`tgkgoh Ydznkhdhpd `d Adhdw K`tl.

pmw1 . Ndamzkz wt cmznkgoh yzmcdwomhkl

-m k`{tzz tk yzdykzkg {td ckgld wt

wdzg lkjmzkl( . Mmzekz gdzgkgmdw

ykzgkldw kgzd`kz lmw wkjdzdw k`{tz`mwk zksw `d lk dvydzdgk lkjmzkl(

@d dwk nkdzk, gmk fkg`mwd yzdwdd lk zdlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam {td `dw`d lmw mz.

eddw fk w`m tm `d lmw ylkzdw1 lk d`tgkg `d asddw k`tlmw( Ydzm, kl nwnm dnym wd ydz.

lk tk ydzwydgsk `m`d D`tgkz d ykzk dl zkjkam wegk sklmzqkz lkw `cdzddw kyt`dw `d lmw

yzmkemwkw wmgkldw, jz`kz tdskw ymwjl`k`dw `d cmznkg, zkwnz gmmgndmw yzggkw

lkjmzkldw, zdgzdkz wkjdzdw jwgmw, k`dnw d cksmzdgdz tk mnk d gmgdgk wmjzd lmw yzmjldnkw d

gmzkkg, wklkzmw, dzdgfmw `djdzdw dl zkjkak`mz-k( D wtnk, wegk `dwkzzmllkz lkw kyt`dw

lkw gkykg`k`dw dgdwkzkw ykzk fkgdz `dl zkjkam t ckgmz `d `dwkzzmllm ydzwmkl, gmntkzm gt`k.

`km {td kgmnykd dl dwkzzmllm d tk wmgd`k` nw atwk, nw wml`kzk nw ftnkk(&;6/

W fwzgkndd lk cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam {td` wgzyk d lk nm`kl`k` d d`tgkg d asddw

k`tlmw wd dwkzzmll yzgyklndd gmnm gkykgkg d mgmw, lk ydzwydgsk kgtkl ymd dl ckww

d lk kzgtlkg dzd mw nt`mw1 dl d lk d`tgkg dl dl zkjkam(

Knjmw dd {td gmnyldndkzwd dgmzkz kggmdw {td lmw gmdgd ykzk ym`dz `kz zdwytdwkw k

lkw gm`gmdw nkgzm dwztgtzkldw dzm d lkw gtkldw wm dgdwkzmw lmw gmmgndmw, lkw gkykg`k.

`dw, lkw gmnyddgkw lkw gdzgkgmdw, d nm`m {td mczdqgk ymwjl`k`dw d dwkzzmllm ydzwmkl d

ohgltwoh wmgokl zdkl k lmw wtadpmw(

+

Dhpzdek d nkpdzokldw d pzkjkam k dezdwk`mw d lmw

gtzwmw `d gkykgopkgoh lkjmzkl `dl Nmsonodhpm Lmw

Woh Pdgfm( Hmsodnjzd :9;9

Nthogoykldw d Wklpk dh Ylkh Cohklo k D`tgkposk :996

;5. JZTWoLMSWB_, W(, Ymlgkw Yjlgkw d d`tgkg dwgmlkz `d k`tlmw1 zddvmdw wmjzd lk fmnmedd k `d lk ymlgk d`tgksk `d lmw ?9 tk fdzdgk ykzk zdsdzz, Jjlmdgk`dl Nkdwzm, Jtdmw Kzdw, :994(;6. @mgtndm Jkwd, oo Ndwk Cd`dzkl, : d wddnjzd d :99?(

:0


26/184

Yeohk

Kw lm fk dd``m lmw lnmw mgtndmw d lk Ndwk Cd`dzkl dvyzdwk`m {td Lk kzgtlkg gm dl

nt`m dl zkjkam dw tk dgdw`k` nydzmwk d lk nm`kl`k` d d`tgkg d asddw k`tlmw, ykzk

dllm wd zd{tdzd mczdgdz yzmytdwkw d`tgkskw {td dezd pdznkl`k D`tgksk gm Cmznkg Yzmcd.

wmkl( Dd`dnmw {td knjkw wm gmnyldndkzkw m dvgltddw, ydzm wt kzgtlkg d dezkgzd{tdzd d lk yzdykzkg gtltzkl d wtw yzmkemwkw ykzk zkjkakz d zd` `d kgtdz`mw cd`dzkldw d

gkzgdz dzwtgmkl k sdl `dl yzmym wwdnk d`tgksm gmnm kw knj dzwdgmzkldw k sdl

kgmkl, zdemkl lmgkl( &@mgtndm Jkwd( oo Ndwk Cd`dzkl : d wddnjzd d :99?/(

Lmw gmhpdho`mw d dwpmw mgtndhpmw hmw gmlmgkh khpd dl ylkhpdm d zdydhwkz lk zdlkgoh dhpzd d`tgkgoh

zkjkam(

W mw yzmymdnmw wtydzkz dwmw mjwgtlmw ykzk tk dezkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam wd zd{tdzdgmnm ytm d ykz`k dl lmem gmwdwm wmgkl dzd zdyzdwdkdw d wdgmzdw ykzmkldw, d lmw-

lkw zkjkak`mzdw `dl dwk`m gmnm kzgtlk`mz(

Lk ykzgykg ntlwdgmzkl `d kgmzdw d wtgmdw `dl nd`m lmgkl, zdemkl m dzzmzkl `dnk`k

gmmgdz gmnyzd`dz legkw cdzddw dzd w( Gmmgdz, gmnyzd`dz zkjkakz d gmn gm mzmw dw

ykzd d t yzmgdwm d gmwztgg {td nylgk kydztzk kgt` d ykzgykg(

Gmw`dzdnmw lkw dgmdw {td k dl ggmkzm k lmw znmw1

. Zdlkgomhkz1 Gmdgkz, fkgdz gmzzdwym`dz klem gm mzk gmwk(

. Kzgtlkz1 Tz mw m nw ydqkw d nm`m {td nkdek dzd w kletk ljdzk`

`d nmonodhpm(

. Ohpdezkz1 Cmznkz gmh lkw ykzpdw th pm`m(

+

Dnyzdwkzomw, pzkjkak`mzdw dl Emjodzhm

wd sdzh lkw gkzkw htdskndhpd dwpk pkz d

dh lk wd`d dl Nohowpdzom d Pzkjkam, mh`d

ohpdhpkzh wmltgomhkz dl gmhclogpm dh lk dv

Pdzzkjtwo( &Ctdhpd1 Ohcmjkd :0.;9.9? /


:4


27/184

Yzmezknk `d Asdhdw

Dh eztymw d mgdhpdw d D@AK CY1

. @owgtpkh dvymhekh klethkw gmhgltwomhdw kgdzgk `d lkw ym.

wojolo k`dw `d gmhwdetoz pzkjkam {td dhd thk ydzwmhk {td hm

gmhglt dl hosdl nd om `d dwgmlkzo k , mpzk {td lm gmnyldpm

kletodh {td ymwdd dwpt omw ymwpdzomzdw kl wdgth`kzom(

pkl sdq wdk dwd dl nmndm `d ykwkz `d tk zdlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam, dd `k gmnm gm.

dv dzd mw wwdnkw d cmznkg &D@AK _ CY/ ykzk kzgtlkzlmw w zdtgkz k wtw dwydgg`k`dw,

lmezk`m tk dezkg d knjmw d nm`m kl {td mczdqgk k lmw asddw k`tlmw asddw tk mymzt.

`k` d dwkzzmllm ydzwmkl, wmgkl lkjmzkl(

Kgso`k` :1


28/184

Yeohk

SO( KZPOGTLKGOH D OHPDEZKGOHDHPZD D@TGKGOH _ PZKJKAM

Lkw gkskw d kzgtlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam {td wd dw ydzlk`m mnk d gtdk lkw d.

gdw`k`dw `dnk`kw `d lmw wtadmw( Ndzkw d dl ykwk`m, ntgfmw asddw k`tlmw asddw wd kgdz.

gkjk k lmw gdzmw d`tgksmw d jw{td`k `d mcdzkw d gkykgkg lkjmzkl w zd{tdzz d d`tgkg

jwgk, kgtklndd knjkw mcdzkw ytd`d wdz `dnk`k`kw, wde lkw dgdw`k`dw nw tzeddw {td

lmw dnytak k smlsdz k dwt`kz( Tk `d lkw zkqmdw `d lk `dnk`k ymz d`tgkg jwgk lk gmwtd lk

dvedgk d klqkg `dl wdgt`kzm gmnm zd{twm dvgltdd ykzk gmndqkz k jtwgkz t zkjkam(

Skzkw kldzkskw wd fk dwkk`m k lm lkzem `d dwmw

kmw ykzk d`tgkz cmznkz ykzk dl zkjkam, tk `d dllkw

glt lk gkykgkg lkjmzkl ctgmk`m d lkw yzmykw

wtgmdw d`tgkskw( Tk ezk gk`k` `d dwgtdlkw

`d kzdw mgmw, dwgtdlkw ggkw m gdzmw d gkykgk.

g lkjmzkl, kdvmw k lkw dwgtdlkw mgtzkw wm dadnylm

`d dwk kldzksk(Mzk nm`kl`k` ylkd tk gkykgkg lkjmzkl lmgklqk.

`k ctdzk `d lkw wtgmdw d`tgkskw, d njmw nw

gdzgkmw k lmw dwykgmw d zkjkam( Ymz dadnylm, lk gkykgkg {td wd jz`k d lkw cjzgkw m d lkw dnyzdwkw,

kl etkl {td lmw wwdnkw d ykwkkw ymz wtgmdw dl zkjkam, wm tk ntdwzk d mzk skzkd(

Knjkw yzmytdwkw, ymz lm eddzkl, fgdzm zkwgtzzz ymz gz.

gtmw `dyd ddw lk d`tgkg lk gkykgkg lkjmzkl, m

lmezkzm t sdl `d kzgtlkg {td ydzndzk gmnyldndk.

zd`k d ltekz `d wtydzymwgmdw m dvgltwmdw dzd w(Lkw cgtlk`dw ykzk kzzjkz k tk kzgtlkg {td m gmwwk

d tk ndzk kyzmvnkg wd dvylgk, d ykzd, ymz lkw le.

gkw cdzddw wmjzd lkw gtkldw wd fk ylkdk`m fwzgkndd

lk d`tgkg jwgk, nw lek`k k lk zkwnw d gmmgnd.

mw, lk cmznkg lkjmzkl nkmzndd sgtlk`k kl `mnm

ggm.yzggm(

[tdw sdwek d lkw dngkw d d`tgkg zkjkam gd kl zdwydgm1 Wkjdnmw {td lkw ydzwmkw, k lm lkzem

`d wtw s kw, zkwgtzzd ymz mzekqkgmdw d`tgkskw yzm`tgskw, d dllkw wm wmnd kw k lkw dwmdw d kn.jkw zkgmkl k`dw( Lk tmyk d lk cmznkg gmtk, d lk dwkykzg d lkw cdzdgkw &(/ dak ltekz d lk zdkl.

`k k gzgtmw d cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam {td wd gk gm lk d`tgkg cmznkl, wm d skzk`k tzkg gkl k ,

ntgfkw sdgdw yzmntdsd tk wdzg lkjmzkl yzdgkzk m gklcgk ykzk ytdwmw d zkjkam d t`mwm cttzm &;?/

W mw yzmymdnmw wtydzkz dwmw mjwgtlmw {td yzm`tgd zdwwdgk k tk kzgtlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam,

d yzndz ltekz wd d z {td gltz lk cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam d lmw wdmw gtzzgtlkzdw d lk nm`kl k d asd.

dw k`tlmw, k c d {td wd yzm`tqgk wt wtgmklqkg, kgmnykk`k d nkzgmw ldekldw {td lk ekzkgd(

W dwm wd lmezk wd fkjz yzm`tg m, kl ndmw dw d lk ydzwydgsk dl gtzzgtltn, tk sdz k`dzk dezkg2 k {td

wd dwkz yzmymd`m t yzmgdwm {td gmzymzk d w mw zkdgmw wntldmw(

+Jw{td`k `d pzkjkam( Ctdhpd1 @okzom Dl Lopmzkl

Gkykgopkgoh lkjmzkl( Ctdhpd1 Dl pzojthm d Wklpk ;7-;9-9?

+

;?. EKLLKZp, N2 Lk cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam lmw amsddw d Knzgk Lkk, GDYKL.EpQ, Wkkem `d Gfld, :99:(

:5


29/184

Yeohk

+Gtzwmw dh lk gmntho k Uogfo Lkbk Fthkp( Ohedhodzm Atkzdq( Cmznmwk(

Ctdhpd1 @okzom1 Jkzzomw d Yod 6 `d athom :99?

D tgkgoh Dnyldm( Ctdhpd1 Jlme D tgkzd ;: -;;- :99?

Pklldz d wdzoezkck( Gmnyldam Dwydzkhqk( Gz mjk( Nkm d :9;9(

D wdet`m znm dl dwkcm wdz gmgzdkz lk kzgtlkg, ykzk lm gtkl wd zd{tdzd1

Dwkjldgdz nm`mw d dzsdg `d cdzddw kgmzdw( Ymz dadnylm, kgmz`kz gmsd.mw dzd mzekqkgmdw d lk d`tgkg gm mzekqkgmdw dl zkjkam(

@dwkzzmllkz kldzkskw `d d`tgkg jwgk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl {td ydznkmjddz kgzd kgmdw gztqk`kw( Ymz dadnylm, wdk`m yzmytdwkw {td gmnjdd`tgkg jwgk gm gkykgkg lkjmzkl gdzgk`m knjmw zkdgmw(

Yzmymdz mcdzkw gm ymwjl k d kggdwm wde lk dnk`k nw tzedd, gmnyld.nd`mlk gm lk mzk( Ymz dadnylm, gkykgkg lkjmzkl atm gm lk klqkg`dl wdgth`kzom m ogddzwk(

+

Lmw kyzd qkadw d lmw ytdwmw `d zkjkam zd{tdzd {td lk d`t.

gkg yzmsdk `d gmmgndmw gmnyddgkw jwgkw {td wm

nyzdwg jldw ykzk lk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl(&:9/

Ndzkw {td dw dgdwkzk lk ykzgykg d mzmw kgmzdw lek`mw

zdgkndd kl nt`m `dl zkjkam ykzk wdkz lldskz k`dlkd

dwykgmw gtzzgtlkzdw nw dwydgcgmw(

Kgdykz lmw zdmw {td nylgk eddzkz mygmdw `d kzgtlkg

dzd d`tgkg zkjkam, ykzk yzm`tgz lk dezkg `d knjmw

gzgtmw d t yzmgdwm gm k lk sdq cdzdgk`m, wtymd z nwkll d wtytdwmw cmznkw d fkgdz nt kzzkek`mw d lkw yzg.

gkw yd`keeogkw d lmw mgdhpdw d D@AK CY(

Ydzm, knj mczdgd lk ymwjl k `d wdz yzmkemwkw dk`m

yzmytdwkw gzdkskw d msk`mzkw {td d zdwytdwkw k lmw yzm.

jldnkw gm {td wd dczdk k kzm(

+:9. ZMAKW, D2 Lkw gmnyddgkw lkw gklgkgmdw lkjmzkldw, Mop GohpDZCMZ, ;??0

:6


30/184

Yeohk

Zdgmmgdz {tdw wm lmw wtadpmw k lmw {td lk kzgtlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkamwd zed( Ydzm knj dw dgdwkzm nzkz k lmw wtadpmw zdwymhwkldw `d edwpkzlm pd.d`m d gtdk {td wdz wtw gmgdygmdw d d`tgkz, cmznkz, gkykgkz lkw {td wdym`z d atdem d lkw yzggkw(

@wdkz tk mzekhoqkgoh ohwptgomhkl gkykq d kljdzekz lk kzgtlkg dzd d`tgk.g zkjkam( Dwm {tdzd dgz `dwkzzmllkz tk wtgmkl k gkykq d yzmnmsdz skl kz lkw kggmdw dzd wtgmdw dl zkjkam d wtgmdw d`tgkskw, km

gmnm lk cdzdgkg d kzdkw {td kwtnz gk`k wtg(

Zdowkz lmw nm`dlmw o ggm.yd`keeogmw {td fk mzdk`m lkw yzggkw, kmd d`tgkg gmnm d cmznkg yzmcdwmkl, ykzk yzm`tgz mzkw nm`kl k`dw `dmcdzk {td gmnjd lk d`tgkg gm lk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl(

K nm`m `d gdzzd `d dwk yzndzk kyzmv.

nkg k lkw dngkw {td zdnmw dwkzzm.

llk`m d lmw wtgdwsmw n`tlmw, ym`dnmw

`dgz {td ykzk lldekz k tk kzgtlkg d .

dezkg dcdgsk dzd d`tgkg zkjkam

lkw nkdzkw d lldskzlk k gkjm nylgk tk

kgg gmatk d {tdw wd mgtyk d lk

Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl d lk D tgkgoh `d

Adhdw K`tlpmw(

Yzm`tgz yzmytdwkw {td kzgtld d`tgk.

g zkjkam smltgzk k lmw mw njmw d

gtkhpm k1

Dhpzdek d jdgkw d Cmznkgoh ykzk dl Pzkjkam( Zm Hdezm( Athom d :9;9(

Dh eztymw o dh{tdh gkzkgpdzwgkw d D@AK CY dh gtkhpm k1

WTADPMW

D@AK CY

MZEKHOQKGOH

KWYDGPMW @O@GPOGM. YD@KEEOGM

Dh yldhkzom1 Dvymdz lkw cdzdgkw wnlt`dw dzd tk wtg lk mzk(Ydwd kletkw kggmdw {td ydznk kzgtlkz knjkw wtgmdw(

SO( KZPOGTLKGOH D OHPDEZKGOHDHPZD D@TGKGOH _ PZKJKAM

Kgso`k` 71

:?


31/184

Yzmezknk `d Asdhdw

SOO( JOJLOMEZKCK

JZTWOLMSWb_,W(,Ymlgkw yjlgkw d d`tgkg dwgmlkz d k`tlmw1, zddvmdw wmjzd lk fmnmed.d`k` d lk ymlgk d`tgksk d lmw ?9, tk fdzdgk ykzk zdsdzz, Jjlmdgk dl Nkdwzm, Jtdmw Kzdw

:994

CZDOZD, Y(,Gkzkw k {td yzdd`d dwdkz, Welm VVo, Jtdmw Kzdw, ;??0(

EKLLKZP, N(2Lk cmznkg ykzk dl zkjkam lmw asddw d Knzgk Lkk( GDYKL.EpQ, Wkkem `d Gfld,:99:(

LOPuOH, D(,Dl mgm d dwdkz Yk`w, Jtdmw Kzdw, :996(

ZMAKW,D(,Lkw gmnyddgkw lkw gklgkgmdw lkjmzkldw( Mop GohpDZCMZ, ;??0(

WSKNYK, N(,Lk wmgd`k` dvgltdd( Lk Kzedk jkam dl wem dl dmljdzklwnm( pktztw, Klcketk.zk W(K( Jtdmw Kzdw, :994(

CKZKW, N(L( HMETDOZK, N(G(,Lmw asdhdw dl pzkjkam( Lk dvydzodhgok `d gmhwpztoz gmh a.sdhdw ohgltwoh wmgokl( Ymdgk d dl 5 Gmezdwm hkgmkl d Dwt mw `dl pzkjkam( Kwmgkg Kzedk

d Dwydgklwkw d Dwt mw dl pzkjkam(

@MGTNDHPMW1Ld d D`tgkg hkgmkl h :3 :93-93, Km :993(

Ld pggm Yzmcdwmkl :3(946-94 Km :994(

@mgtndm Jkwd( oo Ndwk Cd`dzkl : d wddnjzd d :99?(

Ylk CDw :996.:9;;(

@mgtndm `d yzmdgm1 Yzmezknk `d D`tgkg Nd k cmznkg `d pzkjkam ykzk Asddw( @wym.wgmdw pggkw k`nwzkskw &@pK w/, Nwdzm `d D`tgkg `d lk hkg, T`k `d Ckgk.

nodhpm Ohpdzhkgomhkl( :995(

Wwdnk hkgmkl d Dskltkg d Yzmezknkw Wmgkldw &WoDNYZM/ d jkwd k lk dgtdwk ydznkdd d

fmekzdw &DYF/ dl owtm hkgmkl d Dwk`wgkw Gdwmw &oh@DG/ &Nkm :997/(

@mgtndm kl dl oo Dgtdzm Lk Cmznkg gmnm Ymlgk d Dnyldm, Dadw ykzk t kyzd`qkad k lm

lkzem d m`k lk s`k .Wdnkzm pklldz, Ftdzk Ezk`d, Gz`mjk :9 kl :: d msdnjzd d :993(


32/184

YZMEZKNK @D D@TGKGOH ND@OK_ CMZNKGOH YKZK DL PZKJKAMYKZK ASDHDW

N@TLM ODL WTADPM YD@KEEOGM

D@TGK@MZDW _ D@TGKH@MW


33/184


34/184

Yzmezknk `d Asdhdw

H@OGD

O(OHPZM@TGGOH

OO(WTADPMW YD@KEEoGMW1 D@TGK@MZDW-KW _ D@TGKh@MW

;( Dl d`tgk`mz-k gmnm wtadpm

:( D`tgk`mz-k gmnm pzkjkak`mz-k

7( Dl-lk d`tgkh`m gmnm wtadpm

0( Dl -lk d`tgkh`m dh lkw zdyzdwdhpkgomhdw `d lmw d`tgk`mzdw-kw

4( Asdhdw k`tlpmw asdhdw gmnm d`tgkh`mw `d D@AK CY

3( Lmw d`tgkh`mw gmnykz`mw dhpzd D@AK CY

OOO(JOJLOMEZKCOK


35/184

Yeohk

Dl Zm pdad thk fowpmzok thm dw kydhkw th folm {td

wd dhpzdlkqk gmh mpzmw odq nol

Fkzml`m Gmh

O(OHPZM@TGGOH

OO(WTADPMW YD@KEEOGMW1D@TGK@MZDW-KW _ D@TGKH@MW

Pklldz ykzk asdhdw dh dl Gdhpzm Ymytlkz

d @dwkzzmllm Ykzpo m d Poezd( Jw( Kw(

K lm lkzem `d lmw dhgtdhpzmw knmw k yzmymhdzld no.

zkz, ydwkz, zdgmmgdz, zdswkz yzmjldnkqkz lm {td

twd wkjd kgdzgk `d lk zdlkg d`tgkg zkjkam(

Lk dg dw gmwztz tk sw gmnykz`k `d

dwk kzgtlkg, {td fwzgkndd d dl yzdwd.

d, fk gmwt m gmwtd t dad sdzdjzk`mz `d

lk d`tgkgoh d adhdw k`tlpmw adhdw(

Gmw`dzknmw, {td `dw`d wt ltekz `d d`tgk`mz-k

zkjkak`mz-k twd` dw d gm`gmdw `d gkz

dwd zdgmzz`m ykzd`m `d wt yzmyk zkdgmzk(

hmw dzdwk gmnyzd`dz gnm wd fk `m kt`k.

`m, m `dwkt`k`m, lk zdlkg dzd d`tgkg

zkjkam k `d kwtnz kletk ymwg {td ld ydznk gmzjtz, `dw`d wt ltekz gmnm d`tgk`mz-k, k lk

wdzg wmgkl lkjmzkl d lmw asddw k`tlmw asddw(

D dwd n`tlm lm sknmw k ydwkz wmjzd wt zkdgmzk dwgmlkz lkjmzkl, dl nwnm nm`m {td lm fkgddwk `mgdd, gtk fwmzk ld yzdwdknmw(

;( DL D@TGK@MZ-K GMNM WTADPM

FOWPMZOK @D PKHOK &;/

Ykzk gmhpkz thk fowpmzok `d so k wdk pkl sdq wdk hdgdwkzom zdgmhwpztozlk k ykzz `d czkendhpmw d lk dvowpdhgok

`d thm ymz lm pkhpm dwm wtymhek thk wdldggoh( Dwk wdldggoh hm dw kqkzmwk, dl ythpm `d sowpk `dw`d dl {td

mypdnmw gmhpkzlk ytd`d mykgkz lk zo{tdqk {td sowpd pm`k jomezkk( Ymz dwm pm`k fowpmzok {td wd gtdhpk ytd`d

mykgkz mpzk fowpmzok ymwojld(

@dpdho k dh th wom, dh th kwydgpm, dl `d no dvowpdhgok no pzkjkam, lk hkzzkgoh `d no fowpmzok d so k wd kznk

k ykzz d zdgtdz`mw, d sosdhgokw mgtzzo kw dh dwykgomw lkjmzkldw ocdzdhpdw, ydzm kpzksdwk`kw ymz onyzmhpkw

cknolokzdw `d njopmw `d lk d`tgkgoh(

;.pkk ctd yzmcdwmzk d Ldetk d t Gdzm d D@AK d lk gt k d Gz mjk, fkwk dl km :996( Kgtklndd wd dwdnydk d lk @zdgg d Asddw K tlmw d lk Yzmsgk d Gz mjk

70


36/184

Yeohk

Dhwdkh m k lddz dwgzojoz( Gdhpzm d Asdhdw K tlpmw d Gkyopkl Cd dzkl

No nk`zd wmlk dgoznd1 Dl pzkjkam oehogk( _ dwk czkwd wmhkjk ctdzpd, tzk ymz ntgfm dnym nd zdwtlp

ohgmnyzdhwojld wt nkehopt (

Kyzdh `d no nk`zd k zdwydpkz dl pzkjkam, gtkl{todzk, woh owhgoh( Kyzdgokz lmw mgomw, yzmcdwomhdw dn.

yldmwdzkh pm`mw oetklndhpd pzkjkamw(, dl pzkjkam oehogk(

Ydlt{tdzk, dnyldk`k `d th gmndzgom `d emzzkw wmnjzdzmw, adck `d zdk `d th jkhgm gmmydzksm, `dwdn.

yldk`k( _ dnydqkz mpzk sdq

Dhpmhgdw, dnydqknmw athpkw k zdgmzzdz th gknohm dh jtwgk d lk oeho k`, dh jtwgk d pzkjkam( Kyzdh d

wt nkhm k dnyzdh`dz thk lkjmz oh`dydh odhpd, gtkh`m zdykzknmw yzd.yoqqkw dh hdemgomw dh th Gopzmdh Kno

mgfm {td gmnyz gmh ykzpd lk oh`dnhoqkgoh, m gtkh`m dh wmgod`k gmh thmw gmhmgo mw ohwpklknmw th klnk.

gh, m `dwytw wmlkw ytwonmw th bomwgm dh Ks( Ykpzok, {td gmnm hm zdh k lm wtgodhpd ykzk ykekz dl kl{toldz

`dl lmgkl, ptsonmw {td hklndhpd pzkwlk`kz k gkwk( K lk gkwk ykpdzhk `d no nk`zd, ymz{td pknymgm wd yt`m

wmwpdhdz nw dl kl{toldz d htdwpzk kgmed`mzk gk.wopk dh J Zdwo dhgokl Sldq Wkzwdl , hmw sonmw

mjloek`kw k nt`kzhmw( Dwk, woh `t`k ctd thk d

lkw woptkgomhdw {td nkw hmw wkgt o(

Woh dl pzkjkam dwpkjld `d no nk`zd, ydz knmw

htdwpzm dwykgom yzmyom dh ykzpd d htdwpzk oe.

ho k ( [toqw dhpmhgdw dnydqkjk k gmnyzdh`dz

lk nkehopt d lmw ogfmw d no nk`zd

Lk jw{td`k `d th pzkjkam dzk wonjlogkndhpd

lk jw{td`k `d th dwykgom `d ohgltwoh( Lk cklpk

`d pzkjkam hmw woptkjk kl nkzedh _ ymz nl.

yldw zkqmhdw, cknolokzdw, ymlgkw d o dmleogkw lmw

nzedhdw hmw dzkh fkjoptkldw( Yk`zdw wdykzk.

`mw, dl kpdwnm, lk `dhogoh o dmleogk, gkzdhgok `d cmzpthk dzkh gmh ogomhdw {td nd fkjkh nkzgk`m thk

mzollk, th nkzedh(

Dhpzd dwmw skosdhdw d lk so k wmwpdhk no gkzzdzk dh lk Dwgtdlk d Godhgokw d lk Ohcmznkgoh( K sdgdw, woh gmw.

ydldw, gknohkjk d J Lmw Ykzkwmw k lk Got`k Thosdzwopkzok, k lk dwgtdlopk( Nd fkjk gmnyzmnd`m gmhnoem

nownk k pdznohkz now dwpt omw thosdzwopkzomw, ymz n, ymz no nk`zd, ymz gmhwdetoz th pzkjkam oehm, ymz{td

dl pzkjkam oehogk(

Khfdlkjk wdz Gmnthogk`mzk Wmgokl, kth{td zdgoh gmndhqkjk k gmnyzdh`dz {t dzk lm owhpm k wdz ydzom.

owpk( Now ydzwydgskw gmh zdwydgpm k lk yzmcdwoh woh `t`k ctdzmh gknjokh`m( wd kjzodzmh th kjkhogm `d

woehogkgomhdw ymwojolo k`dw ykzk lk gmnthogkgoh(

Dl wdh`m `d lk d`tgkgoh, `d lk cmznkgoh wd kkhq dh no so k {td`kzmh nkzgk`mw k ctdem( Yzondzm lk

+

74


37/184

Yeohk

dwgtdlk yzonkzok k lk {td kwow, lmw sklmzdw, yzohgoyomw wdh`mw `d lk oetkl k , lk atwgok, lk wmlo kzo k {td

nd ohgtlgkzmh now nkdwpzkw `dl Ohwptpm `d D`tgkgoh Gz`mjk, lk osdzwo k gmnyldao k wmgokl k lk {td

nd dvytwm lk dwgtdlk wdgth`kzok H( W( @z( Ketwh Ekzqh Ketllk lk kydzptzk k lk sowoh `dl nth`m `d lk

zdklo k {td nd mczdgodzmh now `mgdhpdw `d lk dwgtdlopk `d Godhgokw `d lk Ohcmznkgoh, ohsdhpkzkh ykzk n

mpzm njopm ymwojld ykzk lk oeho k 1 lk d`tgkgoh lk cmznkgoh, hm wlm gmnm dadzgogom `d th `dzdgfm wohm

gmnm th dwykgom ykzk dl dadzgogom `d lk oeho k (

Pdznoh d gtzwkz lk ckgtlpk , k fkjk ohezdwk`m ymz n nownk kl nth`m dl pzkjkam( Cto dnyldk`k d thk cjzogk

`d wh`uogf, d th gmndzgom d oh`tndhpkzok gknydzkw, yzdsdhpowpk d ekwdmwkw d thk dnyzdwk ntlpohkgomhkl,

pdldnkzbdpdz, yzmnmpmzk `d ytjlogo k `d thk CN lmgkl, zd`kgpmzk dh thk zdsowpk

Gkwk`k gmh no yzondz foam, Atkh, `d htdsdw ndwdw d d`k 2 gmnyldp lk Logdhgokptzk dh Gmnthogkgoh Wmgokl(

Knk `d gkwk, nk`zd, dwymwk, Logdhgok`k kfmzk `dwdnyldk`k Dwpkjk `dwmzodhpk`k, `dwkhonk`k ymz lk ckl.

pk `d pzkjkam( Lonopk`kw lkw mymzptho k`dw ykzk dadzgogom d no yzmcdwoh, lk mgdhgok d mgom, ctd no dldggoh(Dl njopm `d lk d`tgkgoh ykzk n dzk ohwdzpkznd dh th dwykgom `d pzkjkam ykzk lk ohgltwoh, lk nk yzmyok, lk

`d mpzmw gmh mpzmw(

Wdz `mgdhpd `d lk nm`klo k d asdhdw k`tlpmw k`{tozo mjld woehogkgoh1 th njopm d pzkjkam thk ohw.

pkhgok `d gmnyzmnowm gmh k{tdllmw asdhdw k`tlpmw {td ltgfkh gm okhkndhpd ykzk klgkhqkz gmh{towpkz

th dwykgom oehm {td ymz ocdzdhpdw gozgthwpkhgokw `d lk so k ydzwmhkl, wmgokl m lkjmzkl ldw ctdzk gmkzpk`m(

Gmnm dwk mymzptho k {td nd fkjk mczdgo m k n, lk d`tgkgoh(

Thk pkz`d th kltnhm k`tlpm dl Khdvm d GLOJK, pzkjkak`mz d lk dnyzdwk zdgmldgpmzk d zdwo tmw, kl wkloz dl

ktlk dh thk gmhsdzwkgoh {td nkhpdhknmw dh zdlkgoh k lkw gmh ogomhdw lkjmzkldw `d lmw dnyldk`mw k lkw

ogtlpk`dw ykzk wmwpdhdz wt kwowpdhgok k lk dwgtdlopk, nd nkhocdwp1 lm {td hmw ykwk dw {td pdhdnmw nw

nod`m {td oeho k` Now kltnhmw pdhkh th pzkjkam, ldw cklpkjk gmh{towpkz mpzm dwykgom, dl d lk d`tgkgoh(

Dl pzkhwgtzzoz `d lk so k fk gknjok`m lk nk( Fm no pkzdk lkjmzkl wd fk kldak`m `d lkw ktlkw dh mpzk zdlkgoh

gmh lk pkzdk `mgdhpd( Dl yzdwdhpd nd dhgtdhpzk gmh `mw foamw, knjmw dh d`k dwgmlkz dh dl zml d nk`zd(

wkw woptkgomhdw htdskw nd fkh kymzpk`m nozk`kw ocdzdhpd `d lk dwgtdlk `d lk d`tgkgoh( Ydzm, kh kw,

`dw`d knjkw gm okho k`dw, woem wmwpdhodh`m lk gmhsoggoh, {td dlpzkjkam, gmnm lm ozk no nk`zd, lk

d`tgkgoh, gmnm m lk sosdhgokzk, gmhwptdh ohdlt ojldndhpd gonodhpmw d lk oeho k ftnkhk(

@dwytw d lk Fowpmzok d Pkhok1

.Zdgmhmqgk dl gmhpdvpm dnym dh dl {td wd d`tg lk mgdhpd(

. @d {t nm`mw ohgo odzmh lkw ohwptgomhdw ymz lkw {td pzkhwop dh wt `dgowoh `d gmnyldpkz

lmw dwpt omw, kggd`dz k thk yzmcdwoh d ohwdzpkzwd lkjmzklndhpd=

. Gnm wd sohgtlk dh dwpk fowpmzok lk d`tgkgoh gmh lk cmznkgoh ykzk dl pzkjkam=

Kgso`k` ;1

73


38/184

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Lmw-kw `mgddw `d D@AK CY, d km d`tgk`mzdw, lmw-kw asddw k`tlmw asddw, {td

ykzgyk d dl kgm d`tgksm, wd dgtdzk wtk`mw d t dnym t dwykgm gm gkzkgd .

zwgkw wmgkldw, gtltzkldw, fwzgkw ymlgkw {td lmw kzksdwk k knjmw ymz etkl(

W dnjkzem, k{t dzdwk yzdetkz ymz lkw `wkgkw {td

wdykzk k d`tgk`mzdw-kw `d d`tgk`mw, k c `d kyzdgkz gtkl

wdz dl zdgmzz`m k zkwkz ykzk dwkjldgdz sgtlmw yzm`t .

gz dl dgtdzm yd`keegm {td `kz ltekz kl kyzd`qkad(

Zdcdzzmw k `wkgkw wtymd gmw`dzkz lk ykzgtlkz ydz.

ddgk `d gk`k wtadm k `wkw glkwdw eztymw {td gmw.

td lk wmgd`k` k lmw tndzmwmw czkendmw {td gmdvwd kl dzmz `d gk`k tk `d

dllkw(

Fkwk fkgd tkw `gk`kw ctd `d twm gmn fkgdz zdcdzdgk k lkw glkwdw wmgkldw d znmw`d dwgklk klk, nd`k jkak, tlqkz ct`kndklndd

ykzk dllm, ykzmdw dgmngmw( Mzkw ldgtzkw {td glt.

d `ndwmdw wmgkldw, d`tgkskw, lkjmzkldw mw lld.

sk k yzdetkzmw ymz dadnylm1 Gnm tjgkz k {tddw

ymwdd gkykl gtltzkl fk kggd``m k jddw, {td lmw

gltzk d tk dwgklk nw klk ydzm, kl nwnm dn.

ym, fm m dd zkjkam {td`k`m dgmngkndd d

tk gkdemzk cdzmz=Dl klww `d lk wtkg wmgkl `dl ykw ltdem `dl km

:99; zdsdlk {td lk ymjlkg amsd k`tlk amsd fk wt.

cz`m lk nm`cgkg `d wtw `d`k`dw wmgkldw k ykzz `d t nkzgk`m yzmgdwm `d ymlkzqk.

g( Ymz dadnylm, lkw gkdemzkw tdsmw ymjzdw dvglt`mw mnjzk k {tddw {td`kzm

`dwkclk`mw, d `wm ezk`m, d njmw wmgkldw dwztgtzkdw1 zkjkam, wdetzm wmgkl, ckn.

lk, d`tgkg, dzd mzmw(&:/

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`d k`wgzygmdw( @d kll {td lmw wtadmw `d dwd dnym dek {td gmw`dzkzwd d w nwnmwnlyldw, dzd mzkw zkqmdw, ymz dl kzksdwkndm `d ydzddgkw d `d`k`dw k lkw {td

gk`k tm dw wtadm gm lkw {td dw wtadk`m &7/

Dwmw kymzdw mw sk k zdcldvmkz1 gtldw d {t nd``k cmznk ykzd d gk`k d`tgk`mz-k

lmw nm`mw `d wdz, fkgdz, lkw gzddgkw, dvydgkskw wkjdzdw `d lmw `cdzddw eztymw `d ydzd.

dgk k lmw {td wd dgtdzk k`wgzym, km d dl ykwk`m gmnm d dl yzdwdd(

+@mgdhpd kltnhmw-kw d th gtzwm d

Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl dh Zm Hdezm( :99?(

+

:.WSKNYK, N(, Lk wmgd`k dvgltdd( Lk Kzedk jkam dl wem `dl hdmljdzklwnm, pktztw, Klcketkzk W(K, Jtdmw Kzdw, :994(7. LKGLKT, D( , Lk zkq ymytlwk, Cm`m `d Gtltzk Dgmmngk, Nvgm, :994(

75


39/184

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Dwd nm`m `d ydwkz dl ltekz `dl d`tgk`mz-k gmnm wtadm wtk`m, gmdvtk`m, ydzddgdd k t

dnym `ddznk`m, fkgd swjld lk dvwdgk `d ykzgtlkzdw nm`mw `d ydwkz, wdz kgtkz {td

k dgdw lm kgdzgkh mpzkw dgdw lm `owpkhgokh `d

lmw-kw d`tgk`mw(

Lk gdzgkk lk `wkgk, ldamw `d gmwtz mjw.

gtlmw, wm ymwgmdw k zdgmmgdz wmwddz

ymz{td `dlnk lk yzdwdgk `d `mw wtadmw,

d`tgk`mz-k d`tgk`m, etkldw `cdzddw,

dzd lmw gtkldw dd {td wtgd`dz dl kgm yd.

`keeogm(

K`sdzz gdzgkkw `wkgkw dzd dld`tgk`mz-k lmw d`tgk`mw yzm`tgd lk kydzt.

zk `d t dwykgm, t dwykgm.dnym zdlkgmkl

{td wd kjzd dzd wtadmw2 dwykgm.dnym {td

fkgd ymwjld {td gzgtld dl `dwdm `d wkjdz, `d

yzm`tgz gmmgndm, `d fkgdz fwmzk, `d zdgzdkz zdkl`k`, `d gmzjtz k lk zdsdg `d

nt`mw ymwjldw( &0/

Lk ymwjl`k` `d dwdkz kyzd`dz `dsdd `d dwd dwykgm.dnym dzd wtadmw wtk`mw, `m`d

dl d`tgk`mz-k d`z {td `kz mymzt`k` k lk yzmjldnkqkg {td lldsd k lk jw{td`k -m yzm .`tggoh `d gmhmgonodhpmw ykzk dhpdh`dz lk zdklo`k` kpzddzwd k pzkhwcmznkzlk m zdohdhpkzlk(

@d dwk nkdzk dl d`tgk`mz-k wd gmwtd d t zkjkak`mz-k `d lk d`tgkg gm gkykg`k` ykzk

dwkjldgdz zdlkgmdw ndmw wtjmz`kdw, nw ktmnkw ftnkkw d znmw `d atwgk

wmgkl zdklqkg wtjadsk gmldgsk(

+Amzhk kw d gkykgopkgoh mgdhpd( Gmzzodhpdw(:99?(

Zdldk lk fowpmzok d Pkhok ltdem zdwtdlsk lmw woetodhpdw ohpdzzmekhpdw1

.[t zdlkgomhdw ytd`dh zdkloqkz zdwydgpm dl sklmz dl pzkjkam {td wteodzd lk fowpmzok {td lkyzmpkemhowpk k wt sdq pzkhwdzd k lmw kltnhmw-kw=

.Zdgmhmqgk dwgzojk klethmw sklmzdw, kgpt`dw, gzddhgokw {td twpd fk k`{tozo m ymz wt ydz.pdhdgok k ocdzdhpdw eztymw d zdcdzdhgok(

Kgso`k` :1

0. [TohpKZ, D(, mzmw,Lk dwydzkhqk gmnm yzgpogk( Lk Yzgpogk, gmnm njopm d gmhwpztggoh d ctptzm( Zdswk odzkndzgkk d D tgkg d K tlmw, km :5, ndzm :, Atlm-@gdnjzd, :994

76


40/184

Yeohk

:( D@TGK@MZ-K GMNM PZKJKAK@MZ-K

Lmw `mgddw `d D@AK `d CY wm zkjkak`mzdw-kw `d lk d`tgk.

g, {td dwkzzmllk t ym `d lkjmz dgtk`zk`k d dl zdk d

wdzsgmw( Gmnm zkjkam dw zdgmmg`m ekzkqk`m ymz lddw

dwktmw {td ld ak `dzdgfmw `djdzdw(

Lk Ld `d D`tgkg hkgmkl h :3(:93 kl gmw`dzkz lk dvwd.

gk `d lk d`tgkg `d asddw k`tlmw gmnm tk nm`kl`k`,

fk `k`m ltekz kl `wdm `d yzmytdwkw `d cmznkg dwydggk

ykzk {tdw dadzgdz d dllk( Kl nwnm dnym, kjzd lk ymwjl`k` `d gmwdwtkz nkzgmw zdet.

lkmzmw ydzddw ykzk dl dadzggm `d t zkjkam `mgdd {td dd`k k dwk nm`kl`k` gm wtw

ykzgtlkz`k`dw(

Kwnwnm lk Ld `d D`tgkg pggm Yzmcdwmkl Ld :3(946 d wt Kzgtlm :? dwkjldgd {td

dl Nwdzm `d D`tgkg, Gdgk pdgmlmek gmgdzkz d dl Gmwdam Cd`dzkl `d Gtltzk D`t.gkg lk nyldndkg `d yzmezknkw cd`dzkldw `d cmznkg gmtk {td kwdetzd zdwtlk`mw

etklndd gklgk`mw ykzk m`kw lkw dwydgkl`k`dw, {td kgtklgd lk cmznkg `d lmw d{tymw

`zdgsmw `mgddw `d lkw wtgmdw `d d`tgkg ggm yzmcdwmkl, {td yzmntdsk lk

ydzdgk wmgkl, d`tgksk yzm`tgsk d `gfkw wtgmdw(

Kd lk mymzt`k` {td wd ylkdk, `d edwkz gm`gmdw `d zkjkam nw kyzmyk`kw ykzk lk d`tgk .

g d asddw k`tlmw asddw, gmsdd zkdz k gmw`dzkg gmgltwmdw d kletmw dwt`mw

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ytd`d gmwtzwd d t mjwgtlm ykzk lk mzekqkg yd`keegk, {td dw lk kzdk gdzkl `d lk

d`tgkg(&4/ hmw zdcdznmw, ymz dadnylm, k lkw `gtlk`dw `d zkjkakz d d{tym dzd `mgddw

`d D@AK CY, gtk`m m wd gtdk gm dwykgmw dnymw wtgmkldw kwek`mw k kl (Ydzm knj kykzdgd `gtlk`dw, gtk`m lkw ctgmdw {td `dwyldek lmw-kw `mgddw, d gdzk

+ +

+

; Wdnohkzom Zdeomhkl Ykpkemhok Ymlgkw Edwh d lk D`tgkgoh d Asdhdw K`tlpmw( Kzgtlk.goh gmh lk Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl -m Cmznkgoh ykzk dl Pzkjkam, dh dl nkzgm dl Yzmezknk d D`t.gkgoh Nd`ok Cmznkgoh ykzk dl Pzkjkam ykzk Asdhdw( Twftkok, :7 :0 d wdydnjzd d :9;9(

4. EKZK_, L( (,Khlowow Ohwptgomhkl( @mgtndm d Gd`zk2 Tsdzw k hkgmkl d Gz`mjk, ;???(

7?


41/184

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nkdzk wd gzwklqk mjtzk lk ymwjl`k` `d `dwkzzmllkz mzkw cmznkw `d mzekqkz dl zkjkam ykzk

`kz zdwytdwk k tdskw ymjlkgmdw {td kggd`d k lk d`tgkg k lkw gm`gmdw `dl gmdvm {td

wd nm`gk(

Tk wtkg `d dwd ym wd `k gtk`m `mgddw `d D@AK `mgddw `d CY m wd sgtlk, k

gtk`m gmnykzk lmw nwnmw d`tgk`mw {tddw wd dczdk gm gm`gmdw `dl ndzgk`m `d

zkjkam {td dved km lk klqkg dl wdgt`kzm gmnm tk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl(Lk gzwklqkg `d lkw ctgmdw yzm`tgd wdykzkg `d dwykgmw kzdkw, ymz dadnylm, lmw `mgddw

`d D@AK gmw`dzk {td wt kzdk dw wmlkndd dwdkz lkw `wgylkw d dl ktlk lmw `mgddw `d

CY gkykgkz ykzk dl zkjkam d dl klldz( Gm dwd nm`m `d dd`dz lkw ctgmdw wd `dak `d lk`m

{td knjmw wm yzmgdwmw d`tgksmw ymz etkl, `d nm`m {td gtk`m wd d`tgk d dl ktlk knj wd

cmznk ykzk dl zkjkam gtk`m wd gkykgk d dl klldz knj wd dw d`tgk`m(

Dgkzkz lk yzmcdw mgdd gdz`mlk d dl dwkm d `dkz cdzddw nm`mw d dzsdg d`tgk.

sk ykzk cdzddw wtadmw, d skzk`kw gm`gmdw

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ydznd zdwegkz dl zkjkam d lmw d`tgk`mzdw d

D@AK CY( Kjzd lk mymzt`k `d nmsdzwd `d lmw

nm`mw zk gmkldw `d dwdkz, ykzk `dkz mzmw

nw kgmz`dw k lmw d`tgkh`mw k lmw `ocdzdhpdw gmh.

dvmw `m`d wd `dwkzzmllk lkw yzggkw d`tgk.

kw(

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m m ykzk dcdgtkz yzggkw yzmcdwmklqkdw `d

nm`m {td ytd`k gdzgkzwd kl nwnm dnym lk

klqkg dl sdl wdgt`kzm gm tk cmznkg

yzmcdwomhkl(

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K nm`m `d gmgltw ym`dnmw wdklkz {td lkw wtkgmdw gmdvtkldw, lkw ymwgmdw kwtn`kw lmw

wegk`mw gmwzt`mw fkjlk kgdzgkndmw `wkgkw dzd d`tgk`mzdw d`tgk`mw( Lk kzdk

`d dwdkz mjlek k `wdkz nm`mw `d zdgmmgdz lkw gdzgkkw zdgmzzdz lkw `wkgkw {td wdykzk k

tmw `d mzmw, ykzk yzm`tgz t dgtdzm {td, nd`k`m ymz lmw gmmgndmw lkw yzggkw, `kz

ltekz kl kyzd`qkad(

K`zkk Ytezmww mw kt`k k dd`dz d {t wd zkk dwd yzmgdwm d dgtdzm nd`k`m ymz dl gmm.

+Wdgth kzom C(Y( nd okhpd gmhsdhom

dhpzd Nohowpdzom d D tgkgoh TYGH Thoh Ydzwmhkl Gosol d lk Hkgoh(

Yd kemem Yktlm Czdozd &;?7;.;??5/ +

09


42/184


43/184

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yk`zd, nk`zd, dl-lk nlkd, dl sdgm-k, d t wtadm gtk `d`k` wd `dd ymz kletk `cdzdgk

zdwydgm `d mzmw( D dl gkwm `d lk d`tgkg cmznkl, dl amsd m k`tlm dw `cdzdd `dl m ykzk {td

ctd gmwzt`m dl ltekz {td kfmzk l dw mgtyk`m1 lk dwgtdlk( Wetd`m dwd zkqmkndm lk k`tldq

yd`keegk wtdld `dzwd `dw`d lk gkzdgk ( &6/

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fk ydzn`m, d gk`k gkwm, wmwddz k wtw cknlkw, k`{tzz kle mgm, kggd`dz k t ytdwm d zkjkam,m wtjwwz gtk`m ldw cklk dl zkjkam( Dw ymwjld {td ntgfmw `d dwmw kyzd`qkadw wd fkk yzm`tg`m

ctdzk `d lk dwgmlkz`k` cmznkl, ykwk`m k cmznkz ykzd `d t jkekad `d wkjdzdw, gzddgkw, zdyzdwdk .

gmdw {td dw dzkqk`mw d wt yzmyk `d`k` gmnm wtadmw gmwtd t gkykl gtltzkl {td ldw

ydznd `dcd`dz wtw dzdwdw dvyzdwkz smltk`dw gtk`m lmezk mzekqkzwd d gmldgsmw( Kt{td

knj ddnmw {td k`sdzz atm gm Lkglkt {td dwkw `d`k`dw wd yzdwdk, d dwk ymgk, dw.

kjldw skekndd dezk`kw, d ykzd ymz{td wd gzdndk lmw dwykgmw wmgkldw `m`d wd k`myk

`dgwmdw {td g`d d wtw s`kw( &?/

Gkjd dmgdw zd`dz lk `dk `d gkzdgk gtk`m wd k`at`gk kl wtadm `d lk d`tgkg, `m`d k`d.nw `d fkgdz zdcdzdgk k lk cklk `d gmmgndmw wd wtdld kwmgkz k lkw gm`gmdw `d lmw wdgmzdw

{td gmgtzzd k dllk( Czdd k dwd ym d dcm{tdw, dw dgdwkzm yzmjldnkqkzmw kgdzgk d [tdw

dw`d {t ltekzdw kzjtnmw lk gkzdgk k lmw wtadmw {td kgt`d jtwgk`m gmnyldkz wt d`tgkg

jwgk m klgkqkz tk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl= K {t gkzdgkw mw zdcdznmw=

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d`tgk`mw dd``mw gmnm wtadmw2 dd`m yzdwdd {td lk gmgdyg {td `d dllmw deknmw kgk .

zzdk gmwdgtdgkw d lk dwdkqk, ytdwm {td d km yzggk wmgkl d `dmlegk ytd`d gmzjtz

&smltkzk m smltkzkndd/ k zdcmzqkz m nm`gkz gm`gmdw d wmndndm wmgkl {td yk`dgd

ocdzdhpdw eztymw wtadpmw(

+Gdhpzm d`tgksm d cmznkgoh kezmydgtkzok( Ykzkh( :99?

6. ZM@ZoETDQ, L(, D`tgkgoh `d K`tlpmw Kgptklo k , klethmw dldndhpmw ykzk lk zddvomh, dh Lk D`tgkgoh `d K`tlpmw, Ytjlgkg d lk TDYG, ;??3(?. LKGLKT, D(, My( G

0:


44/184

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0( DL-LK D@TGKH@M DH LKW ZDYZDWDHPKGOMHDW @D LMW D@TGK@MZDW-KW

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gmhgdyptkloqkz lk Cmznkgoh Yzmcdwomhkl ld dvylogkjk k lmw kwowpdhpdw pzkjkak`mzdw-kw `dl wdgpmz`d lk ykwpdldzk kzpdwkhkl {td dzk thk cmznkgoh `dwhk`k k k{tdllmw {td hm pdhkh mpzkw ymwo.

jolo`k`dw {td`kjkh ctdzk `dl wowpdnk d`tgksm cmznkl(

W kklqknmw dwk wtkg, m ym`dnmw `dakz `d yzdetkzmw Gtldw wm lkw dvydzdgkw yzd .

skw `d lk `mgdd, {t gkzkgdzwgkw `d wt dmzm fk gm`gmk`m dwk dzyzdkg=

@d dwk cmznk mw zm`tgnmw, k gmw`dzkz k lkw yklkjzkw, k`dnw d wt wem, kl nt`m wnjl.

gm {td zdyzdwdk( Dl kgm `d zdyzdwdkg smlsdz k yzdwdkz dw tk gmwztgg `d gkzkg .

dzwgkw gmnyldakw d lk {td dw yzdwdd dl gkzgdz kgsm gzdk`mz `d gk`k wtadm, wdzm d

t gmdvm gm wtw zdwzggmdw fkjlkgmdw( T yzndz kgtdz`m dw `dwdwnkz {td dl nt`m

dvdzmz dw ydzgj`m `d cmznk ndggk k zksw `d dwntlmw zddamw(

@dl nwnm nm`m ym`zknmw nkekz gmnm wd zdyzdwdk kl d`tgk`m t-k `mgdd `d t gdzm

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45/184

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Dw ohpdzdwkhpd zdgmz kz lk dponmlmek d lkw dvyzdwomhdwnkdwpzm mcogom( Lk yzondzk zdnopd k lk yklkjzklkpohk &nkeowpdz/ {td wd zdcodzd k lk gmh ogoh `d {todh`dpdhpk dl wkjdz( Dh lk D`k Nd ok lk kgdygoh `d dwpk

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gmhhmpkgomhdw d ym`dz {td wd zdcodzdh kl nownm podnymkl {td onykzpd gmhmgonodhpm kl ykpzh( R Dh gtkhpmkl pznohm mcogom, wo dvknohknmw wt dponmlmek, dhgmh.pzkzdnmw lk yklkjzk mcogokhpd, {td zdcldak k lk sdq wthkptzkldqk cthgomhkl, ydzm pknjoh wkezk`k, gmh zdlkgohk thk gmntho k dzosk d mcogokz, {td dw dadzgdz th no.howpdzom & dl lkph nohowpdzotn nwpdzotn/( Lk cthgoh d

cmznkgoh dzk dhpmhgdw thk pkzdk d ohogokgoh yzmezdwosk klmw wdgzdpmw .nowpdzomw. gtk ymwdwoh kjk godzpm ym dz(&;:/

Gm dl dwkzzmllm d lk nktckgtzk dwd nm dlm d yzm tgg, gm lk cetzk dl nkdwzm kzdwkm gmnm yzm tgmz d.

yd dd, d d k zkwcmznkzwd( Dl kzdwkm ydz d yzmezdwskndd lkw ctgmdw d wdm, gmzml, gmndzgklqkg

k wt sdq lk yzmyd k d lmw wztndmw d zkjkam(

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dl gmndqm dl zkjkam d wdzd(

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d lk mkl k dl yzmgdwm ykwk k lmw gmmgndmw ykzgkldw lkw fkjl k dw yttkldw ykzk gk k tm d lmw wdgmzdw

m d wd gltz dl zkjkak mz( Wt gmwdgtdgk dw dl yzmgdwm d dwgtklcgkg d zkjkak mzdw zkjkak mzkw fkg mldw

ydz dz d dwk cmznk wt ym dz jkwk m d dl gmmgndm dezkl d wt lkjmz(

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Kw wtze lk sw ggk {td wd zdcdzd k lk cmznk d .

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04


47/184

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ndzgk m d zkjkam, lk d tgkg nd k lk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl ym k wdz mygmdw cdzddw {td m wd dgdwkjk

dzd w( pkl sdq ntgfmw d lmw ldgmzdw d dwmw n tlmw, kg mw d lk gk k dl 49 zdgtdz d lk myg dzd wdetz

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dgmzkz zkjkam gmnm mydzkzm d tk cjzgk m gmnyldkz lk d tgkg wdgt kzk ddz ymwjl k dw d gmlmgkg

d ytdwmw d nkmz gkdemzk(

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dnym m lkywm {td wdykzk k yk zdw d famw, d lmw lnmw :4 m 79 kmw tk ydzwmk {td wd cmzn m gkykg ykzk t nm m

d zkjkam ddznk m wd dgtdzk gm {td wt cmznkg m klgkqk, m m dgkak, d lmw tdsmw ykzndzmw yzm tgsmw,

woehm d lk Zdmltgoh Pdghmleogk(

W jd dwd yzmgdwm m dw tdsm, k {td k ykzz d cdw dl Welm VSooo gm lk Zdsmltg o twzkl wd dzm wtkgmdw

ykzdg kw, tgk kdw gmnm d dwmw dnymw, lk dgmlmek fk mgtyk m t ykydl k dwkgk m d gtkm k lk ymwjl k

gdzk d dlnkz m zdsdkz kzdkw mgtykgmdw( Dwd cdndm kcdg k tk nwnk eddzkg ymz lk zky dq gm {td

wd yzm tadzm lmw gknjmw(

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g jwgk gmnyldk {td gltk lk cklqkg dl wdgt k.

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Kgso`k` 31

03


48/184

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05


49/184

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+Mlkskzzk, Yzmsohgok d Jtdhmw Kozdw(

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06


50/184

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+ Gdhpzm D`tgkposm d Hosdl Wdgth`kzom dh dl jkzzom d Lk Jmgk( Jtdhmw Kozdw(

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ytd`k lldskzlm k gmtkz gm mzmw zkdgmw d`tgksmw m `d cmznkg yzmcdwmkl, {td {tqw kl gm m wd

nkekjk klgkqkz(

Dzdwm Wjkm&;4/ dwgzjd1 Gtkh`m klethk sdq fd stdlpm k sokakz dh pzdh, wm gmh dhgmhpzkz k dwd yzmcdwmz `d lk

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ctptzm dwgzopmz(

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ymwjl k`dw d kyzd qkad mnk`m gmnm dcskw lkw dnk`kw {td lmw d`tgk`mw dvyzdwk2 knymgm gdzzkz.

mw d lkw dkw {td dw d lk yzmyk yzggk fdnmw gmwzt m wmjzd dllmw k ykzz d lk dvydzdgk kgtntlk`k d lk

d`tgkgoh m dh lk cmznkgoh yzmcdwomhkl(

Kl zdwydgm zdgmz dnmw {td lk ydmz mnkg dw lk {td wlm wkwckgd lk dnk`k( W gkndd wd mczdgd lm {tddl wtadm dd gkykg k d yd z m wd zmnyd tgk dl gzgtlm d lk ymjzdqk d`tgksk2 djd dvwz t sgtlm dzd

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D wdet`m znm ddnmw {td zdswkz lmw gmd mw {td dwdknmw `dw d tk ydzwydgsk `d d`tgkg

cmznkg dezkl {td mczdqgk k lmw-klkw d`tgk`mw lkw fdzzkndkw ykzk gmzymzkzwd gmnm wtadmw, gm gkykg k`

`d gmnyzd`dz ydzm knj gm sw gzgk, d lk s k wmgkl, lkjmzkl ymlgk d wt gkl k `d gt`k`kmw-kw

zkjkak`mzdw-kw(

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3(LMW D@TGKH@MW GMNYKZPO@MW DHPZD D@AK _ CY(

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gmnyldndk ydzm knj wd cdzdgk dzd w, zdwtlk nyzdwg jld gmw dzkz k lmw wtadmw d`tgk`mw `d

D@AK CY gmnm d`tgk`mw gmnykz mw, d lk nd k {td d knjmw gzgtlk ymz lmw nwnmw dwykgmw(

[t wegk lk `dk `d d`tgk`mw gmnykz`mw= Gtl dw lk msd`k` {td wd zm`tgd kl yd.

wkzlmw `d dwd nm`m=

[td t `mgdd ydwd {td dl nwnm d`tgk`m, d dl zkwgtzwm `d gtkzm m ggm fmzkw, kd`d

lkw dwdkqkw `d skzmw `mgddw m dw nt czdgtdd, k {td d dl wdgt`kzm gk`k yzmcdwmz kznk

wt dw{tdnk gm t eztym k lm lkzem `d lkw fmzkw gd`zk {td dd gzgtwgzjd wt kzdk k dwd zd.

gmzd `d lk zdkl`k` d`tgksk(

W jd, dwd nm`m `d dadzgdz lk `mgdgk dw tk

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kldzksk ydwk`m d lm {td wtgd`dzk gm dl

kyzd`qkad `d lmw-lkw d`tgk`mw, w dgmzkzk

{td `mgddw `d D@AK CY zkjkakzk d gmat.

m ykzk dwdkz `dwkzzmllkz gkykg`k`dw gmnt.

dw, k`dnw `d mzkw nw dwydggkw `d gk`k

dwykgm `d gmmgndm yzggk(

K nm`m `d t dadzggm kgykmzm {td wzsk`d dadnylm ym`zknmw wtymdz {td ykzk dl `d.

wkzzmllm `d lk gkykg`k` ldgmzk, dl nwnm d`t.

gkh`m wd dhgmhpzkz gmh dl yzmcdwmz `d ldhetk

zkjkak`m wmjzd lk gmnyzdw ldgmzk, dl `m.

gdd `d gdgkw lk ym`z d atdem gm dl dvm

`d wmgokldw dl cmznk`mz `d ndpklndghogk lk

tlqkz yzmymd`m kl d`tgk`m {td ldk dl nk.

tkl `d lk n{tk gm lk {td zkjkakz(

@dw`d lk ydzwydgsk `d lmw-kw d`tgk`mw dgm.

zkzwd gm `cdzddw `mgddw {td dved `.

gmw yzmgd`ndmw d `wkw gzgtwkgkw

lmw yzd`wym`z k `dwkzzmllkz zdwytdwkw wnlkzdw kkqk`m lmw kyzd`qkadw {td wd yzdd`d(

@d dwk nkdzk, dl gmgdym `d d`tgk`mw gmnykz`mw dzd d`tgkg zkjkam kjzd lk ymwj.

l`k` `d ylkdkz tk edw gmatk dzd `mgddw `d D@AK `d CY gm lk dg `d `wdkz

yzmytdwkw {td kzgtld1 lmw wkjdzdw {td lmw kltnmw zkd, lkw gkykg`k`dw {td lk d`tgkg yzm.

sdd lkw gmnyddgkw k `dwkzzmllkz d lmw dwykgmw lkjmzkldw ykzk lmw gtkldw wd cmznk(

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`mw, wtymd d yzndz znm gmkz gm `wymwsmw dwydggmw `d dskltkg kgzd`kg `d

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nw lek`mw k lk cmznkg yzmcdwmkl, w jd

gmdd gmgdymw, knj wm wkjdzdw `d

kgg &gkykg`k`dw d fkgdz gmwkw/ d wtk.

g &ymwjl`k` d ddznkz d tk wtkg

`k`k lk ydzdgk dgkgk `d kggmdw {td

lk zkwcmznd m `d gmmgndmw {td lk dvyl.{td/( Dwmw wkjdzdw wd skl`k ymz wt gkykg`k`

`d k`kykg k lmw dw `d lk kgg, nw {td

ymz gzdzmw gdgmw dwzgmw, kt{td m lmw

dvgltd(

wkjdzdw yzdsmw, gm m w gdzgkg cmznkl( D wdet`m znm, lk kzgtlkg knj dd

{td ym`dz gztqkz lmw ymw `d gmmgndmw {td wd atdek d lk zdlkg dzd d`tgkg zkjkam,

dd``mlmw gmnm mw ymw d wkjdzdw {td, w jd dw sgtlk`mw, m wm d{tykzkjldw(

Kl zdwydgm Ytezmww wdklk {td1 lmw gmmgndmw kgk`ngmw {td lk d`tgkg `wzjtd, dw

gmwt`mw ymz gmgdymw mz`dk`mw adzz{tgkndd d wwdnkw &lddw, dmzkw gdgkw/ gtkwzdelkw `d skl`kg wd dgtdzk d lk dywdnmlmek `d lkw gdgkw( &Ytezmww, K2 ;??4/

@d lk `dgkg `d knjmw ymw `d wkjdzdw `d lmw nm`mw `d dzknkzlmw, `dyd`d lk gzdkg

`d `wymwsmw ndm`mlmekw {td ydznk eddzkz `wkw mcdzkw d`tgksm. lkjmzkldw(

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k m`mw lmw-kw `dwkkzmw d wtw `cdzddw gm`gmdw `d s`k, dw {td d`k k wdz dvjldw dgtkm kl kggdwm, ydznkdgk dezdwm d lmw d`tgk`mw, {td gmw`dzd lk dwydgg`k` d knjmw

zkdgmw &d`tgksm lkjmzkl/ gdz{td km lk klqkg `d lk d`tgkg mjlekmzk gmnm lk

cmznkgoh yzmcdwomhkl(

Gdhpzm d`tgksm ykzk asdhdw dh Nowomhdw

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Wo dh lkw ohwptgomhdw `mh`d twpd`dw pzkjkakh wd fk `dwkzzmllk`m kleh yzmdgpm`d kzgtlkgoh dhpzd d`tgkgoh pzkjkam gmnykzpkh lk dvydzodhgok dh eztym khklogdh(. [toh lm yzmdgp= [t kgpmzdw ykzgoykzmh gnm wd ohsmltgz gk`k thm=. Gmhwoetodzmh kzgtlkz d`tgkgoh gmh pzkjkam, `d {t nm`m lm fogodzmh=. Wd pmnkzmh dh gtdhpk lmw wkjdzdw `d lmw kltnhmw= Gtldw ctdzmh lmw zdwtlpk`mwmjpdho mw=Wo hm wd ftjodzk `dwkzzmllk`m hoheh yzmdgpm `d kzgtlkgoh d`tgkgoh.pzkjkamdh wt ohwptgoh, dhtndzdh lkw o`dkw {td ld wteodzd lk ldgptzk `dl ythpm khpdzomzk pdhdz dh gtdhpk ykzk th yzmdgpm ctptzm `d dwpd ym(

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OOO( JOJLOMEZKCK

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GKZPMH, N(,Lk d`tgkg dl nt`m dl zkjkam, Mzekqkg d lkw hkgmdw T`kw ykzk lk D`t.gkg, lk Gdgk lk Gtltzk, Ykzw, ;?64(

CZDOZD, Y(, mpzmw, Yd`kemek, lmem gmgm, D`( Ggm, :99;(

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LKGLKT, D(,Lk zkq ymytlwk, Cm`m d Gtltzk Dgmngk, Nvgm, :994(

YTOEZMWW, K(,Wtadmw, wgylk gtzzgtltn, D`( Ekldzk, Jtdmw Kzdw, ;??0(

[TOHPKZ, D(, mpzmw, Lk dwydzkhqk gmnm yzggk( Lk yzggk gmnm njopm `d gmhwpztggoh `dctptzm, Zdswk odzkndzgkk `d D`tgkg `d K`tlmw, Km :5, hndzm :, Atlm-@gdnjzd, :994(

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ZMNH, N(, mpzmw, Lk d`tgkg d lkw ydzwmkw k`tlkw, Yk`w, ;??5(

WJKPM, D(, Kdw dl , Jmmbd, Jtdmw Kzdw, :99?(

WSKNYK, N(,Lk wmgd`k dvgltdd( Lk Kzedk jkam dl wem `dl dmljdzklwnm, pktztw, KlcketkzkW(K(, Jtdmw Kzdw, :994(

@MGTNDHPMW

@mgtndm Lk d`tgkg d k`tlmw1 kymzdw ykzk lk zddv, T d D`tgk`mzdw d lk Yzmsgk dGz`mjk, ;??3(

@mgtndm D`tgkg `d Ydzwmkw K`tlkw, Nwdzm `d D`tgkg, Gdgk pdgmlmek `d lk hkg,

Wdgzdkzk d D`tgkg, oo Dgtdzm Lk cmznkg gmnm ymlgk d dnyldm, Ftdzk Ezk`d, Yzmsgk

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YZMEZKNK @D D@TGKGOH ND@OK_ CMZNKGOH YKZK DL PZKJKAMYKZK ASDHDW

N@TLM OOASDHDW _ K@TLPMW ASDHDW

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55/184

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H@OGD

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:( Thk kyzmvonkgoh kl pdnk `dl ehdzm(:(; [t dw dl edzm=:(: Edzm d`tgkg

:(7 Dl edzm wt g`dgk d dl nt`m lkjmzkl

7( Thk o`dh`k` gmhpzto`m wmjzd lk jkwd `d yzdgkzod`k`dw(

0( Dnyldkjolo`k` kempknodhpm `d mymzptho`k`dw `d dnyldm=

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Curso Articulación entre EDJA Y FP y/o Formación para el Trabajo - Modulos para Docentes

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