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    COMPILED BY KHAIRUN NISA

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    Preface

    Kata Pengantar

    Praise be to Allah SWT that i can finish this paper. I hope this paper can be

    received well. I apologize if there are words in this paper the wrong.

    Segala puji bagi allah swt bahwa saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.

    Saya berharap makalah ini dapat diterima dengan baik. Saya minta maaf

    jika ada kata-kata dalam makalah ini salah.

    Luwuk, November 2011

    Khairun Nisa

    Penulis

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    Table of Contents

    Daftar Isi

    Chapter 1 : Temperatures

    1. Temperature Gauges

    1.1 Type Thermometer

    1.2The thermometerisoftenused

    1.2.1The thermometerbulb(mercury oralcohol)

    1.2.2Thermometersspring

    1.2.3non-contactthermometer1.2.4an electronicthermometer

    2. Unit of Themperature

    3. Changing the Temperature Scale

    Charpter 2 : Making Graph

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    Temperatures

    Suhu

    Temperatures indicate the degree of body heat. Simply, the higher the temperature of an

    object, the hotter the object. Microscopically, the temperature shows the energy

    possessed by an object. Every atom in an object of each move, either in the form of

    displacement or movement in the form of vibration. Increasingly high energy atoms making

    up the object, the higher the temperature of the object. Temperature is also called the

    temperature measured with a thermometer. Four kinds of thermometer is best known for

    Celsius, Reumur, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Comparison between one type of thermometer with

    other thermometers follows:

    C: R: (F-32) = 5:4:9 and K = C - 273. (Degrees)

    Because of the Kelvin to degrees Celsius, starting from 273 degrees Kelvin, rather than -

    273 degrees. And start at 0 degrees Celsius degrees. Kelvin temperature as its comparison

    with the 5:5 degrees Celsius, therefore, to change the temperature to another

    temperature, you should use or convert it into degrees Celsius in advance, because if we

    use the Kelvin would be more complicated to change it to another temperature . Example: K

    = R 4/5X [300-273] instead of: C = R 4/5X27 For example:

    and

    Suhu menunjukkan derajat panas benda. Mudahnya, semakin tinggi suhu suatu benda,

    semakin panas benda tersebut. Secara mikroskopis, suhu menunjukkan energiyang dimiliki

    oleh suatu benda. Setiap atom dalam suatu benda masing-masing bergerak, baik itu dalam

    bentuk perpindahan maupun gerakan di tempat berupa getaran. Makin tingginya energi

    atom-atom penyusun benda, makin tinggi suhu benda tersebut. Suhu juga disebuttemperatur yang diukur dengan alat termometer. Empat macam termometer yang paling

    dikenal adalah Celsius, Reumur, Fahrenheit dan Kelvin. Perbandingan antara satu jenis

    termometer dengan termometer lainnya mengikuti:

    C:R:(F-32) = 5:4:9 dan K=C - 273.(derajat)

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panashttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaranhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaranhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas
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    Karena dari Kelvin ke derajat Celsius, Kelvin dimulai dari 273 derajat, bukan dari -273

    derajat. Dan derajat Celsius dimulai dari 0 derajat. Suhu Kelvin sama perbandingan nya

    dengan derajat Celsius yaitu 5:5, maka dari itu, untuk mengubah suhu tersebut ke suhu

    yang lain, sebaiknya menggunakan atau mengubahnya ke derajat Celsius terlebih dahulu,

    karena jika kita menggunakan Kelvin akan lebih rumit untuk mengubahnya ke suhu yang lain.Contoh: K=R 4/5X[300-273] daripada: C=R 4/5X27 Sebagai contoh:

    dan

    Temperature GaugesPengukur Suhu

    Qualitatively, we can know that the temperature is cold or warm sensation of an object

    that is felt when touched. Quantitatively, we can find out by using a thermometer.

    Temperature can be measured using a thermometer containing mercury or alcohol. The

    word thermometer is derived from two words namely thermo meaning heat and meter

    meaning measure (to measure).

    Secara kualitatif, kita dapat mengetahui bahwa suhu adalah sensasi dingin atau hangatnya

    sebuah benda yang dirasakan ketika menyentuhnya. Secara kuantitatif, kita dapat

    mengetahuinya dengan menggunakan termometer. Suhu dapat diukurdengan menggunakantermometer yang berisi air raksa atau alkohol. Kata termometer ini diambil dari dua kata

    yaitu thermoyang artinya panas dan meteryang artinya mengukur (to measure).

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer
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    Type Thermometer

    Tipe Termometer

    Several types of thermometers include:

    1. Alcohol Thermometer2. Basal Thermometer3. Mercury Thermometer4. Oral Thermometer5. Galileo Thermometers6. Infrared Thermometer7. Liquid Crystal Thermometer

    Thermistor

    8. Bi-Metal Mechanical ThermometersElectrical Resistance ThermometerReversing Thermometer

    9. Silicon Bandgap Temperature Sensor10. Six's Thermometer, Also Known As11. The Maximum Minimumthermometer

    Thermocouple

    12. Coulomb Blockade Thermometers

    Beberapa jenis termometer meliputi:

    Termometer alkohol termometer basal termometer merkuri termometer oral termometer galileo termometer infra merah termometer cairan kristal termistor Bi-metal mechanical thermometer Electrical resistance thermometer Reversing thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Six's thermometer, juga dikenal sebagai maximum minimum thermometer Thermocouple Coulomb blockade thermometer

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_basal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_merkuri&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_oral&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_Galileohttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_cairan_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termistorhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termistorhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_cairan_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_Galileohttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_oral&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_merkuri&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_basal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_alkohol
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    The thermometer is often used

    Termometer yang sering digunakan

    The thermometer is usually used as follows:

    Termometer yang biasanya dipakai sebagai berikut:

    Thermometer bulb (mercury or alcohol)

    Using a large bubble (bulb) in place to accommodate the lower end of the liquid, and anarrow tube (capillary holes) to emphasize the change in volume or fluid expansion.

    Based on the principle of a liquid volume changes according to temperature. Fluid filledsometimes colored alcohol but can also be a metallic liquid called mercury, both of whichexpand when heated and shrink when cooled

    There are a number of glass tubes along a sign of the temperature scale.

    Advantages include a thermometer bulb requires no tools, relatively inexpensive, is noteasily contaminated with chemicals that are suitable for chemical laboratories, and lowthermal conductivity.

    Weaknesses include the thermometer bulb to break easily, are easily contaminated liquid(alcohol or mercury), contamination of glass / glass, and a complicated measurementprocedure (immersion).

    The use of the thermometer bulb should protect the bulb from impact and avoidmeasurements that exceed the scale of the thermometer.

    Thermometer bulb sources of error:

    - Time constant effect, the time it takes the heat conduction from the outside to themiddle of the capillary stem

    - Thermal capacity effects, if the mass is measured relatively small, a lot of heatabsorbed by the thermometer and reduce the actual temperature

    - Liquids (alcohol, mercury) are disconnected

    - Error reading

    - Fault dipping

    Termometer bulb (air raksa atau alkohol)

    Menggunakan gelembung besar (bulb) pada ujung bawah tempat menampung cairan, dantabung sempit (lubang kapiler) untuk menekankan perubahan volume atautempat pemuaian cairan.

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemuaianhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemuaianhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume
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    Berdasar pada prinsip suatu cairan volumenya berubah sesuai temperatur. Cairan yangdiisikan kadang-kadang alkoholyang berwarna tetapi juga bisa cairan metalik yangdisebut merkuri, keduanya memuai bila dipanaskan dan menyusut bila didinginkan

    Ada nomor disepanjang tuba gelas yang menjadi tanda besaran temperatur. Keutungan termometer bulb antara lain tidak memerlukan alat bantu, relatif murah,

    tidak mudah terkontaminasi bahan kimia sehingga cocok untuk laboratorium kimia,dan konduktivitas panas rendah.

    Kelemahan termometer bulb antara lain mudah pecah, mudah terkontaminasi cairan(alkohol atau merkuri), kontaminasi gelas/kaca, dan prosedur pengukuran yang rumit(pencelupan).

    Penggunaan thermometer bulb harus melindungi bulb dari benturan dan menghindaripengukuran yang melebihi skala termometer.

    Sumber kesalahan termometer bulb:- time constant effect, waktu yang diperlukan konduksi panas dari luar ke tengah

    batang kapiler- thermal capacity effect, apabila massa yang diukur relatif kecil, akan banyak panas

    yang diserap oleh termometer dan mengurangi suhu sebenarnya

    - cairan (alkohol, merkuri) yang terputus

    - kesalahan pembacaan

    - kesalahan pencelupan

    Thermometer bulb (mercury or alcohol)

    Using a large bubble (bulb) in place to accommodate the lower end of the liquid, and a

    narrow tube (capillary holes) to emphasize the change in volume or fluid expansion.Based on the principle of a liquid volume changes according to temperature. Fluid filledsometimes colored alcohol but can also be a metallic liquid called mercury, both of whichexpand when heated and shrink when cooled

    There are a number of glass tubes along a sign of the temperature scale.

    Advantages include a thermometer bulb requires no tools, relatively inexpensive, is not

    easily contaminated with chemicals that are suitable for chemical laboratories, and lowthermal conductivity.

    Weaknesses include the thermometer bulb to break easily, are easily contaminated liquid

    (alcohol or mercury), contamination of glass / glass, and a complicated measurementprocedure (immersion).

    The use of the thermometer bulb should protect the bulb from impact and avoid

    measurements that exceed the scale of the thermometer.

    Thermometer bulb sources of error:

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduktivitashttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduktivitashttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohol
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    - Time constant effect, the time it takes the heat conduction from the outside to themiddle of the capillary stem

    - Thermal capacity effects, if the mass is measured relatively small, a lot of heatabsorbed by the thermometer and reduce the actual temperature

    - Liquids (alcohol, mercury) are disconnected

    - Error reading

    - Fault dipping

    Thermometers Spring

    1. Using a coil (flat plate) made of metal that is sensitive to heat, at the endof spring there is a pointer.2. When the hot air, coil (metal) expands so the pointer moves up,whereas when thecold metal shrank pointer moves down. In general, this thermometer the lowest accuracy inthe appeal anda digital thermometer bulb.3.The use of spring thermometer should always protect the capillary tube and the tip

    of the sensor (probe) to the collision / friction. In addition, its use should not exceed thetemperature scale andshould be put in place that is not affected vibration.

    Termometer Musim Semi Menggunakan sebuah coil (pelat pipih) yang terbuat dari logamyang sensitif terhadap

    panas, pada ujung spring terdapat pointer.

    Bila udara panas, coil (logam) mengembang sehingga pointer bergerak naik, sedangkanbila udara dingin logam mengkerut pointerbergerak turun. Secara umum termometer inipaling rendah keakuratannya di banding termometer bulb dan digital.

    Penggunaan termometer spring harus selalu melindungi pipa kapiler dan ujung sensor(probe) terhadap benturan/ gesekan. Selain itu, pemakaiannya tidak boleh melebihi suhuskala dan harus diletakkan di tempat yang tidak terpengaruh getaran.

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logamhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam
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    Non-contact thermometer

    Termometer non kontak

    Infrared thermometer, the temperature detection during object observed

    optically, infrared light energy radiation is measured, and served as atemperature, by knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and

    its emissions, the temperature of the object can be distinguished.

    Termometer infra merah, mendeteksi temperatur secara optik selama objek diamati,radiasi energi sinar infra merah diukur, dan disajikan sebagai suhu, dengan mengetahuijumlah energi infra merah yang dipancarkan oleh objek dan emisinya, temperatur objek

    dapat dibedakan.

    Electronic Thermometer

    Termometer elektronik

    There are two types that are used in processing, ie,thermocouple and

    resistance thermometer. Typically, the industryuses a nominal resistance of 100ohms at 0 C so-calledPt-100sensor. Pt is thesymbol for platinum, standard sensitivity sensor100 ohms is nominal 0385 ohm /

    C, RTDs with a sensitivity0375 and 0392 ohm / C is also available.

    Ada dua jenis yang digunakan di pengolahan, yakni thermocouple dan resistancethermometer. Biasanya, industri menggunakan nominal resistan 100 ohm pada 0 C sehingga

    disebut sebagai sensor Pt-100. Pt adalah simbol untuk platinum, sensivitas standar sensor100 ohm adalah nominal 0.385 ohm/C, RTDs dengan sensivitas 0.375 dan 0.392 ohm/Cjuga tersedia.

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merah
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    Temperature Unit

    Satuan Suhu

    Referring to the SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). Other scales are Celsius,

    Fahrenheit, and Reamur. On the Celsius scale, 0 C is the point where water freezes and

    100 C is the boiling point of water at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. This scale is the most

    commonly used in the world. Celsius scale is also similar to Kelvin Kelvin thus turning them

    into just added 273 (or 273.15 to be more precise). Fahrenheit scale is a scale commonly

    used in the United States. Freezing temperature of water is 32 F and the boiling point of

    water is 212 F. As a standard unit, requires no sign of degrees Kelvin in writing. For

    example just written a temperature of 20 K only, not to 20 K.

    Mengacu pada SI, satuan suhu adalah Kelvin (K). Skala-skala lainadalah Celsius, Fahrenheit, dan Reamur. Pada skala Celsius, 0 C adalah titikdimana air membeku dan 100 C adalah titik didih air pada tekanan 1 atmosfer. Skala iniadalah yang paling sering digunakan di dunia. Skala Celsius juga sama dengan Kelvin sehinggacara mengubahnya ke Kelvin cukup ditambahkan 273 (atau 273.15 untuk lebih tepatnya).

    Skala Fahrenheit adalah skala umum yang dipakai di Amerika Serikat. Suhu air membekuadalah 32 F dan titik didih air adalah 212 F. Sebagai satuan baku, Kelvin tidakmemerlukan tanda derajat dalam penulisannya. Misalnya cukup ditulis suhu 20 K saja, tidak

    perlu 20 K.

    Change The Temperature Scale

    Satuan Suhu

    An easy way to convert from celsius, fahrenheit, and reamur is by consideringthe ratio c: f: r = 5:9:4. The trick, is (scale goal) / (initial scale) xsuhu. From celsius tofahrenheit after using it that way, added

    * 77 f on the celsius scale is 5 / 9 x (77-32) = 25

    Cara mudah untuk mengubah dari Celsius, Fahrenheit, dan Reamur adalah denganmengingat perbandingan C:F:R = 5:9:4. Caranya, adalah (Skala tujuan)/(Skala awal)xSuhu.Dari Celsius ke Fahrenheit setelah menggunakan cara itu, ditambahkan

    77 F pada skala Celsius adalah 5/9 x (77-32) = 25

    http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_(satuan_ukur)http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembekuanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_didihhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_atmosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikathttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikathttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_atmosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_didihhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembekuanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_(satuan_ukur)
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