Bil.32/2001 ISSN 0127-1172...

KANDUNGAN

SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF MALAYSIA SCIENTISTS:A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSISProf. Dr. Ahmad Bakeri B. Abu Bakar

INTERNET USAGE AMONG USERS OF CYBER CAFES INMOVING TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE SOCIETYDr. Hj. Mohamad Fauzan B. Hj. Nordin& Dr. Hjh. Roslina Hj. Othman

ULASAN LITERATUR SAINS MAKLUMAT UNTUK IJAZAHTINGGIDing Choo Ming, Pn D

FROM LIBRARIAN TO KNOWLEDGE PROFESSIONALSAbdullah Kadir Bacha

PENGUKUHAN DAN PROMOSI SASTERA KANAK-KANAK DANREMAJA : PERANAN DAN CABARAN PERPUSTAKAAN DIMALAYSIAHjh. Alimah Salam & Mohd Sharif Mohd Saad

LAPORAN PERSIDANGAN GLOBAL 2000Jariah Jais

PENUBUHAN PERPUSTAKAAN PEKAN ARAU KE ARAHMEREALISASIKAN PERLIS SEBAGAI NEGERI ILMUNorma Mohd Darus

MALAYSIAN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCEPERIODICALS : A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW .Tiew Wai Sin - .

Bil.32/2001 ISSN 0127-1172

PERPUSTAKAANNEGARA MALAYSIA

Hak Cipta Terpelihara © 2001 – Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia


Sidang Pengarang

Bil. 32/2001

PenasihatShahar Banun Jaafar

Ketua PengarangNorpishah Mohd Noor

EditorAbdul Rahman Sudin &Salimah Abdul Rahman

Koordinator PenerbitanRihanun Md. Samin

PenyusunAzeemunissa Abdul Majid Khan

Zulkifli SamadRuzilah EhsanJaini Onggai

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KandunganMuka SuratTajuk/Pengarang

SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF MALAYSIA SCIENTISTS : A BIBLIOMETRICANALYSISProf. Dr. Ahmad Bakeri B. Abu Bakar

INTERNET USAGE AMONG USERS OF CYBER CAFES IN MOVING TOWARDSKNOWLEDGE SOCIETYDr. Hj. Mohamad Fauzan B. Hj. Nordin & Dr. Hjh. Roslina Hj. Othman

ULASAN LITERATUR SAINS MAKLUMAT UNTUK IJAZAH TINGGIDing Choo Ming, Ph D

FROM LIBRARIAN TO KNOWLEDGE PROFESIONALSAbdullah Kadir Bacha

PENGUKUHAN DAN PROMOSI SASTERA KANAK-KANAK DAN REMAJA ;PERANAN DAN CABARAN PERPUSTAKAAN DI MALAYSIAHjh. Alimah Salam & Mohd Sharif Mohd Saad

LAPORAN PERSIDANGAN GLOBAL 2000Jariah Jais

PENUBUHAN PERPUSTAKAAN PEKAN ARAU KE ARAH MEREALISASIKANPERLIS SEBAGAI NEGERI ILMUNorma Mohd Darus

MALAYSIAN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PERIODICALS : AHISTORICAL OVERVIEWTiew Wai Sin



SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF MALAYSIAN SCIENTISTS:A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

by

. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Bakeri Abu Bakar*

ABSTRAK

Fokus penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti hala tuju terbitan hasil kajian saintis di Malaysia-Science Citation Index versi CD-ROM merangkumi, tahun 1994 dan 1997 telah digunakan sebagai sumberanalisis. Keputusan menunjukkan lebih banyak terbitan diterbitkan untuk kajian sains hayat. Dalambidang perubatan, banyak terbitan untuk kajian kanser, penyakit tropikal dan penyakit jantung diterbitkan.Dalam penyelidikan pertanian, pengeluaran tanaman, kejuruteraan genetik dan bioteknologi lebihmenyerlah.

INTRODUCTION

he development of science and technology (S&T) in aninstitutionalized form might have begun in the mid-nineteenthcentury. Its development took a quantum leap only after WorldWar II. Since then, it has transformed the world and has led toprofound changes in our everyday life. It has encompassed everyaspect of our lives : from education, communication, recreation,transportation, health to defense. A nation's elevated stature inscience and technology has also become a national asset, not onlycontributing benefits towards the nation's socio-economicdevelopment, but also as a determinant for position of dominance.

No one will dispute the fact that S&T will continue to dominateour lives over the next millennium. Consequently, nations haveto prepare themselves to face tomorrow science. The governmentshould come forward and make a public stand on the policy of S& T development, because growth and sustenance of scientificactivities depend largely on the commitment and political will ofthe government. In this context, it is pertinent to assert "themeagerness of science and technology in the Muslim world isnot caused by the paucity of material resources or the infertilityof Muslim scientists — brought about by the sterility of thepolitical will resulting in the lack of public commitment in termsof policy objectives and allocation of resources. Until thisdriving force plays a positive role, there is little hope for thefuture of science and technology in the Muslim world"1,

The foregoing seems to suggest that Muslim countries likeMalaysia do not fair well in S & T activities and our future in thenext millennium is fraught with uncertainties. However, there arefew Muslim countries that have made great strides in promotingS & T development as an important tool for economicdevelopment, the improvement of human, physical and spiritualwell being and for the protection of national sovereignty. For

Head Departmen! of Library and Infamuition Science. Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge ami Human Sciences. International Islamic UniversityMalaysia

example, Turkey ranks first and Malaysia third in terms of realgrowth in total expenditure on R & D (1989 - 1993) worldwide2.Their ranking is even better than that of the United States ofAmerica. In the case of Malaysia, the government allocated forR & D RM413.8 million, RM600 million and RM1,000 million duringthe 5th., 6th. and 7th. Malaysian Plan respectively. Under the 5th.Malaysian Plan, emphasis was given to the agricultural sectors.The emphasis shifted to food products, wood, paper, textiles,rubber and plastic manufacturing industries during the 6"1.Malaysian Plan. Under the 7th. Malaysian Plan, the governmenthas identified the following key S & T sectors to be given dueconcentration : advanced manufacturing, advanced materials,electronics, information Technology, multimedia technologies,biotechnology, energy and aerospace. Evidently, the subjectconcentration and number of research papers contributed byMalaysian scientists should reflect the research priorities of thegovernment and its R & D allocation.

Keeping this in mind, it is imperative for us to keep abreast notonly in the areas of research being undertaken in S & T, but alsoto identify the trends and professional communication patterns ofthose involved in S & T research. It is important for us to realizethat our ability to determine the type and level of resourcespreferred by scientists will enable us to tailor our resources tomatch their information needs.

However, not much research work on scientific productivity isreported on Malaysia. There is one bibliometric study found inLISA-PLUS which discussed the evaluation of agriculturalliterature published in Malaysia. According to this study conductedbetween 1981 - 1990, it was found that 33% of the works wasdevoted to crops and oil palm was the major crop covered by theliterature, followed by rubber and rice. It was also revealed thatcorporate bodies have played a prominent role in publishingagricultural literature3.

Another study conducted on scientific activity of ASEAN countries



based on 1979 - 1980 publications revealed that Malaysianliterature output was highest in the medical field followed bychemistry and agriculture4. A study on the mainstream and non-mainstream literature of Malaysia, Singapore. Korea and Taiwanbased on 1985 publications revealed that in Malaysia, the fourlargest fields of mainstream activity are medicine, chemistry,biology and agriculture5. A study on scientific publicationsconducted in another developing country from Latin Americarevealed a worldwide publication trend of high concentration ofoutput in life sciences. It was shown that during 1981 1993,57.9% of Brazilian publications were in life sciences anduniversities accounted for half of the Brazilian publications6 . Astudy on the publication patterns of scientists working in SaudiArabia also reported that teaching institutions

It is apparent from the foregoing that there is no substantialresearch work ever done on the publication trends of the scientificcommunity in Malaysia and their professional communicationpatterns. It is also expected that if we were to investigate thisproblem, the question of collaboration, whether the discerningtrend of international scientific cooperation is still a common placeor not, needs to be addressed as well. This investigation isimportant, as there is this present feeling among some researchersthat there is a decline in international collaboration amongscientists in Malaysia since 1994.

In this respect, it is pertinent to take into account the fact that"scientific sizes are a reflection of differences in economic strength,scientific infrastructures, manpower and educational systems ....The size of the total national scientific activity of a countryinfluences its capability to collaborate internationally"8.Additionally, there is a directly proportional relationship betweenthe amount of scientific publication attributed to a country and itseconomic size, based on its Gross Domestic Product (GDP)9.Consequently, as the GDP for Malaysia during the period of thestudy, 1994 - 1997, showed an annual growth rate of 8%, it isjustifiable to estimate that the scientific publications output of1997 will surpass that of 1994.

METHODOLOGY

As the focus of the study concerns the characterization of theproperties of recorded discourse, it is relevant and legitimate toemploy a technique which will provide the best insight into thecharacteristics of Malaysian scientific literature, leading to theidentification of patterns, tendencies and regularities that exist inthe literature. Most of the times researchers have utilizedbibliometric technique to address this type of problem. Inemploying this technique, one has to be careful in selecting themost reliable source for the basic data. In this study, the data forscientific literature was retrieved from the CD-ROM version ofScience Citation Index (SCI), the largest scientific publicationsdatabase produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).SCI was searched for 1994 and 1997 output on Malaysia. Theidentify of the country which forms part of the author's addresswas used in the search process. This search provided the totalnumber of documents written by authors resident in Malaysia.

However, for the purpose of this study, only articles have beenincorporated. Notes, reviews, letters, meeting, abstracts and

editorials have been excluded. On the issue of collaboration,researchers usually use the country of domicile of the authors asthe basis for counting the number of papers for a particular country.In other words, if an author originating from Japan but currentlyresiding in or outside Malaysia, publishes a joint paper with aMalaysian researcher, the data is considered as part of thepublication output for Malaysia. For the purpose of this study, thedimension of collaboration is divided into three mutually exclusivegroups, namely the Muslim category, which accounts for papersthat are contributed exclusively by Muslim scientists, non-Muslimcategory which accounts for papers authored by Non-Muslimscientists and the joint partnership category which accounts forthose papers that transcend the borders of ethnicity in having boththe Muslim and non-Muslim scientists as being responsible for theintellectual content of the product. The data used in this studyinclude the Muslim and non-Muslim scientist's contributions,scientist's place of work, scientist's country of origin and the areasof research being undertaken in four major Fields of sciences: lifesciences, exact sciences, earth sciences and environmentalsciences.

One of the drawbacks of using SCI in a bibliometric study is thatthe index has a strong biases towards English languagepublications and a discriminating policy of omission of qualitypublications from developing countries. However, there areresearchers who concluded that SCI. on the basis of a comparativestudy, provides an excellent data source for the core of the naturalsciences.

A total of 314 papers were published by Malaysian scientists in1994. As indicated in Table 1, it appears that there is a steadyincrease in the annual scientific production. Consequently, in 1997a total of 427 papers were published, an increase of 36% from the1994 output. Increase in R & D expenditure for ! 997 might be apossible reason for this rise in output.

Analysis by Subject

The Malaysian contribution in different subject areas is shown inTable 2. The figures indicate that the major concentration ofscientific research in Malaysia seems to occur in the area of lifesciences, comprising the fields of biological sciences, biomedicalsciences and medicine. In 1994,185 papers were published in thearea of life sciences, which ia about 59% of the total output tor theyear. Following life sciences in order of importance, arc exactsciences, comprising chemistry, engineering, physics andmathematics, with 36%; environmental sciences with 4% and earthsciences with 1%. In 1997, research in the area of life sciencesstill tops the list. However, in terms of percentage it drops to50.8%. Exact sciences still rank second, with 43.5%, followed byenvironmental sciences with 3.7% and earth sciences with 1.9%.Notice that research output for environmental sciences and earthsciences are quite stable, possibly because there is no change inthe R & D allocation for these sectors. However, there is anincrease of 8% in output for exact sciences. A possible



explanation for this sudden increase is perhaps due to the changein there search priorities of the government during this period. Asmentioned in the foregoing, the government has decided to boostR & D allocations for key sectors such as advancedmanufacturing, advanced materials, electronics, energy andaerospace during the 7th Malaysian Plan, 1996 - 2000. Noticethat there is a big jump in the figures for engineering andchemistry, increasing by 68% and 98% respectively. It is apparentthat these two fields have to contribute more papers, as thescientists have to rely moret on the prioritized key sectors for theirR & D allocations. This argument might be augmented by the factthat another key sector, biotechnology under the life sciences alsotook a quantum leap in output, increasing from 3 to 13 papers.

Co-Authorship Patterns

Table 3 shows the collaboration between Muslim scientists andnon-Muslim scientists. This part of the investigation is to highlightthe research pattern of Muslim scientists when conducting theirstudies. Notice that the contributions of Muslim scientists whoperform research work alone or in a team with other Muslimscientists drop form 20% in 1994 to 12% in 1997. This decline isnot a reflection of the sterility or disengagement of Muslim scientistsin their research work. It appeal's that Muslim scientists haveshifted their preference towards collaboration with non-Muslimscientists. Most of the joint authorship are between Muslimscientists and non-Muslim scientists resident of Malaysia. Asindicated in Table 3, the total cooperative linkage increases from109 in 1994 to 181 in 1997 by 66%.

Specifically speaking, the Muslim scientists prefer to work in smallgroup of twos or threes. On the other hand, the non-Muslimcounterparts arc more variegated in the size of the research team.The span of their team sized ranges from two to seven and itseems a team of three is the most preferred.

Table 4 shows the international collaboration of Malaysianscientists with their counterparts in other countries. Altogetherscientists from 46 countries are cooperatively linked to theMalaysian scientists. It is envisaged that a greater degree ofcollaboration and willingness between Malaysian and Asian orMuslim countries will occur but the figures seem to suggestotherwise. The great majority of research works are earned outin collaboration with advanced countries. In 1994, collaborationwith the United Sates of America ranks first, England second,Japan third, Australia fourth, Scotland fifth and the People'sRepublic of China sixth. Only five Muslim countries, i. e.Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nigeria, Jordan and Egypt, are involved inthe cooperation in 1994. In 1997, there was a shift in thecooperative linkages: Japan ranks first, England second, UnitedStates of America third, Australia fourth. People's Republic ofChina fifth and Singapore sixth.

There is also a sharp increase in collaboration between Malaysianscientists and their colleagues in other Muslim countries. Not onlythe figures of Muslim countries have gone up to nine, i.e.Bangladesh, Indonesia. Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia,

Pakistan, Iran and Iraq but also the intensity of their relationshiphas been strengthened. For example, Sudan and Saudi Arabiarecord four and three papers respectively, a testimony of their closeties with their Malaysian colleagues.

Institutional Affiliation

Table 5 shows the institutional affiliation of scientists whocontributed to the publication of the research papers. The largestnumber of publications are contributed by scientists who areaffiliated with teaching, universities and colleges. Notice that thereis a 68% increase in the number of teaching institutionsresponsible for the publication output during the 1994 - 1997period. Research institutions rank second and they form a majorcontributor in the field of medical and agricultural research.Scientists who are affiliated with research institutions such asInstitute of Medical Research Kuala Lumpur IMR), Palm OilResearch Institute of Malaysia (PORIM) and MalaysianAgricultural Research Development Institute (MARDI) have alsocontributed significantly to the productivity of (scientific literaturein the country. Government departments, private companies andlaboratories and hospitals also provide a good number of importantresearch publications that can be shared by scientists of othernations in the world.

CONCLUSION

The material presented above reasonably demonstrate thepatterns and trends of research publications of Malaysianscientists. In accordance with worldwide trends, publications inthe area of life sciences are predominant. However, thisdominance might be shattered as formulation of new policies inscience is moving towards the direction of advancedmanufacturing and technologies. In medicine and biomedicalresearch, focus seems to be directed to key issues affecting publichealth, such as cancer, tropical diseases and cardiovasculardiseases. In agriculture, emphasis seems to be directed to issuesaffecting national crop production such as oil palm, rubber, cocoaand rice through the process of emerging technologies, like geneticengineering and biotechnology processes. However, theproduction in earth sciences and environment sciences iscomparatively now, a situation that merits considerable emphasisin the future in light of the environmental catastrophes that mostnations arc grappling with but without much success.



REFERENCES

1. Mumtaz Ali Anwar and Ahmad Bakeri Abu Bakar. Current State of Science and Technology in the Muslim World.Scientometrics. 40(1). September 1997: 23-44.

2. Mumtaz Ali Anwar and Ahmad Bakeri Abu Bakar. Current State of Science and Technology in the Muslim World.Scientometrics. 40(1). September 1997:28.

3. A. M Nasir... [et al.]. Bibliometric Evaluation of Agricultural Literature Published in Malaysia. Scientometrics. 29(2).February 1994:191-217.

4. Arunachalam, S. and Garg, K. C. Science on the Periphery : A Scientometric Analysis of Science in the ASEAN Coun-tries. Journal of Information Science. 12(3). 1986: 105-117.

5. Davis, C. H. and Eisemon, T. O. Mainstream and Non-Mainstream Scientific Literature in Four Peripheral Asian Scien-tific Communities. Scientometrics. 15(3&4). March 1989: 215-239.

6. Leta, Jacqueline L. De Meis. A Profile of Science in Brazil Scientometrics. 35(1). January 1996: 33-44.

7. Ashoor, M. S. and Chaudhry, A. S. Publication Patterns of Scientists Working in Saudi Arabia. Library Review. 25(1).March 1993: 61-71.

8. Miguel, J. F. and Okubo, Y. Structure of International Collaboration in Science, Part II: Comparisons of Profiles inCountries Using a Link Indicator. Scientometrics. 29(2). February 1994: 271-297.

9. Price, D. J. D. Measuring the Size of Science. Jerusalem : Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. 1969: 10-11.



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Number of Publications

Table 1 : NUMBER OF PAPERS : 1994 AND 1997

Subject

LIFE SCIENCESBiological ScienceBiomedical ScienceMedicine

EXACT SCIENCESChemistryEngineeringMathematicsPhysics

EARTH SCIENCE

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

TOTAL

1994

893660

64194

26

3

13

314

1997

1054468

127324

23

8

16

427

Percentageof Change

+18%+22%+13%

+98%+68%; •

-12%

+23%

+23%

+36%



Table 2 : DISTRIBUTION OF PAPERS BY SUBJECT : 1994 AND 1997

LIFE SCIENCEBiological Science

Agricultural/Agronomy-'HorticultureVenterinary SciencesBiology /Zoology/BotanyAquatic Fisheries SciencesforestryFood NutritionEntomology/Pest ControlBiotechnology/Applied Microbiology

Subject 1994

1411191071873

1997

1382510,819913

TOTAL 89 105Biological Sciences

BiochemistryMolecular Biology /GeneticsMicrobiology/Cell BiologyPharmacology/Toxicology

TOTALMedicine

ClinicalSocial

TOTAL

1596636

56460

89101744

5612

68EXACT SCIENCESChemistry

Analytical ChemistryInorganic/Nuclear ChemistryOrganic Chemistry/Polymer SciencePhysical ChemistryBiomedical Chemistry

TOTALEngineering

Mechanical/Industrial EnginereingChemical EngineeringMining/Mineral EngineeringCivil EngineeringComputer EngineeringEnvironmental EngineeringNuclear EngineeringFood EngineeringElectrical and Electronic EngineeringInstrumentation/MeasurementMaterial SciencesInformation Systems and CommunicationTechnology

TOTAL

Mathematics

PhysicsApplied Physics/Condensed MatterNuclear PhysicsOptics and AcousticsSolid State Physics

TOTALEarth Sciences

GeologyGeophysics/GeochemistryOceangraphy

TOTALEnvironmental Sciences

Environmental/Ecology

GRAND TOTAL 314 427

1613

3 8

341

111 _

26 23

16

1.3355

4 4

19 32

-3183193

914581224

64 127

111

512413

1

4

1%13:53

91

Percentageof Change

+ 18%

+22%

+ 13%

+98%

+68%

-12%

+ 166%

+23 %

+36%



Table 3 : COLLABORATION BETWEEN MUSLIM SCIENTISTS AND NON-MUSLIM SCIENTISTS : 1994 AND 1997

1994

Number ofScientists

MuslimScientists

Non-MuslimScientists

JointAuthorship

TOTAL

OneTwo

ThreeFourFiveSix

SevenEightNineTen

Above tenTOTAL

1916126711

62

19483521155

143

2630231752

6109

3890775039113

6314

101212117

52

243558411695

3

3194

MuslimScientists

Non-MuslimScientists

JointAuthorship

1997

TOTAL Percentageof Change

304940281475512

181

3477119925123125815

427

-11%-14%+55%+84%

+31 %+ 109%+300%

-16%+36%



Table 4 : COLLABORATION BETWEEN MALAYSIAN SCIENTISTS AND OTHER SCIENTISTS ATLNTERNAT1ONAL LEVEL : 1994 AND 1997

Country

United States of AmericaEnglandJapanAustraliaScotlandPeople's Republic of ChinaIndiaTaiwanBelgiumGermanySingaporeFranceHong KongDenmarkNorthern IrelandWalesNetherlandsSwedenPhilippinesSpainCanadaThailandNew ZealandBangladeshIndonesiaArgentinaNigeriaJordanEgyptSri LankaColumbiaSwitzerlandSudanSaudi ArabiaCzech RepublicPakistanItalyNorwayFinlandGreeceSouth AfricaIranIraqVietnamPolynesiaZimbabwe

1994 1997

29272719136655443

2

I1111

111111

365359339

2691316179

22

13

7

34

111433

2222

2

11111111



Teaching

Research

Government DepartmentPrivate(Companies, Laboratories)

Hospital

411

64

32

15

12

692

73

48

23

30

+68%

+14%

+50%

+53%

+ 150%

Percentageof Change

19971994Institution

Table 5 : INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION OF SCIENTISTS : 1994 AND 1997



Internet Usage Among Users Of Cyber Cafes InMoving Towards Knowledge Society

Dr. Haji Mohamad Fauzan bin Haji Nordin* & Dr. Hajah Roslina Haji Othman**

ABSTRAK

Kertas kerja ini adalah laporan daripada kajian yang telah dibuat pada tahun 2000 untuk mengenalpastipenggunaan Internet di cyber cafe di KIang Valley. Pemilik dan seramai 442 pengguna di 27 cyber cafe telahditemubual dan diperhatikan.

INTRODUCTION

uilding up a knowledge society requires access to knowledgeand information. The Internet offers some tools to such access.However, it contains all sorts of knowledge and information thatraise issues concering its contribution to the establishment ofknowledge society. Because of its capabilities for worldwideaccess and delivery of knowledge and information, the Internetcreates demand for its access and attracts the set up of many cybercafes. There has been an increasing number of cyber cafes indeveloped and developing countries, including the United States,United Kingdom and Malaysia.

Searches in some online databases showed that most articlesdiscussed cyber cafes as one of the ways to bridge the digitaldivide because the concept of knowledge society must includeeveryone in the country and the world. For example, some cybercafes are aimed for women, the eldery and the minority. Inaddition, searches on the Internet itself displayed advertisementsof these cyber cafes and discussions on discrimination in theprovision of its access, like age, race and gender, which mostlyare from the sociological point of view. The psychological pointof view expresses the concern of addictions in using the Internetin cyber cafes. Too few studied the details of the content as usedby the users in cyber cafes.

The provision of the Internet access in cyber cefes has attractedmany users from a variety of family background and educationallevel. This Internet usage in cyber cafes must be studied to see ifit is really userful for the establishment of knowledge society andwhether its use is only at setting up information society only. Asshown in the hadith cited in the beginning of this paper, aknowledge society is at a higher level of society than aninformation society because the former involves the acquiring,creating and disseminating knowledge rather than merelyinformation. Information is processed raw data, with the databeing at the lowest level. Knowledge in information with values.

* Director Centre for Educational Technology, International Islamic University Malaysia** Lecturer, Library and information Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia

But of course, the highest level of knowledge is wisdom, abtainedthrough divine guidance. At present, even though there arehistorical evidences that wisdombased knowledge society hadtaken place during the Muslim Golden Era of Civilization, manycountries aim to first establish a knowledge society after theirestablishment of an information society.

To these developments of knowledge society and concerning theprovision of Internet's access in cyber cafes, a research funded bythe International Islamic University Malaysia was conducted inthe year 2000 with one of its aims as to identify the Internet usageamong users in cyber cafes in Klang Valley. The researchinvolved interviews with the owners and a total of 442 users at 27cyber cafes and observation of their usage and behavior in aaccessing the Internet.

This paper report some findings from the research.

INTERNET USAGE AT THESE CYBER CAFES

The questions to answer here are related to Internet usage andbow far its the Internet used to achieve the goal of establishing aknowledge society.

ESTABLISHMENT OF CYBER CAFES

Table I shows the objectives and reasons for setting up the cybercafes, services, facilities, training offered and the charges imposedfor the Internet access.

The objectives and reasons were mairly business purpose and thisaffected the facilities, services and training offered at the cybercafes, i.e. to meet the needs of the market and customers (users)and generate income or al least offset their investment.Futhermore, majority of the users said that the price is affordableto them.



Table 1 : RESPONSES GIVEN BY OWNERS OF THE 27 CYBERCAFES CONCERNING THEIR OBJETIVES, REASONS,FACILITIES, CHARGES AND TRAINING.

As Malaysians (and Muslim for some owners), the ownersunderstand the positive impact and were aware (some arecautious) of the negative impact of the selling up cyber cafes(Table 2). The describe their hopes to contribute to the establish-ment of knowledge society, e.g. knowledge, assignment, ITliteracy, public access and information seeking. On the other hand,there were negative side of the usage as they. For example,network games, pornographies, miss information, obsessed withchatting, playing truant, noisy and waste of money.

Some owners have anticipated their visitins pornographic sitesand thus cames up with regulations. Majority said that they wouldsay no, warn, advise asked then to leave or some block usersaccess. However, owners at of the 27 cyber cafes admitted that

they would just ignore the act, indirectly giving approvals to suchimmoral activities. This evidently 155 users (36 %) freely visitedpornographic sites (Table 6).

Table 2 : RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE OWNERS AT THE 27CYBER CAKES CONCERNING IMPACTS ANDTHE PORNOGRAPHIC SITES.

INTERNET USAGE

The provision of Internet access encouraged 88 users (20%) ofthe 442 users interviewed to visit the cyber cafes daily, while 277(63%) visited weekly and users (16%) visited monthly (Table 3).This result showed the strong commitment of these users toaccess the Internet at the cyber cafes.

These users came from various races, gender educational back-ground and employment status.

Of the 442 users, 315 users were Malay (71 %) suggesting thatthe Malays probabry do not have computers or Internetconnections al homes while they have strong interests and arekeen to access the Internet at these cyber cafes, compared to otherraces like Chinese and the Indians.

The Internet usage is not dominated by a single gender, i.e. bothmale 229 (52%) and female 201 (45%) are heavy users of theInternet.

Set-ups of the cyber cafesNumber of

Cyber Cafes

Objectives for setting up the cyber cafes :Market demandIncome

Reasons for setting up the cyber cafes :Strategic locationIncomeAccess to computer

Services offered in the cyber cafes :Internet and WWWE-mailNetwork gamesWeb site and web page design

Facilities provided at the cyber cafes :Terminal

Printer

Scanner

ServerTV loungeFood and drinks loungeRefresment

Charges/hourRM 1 - R M 1.90RM 2 - RM 2.99RM 3 - RM 3.99RM 4 and above

Training offered to users :Internet and WWWE-mailWeb site and web page designWord processing and presentation

1515

161414

272 7

2410

range : 8-46,average : 18 at 27

cyber cafes,average : 1

at 25 cyber cafes,average : 1 at 16

cyber cafes.1111.5

None513

1025

ImpactNumber of

Cyber Cafes

Positive impact:KnowledgeStudents assignmentIT literacyPublic accessInformation seekingRights for informationNew development in ITHealthy entertainment

Negative impact:Too many network gamesBad influence from the websitesObscene photos and imagesFalse news and informationWasting time on chattingPlaying truant and noisyWasting money

Actions towards users surfingpornographic sites:

Warning and say noIgnoreAdviceAsk users to leaveBlocking the access

55553111

4332221

<S

$2



Table 3 : RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE 442 USERS CONCERN-ING THEIR VISITS, RACE, AGE, GENDER,EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ANDEMPLOYMENT.

Users belonging to the age group of 16 - 20 and 2 1 - 2 5 years(174 and 139 respectively) are the majority of these cyber cafesvisitors (Table 3). Their groups alone made up a total of 70%,suggesting that these visitors are of the ages of curiosity and ex-ploration and of seeking friends and peer groups. These ages willreflect Internet usage (Table 4 and Table 5) at these cyber cafes.

None of the visitors/ users are above 50 years old. and only 0.4%is above 40 years old. Most likely explanation is that the cybercafes are not seen as a suitable places for them. Another possibleexplanation is that this age group is less interested in the Internet.

There were users al the cyber cafes who aged ranged from a to 12ears old (in the 11-15 year range in Table 3), who are still in theprimary school visited cyber cafes. In addition, users within 11 to15 years old ranked third highest for users categorized by age.This result suggested that the cyber cafes attacted a very highnumber of teenagers, approximately 232 users with a percentageof 52.4 and primary school children as young as standard three.This evidence requires serious concern as it can lead to playing

truant as already witnessed by the owners of two cyber cafes(Table 2).

Of the 442 users, 246 (56%*) users were from higher learninginstitutions. These users are expected to represent the educatedgroups of the society, Le. future knowledge workers unfortunatelymost of their main activities (Table 4) did not reflect the higherlevel of knowledge required for establishing a knowledge society.

MAIN ACTIVITIES AND FAVORITE SITES

The most common activities (Table 4) were chatting (28%), andfollowed by e-mail (19%) and games (10%). These mostcommon activities (except games) even if they involvedknowledge, suggest that the Internet was heavily used only at thebasic level of knowledge activities, i.e. exchange ofinformation. Useful activities that seem to be directly related toknowledge included information seeking (6%), assignment (2%),job search (0.4%), counseling (0.2%) and quiz (0.2%). Othercould be useful activities are surfing the Internet (7%), contactingfriends and play chess.

However, the rest of the main activities were hang out {lepak andmengurat), artists web sites, sex picture and snooker, which arepurely entertainment and immoral activities. There were 6 userswho visited the cyber cafes just to hang out. This result suggeststhat perhaps the environment of these cyber cafes encourages suchactivity.

There was I users whose main activity was browsing sex pictureson the Internet, which adds to the suggestion that there are peoplewho would go for the Internet for such immoral activities(Table 2 and Table 6).

Table 4 : RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE 442 USERS CONCERN-ING THE MAIN ACTIVITIES AT THE CYBERCEFES.

Profile of UsersNumber of Cyber Cafes

(% of total users)

Frequency of visit:DailyOnce - twice a weekMonthly

Race:MalayChineseIndianOthers

Gender:MaleFemale

Age:9 - 10

11-1516-2021 -2526-3031-3536 - 4041-4546

Education:PrimarySecondaryHigher learning institutions

88(21%)277 (63%)70(16%)

315 (71%)63 (14%)30 (7%)24 (6%)

229 (52%)201 (45%)

6(1.4%)52 (12%)174(39%)139(31%)36 (8%)9 (2%)2 (0.4%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)

25 (6%)164(37%)246 (56%)

Activities Number of Cyber Cafes(% of total users)

ChattingE-mailGamesSurfing InternetInformatin seekingAssignmentHangout, lepak and menguratContact friendsJob searchArtists web siteCounselingChessQuizSex pictureSnooker '

1228545

6Ii.111111



Table 5 : RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE 442 USERS ABOUTTHEIR FAVOURITES SITES AT THE CYBER CAFES.

Favourite sites Number of Cyber Cafes(% of total users)

Yahoo!Hotmail!MRICInternet accessNetscapeArtistslnfoseek.comMailcityCt.22n.comLovemailMusicReformasi web siteBollywoodExciteHarakahLunch.comYashraj .comCNN newsAmboi.netAvault.comAudio_find.comBeritaCatch.comCikkiah.cib.netDiscoveryDiscussionDownload.comE-circlesEducationEntertainmentEuro2000Fashion.comFinal fantasyGeocity.comGohipHotbadIkhlas.comIslamic cityLingkaran IslamLycosLyrics.comMagewarMalaysia kitaMamakMelayu.netMetaCrawlerMyfirsttime.comModelings, com

National GeographicPnm.comRegit.comRicjdees.com

Southparkscows.com/swcel.comTrailerUSA.netVidnet. musicViswanathan anandWorldwide netWwf.comXsmusic.com

70(16%)52(12%)28 (6%)8 (2%)7 (2%)4 (0.9%)4 (0.9%)4 (0.9%)3 (0.6%)3 (0.6%)3 (0.6%)3 (0.6%)2 (0.5%)2 (0.5%)2 (0.5%)2 (0.5%)2 (0.5%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)I (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)I (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)I (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)1 (0.2%)

Internet Usage Number of Cyber Cafes(% of total users)

Pornography sites :VisitedNever visitedNo response

155(36%)261 (59%)

26 (5%)

When asked for their favorite sites (Table 5), most preferredYahoo! (16%), followed by Hotmail (12%) and MRIC (6%).Other sites considered as favorites are related to entertainmentfor instance artists, lovemail, music, Bollywood, etc.. Therewere also some informational and educational sites, which includeCNN news, berita, discovery, discussion, Euro2000 (sports),Islamic City, National Geographic, etc.

None of the users chose the government web sites, except pnm.my(Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia), which was chosen as a favoritesite by one user. Of the 442 users, 3 users chose Reformasi websites as their favorite sites and 2 users chose Harakah.

These results suggest that majority of the 442 users considerednon-Malaysian web sites as their favorites. Yahoo! And Hotmail!Became one-stop web sites where these users can access all kindof information and services and most frequently chatting ande-mail. The findings also suggest that these users did notconsider online database. Malaysian newspaper and Malaysiangovernment agencies Jaring, ministries, universities, etc asfavorite sites.

Table 6 : RESPONSES GIVEN BY THE 442 USERS ABOUTTHEIR FAVOURITES SITES AT THE CYBER CAFES

It is quite alarming that 155 (36%) users of the 442 users inter-viewed (Table 6) apenly admited that they visited the porno-graphic sites. In addition, 26 users (5%) were hesitant and didnot give any responses. This result suggests that visiting suchsites is not uncommon among the Internet users in this research.



RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

This research revealed that activities among users on the Internetare still at the informational level, i.e. the basic level of activitiesfor knowledge society. To establish knowledge society, theactivities among users must be moved upward. The activities inthe knowledge society must be more on knowledge acquisition,dissemination and creation, rather than exchange of basicinformation, such as chatting.

The hadith of Prophet (sw) quoted at the beginning of the paperprovides us the proper quidance that knowledge society must beestablished as the soil receiving water and bringing forthvegetation and fruits. Whereas, information society is like thehard soil that hold water, like reservoir, that can't directly bringforth to any vegetation and fruits trees.

The government and related agencies must come up with properquidelines in monitoring or regulating the cyber cafes. Thegovernment must not only provide licensing to cyber cafes with-out any form of monitoring.

The government and non-government organizations must comeup with more creative and innovative web sites to attract users.There must be a Malaysian like Yahoo! And Hotmail thatprovide all kinds of informational services and act as one-stopweb sites that serve all needs.

Even though there are free aducational and informational siteslike CNN, some are charged as online databases andencyclopedias. Thus, the government and non-governmentorganizations must subsidize the subscription costs. The effortby some places in establishing K-community is one of the waysto move forward orward to solve this kind of problems.

Malaysia has the means to establish knowledge society becausethe support from the leadership and public is there. However,serious efforts are crucially needed to develop the local contentof our own sites on the Internet.



REFERENCES

1. Age in cyberspace. Available at http://netculture.about.com/cs/ageonline/index.htm

2. Cybersoc.com (Sociological and ethnographic research of cyberspace). Available at http;//netculture.about.com/gi/

dynamic/offsit.htm?site=http://www.socio.demon.co.uk

3. Davenport, Tom. The last big thing, CIO. March 2001 : 98-99

4. Hadith no. 1471. Al-Lu'lu'wal-Marjan, a collection of agreed upon Ahadith from al-Bukhari and Muslim.Compiled by Fuwad Abdul Baqi. Translated by Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Vol. 2. Riyahd : Dar-us Salaam, 1995

5. Laudon, Kenneth and Laudon, Jane. Management information system. New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 2000.

6. Net culture. Available at http://netculture.about.com

7. Sandmark, Fred. Culture shift. IQ March/April 2001 : 52-59

8. Sifonis, John. It Takes all kinds. IQ. May/June 2001 : 33-35.



ULASAN LITERATUR SAINS MAKLUMATUNTUK IJAZAH TINGGI

Oleh

Ding Choo Ming, PhD*

ABSTRACT

The main objective of reviewing literature is to describe what is written by that author. Guy & Deihl(1992:59) states that " in looking at initial sources you will usually find additional descriptors that willhelp you in locating succeeding sources". In this articles Ding Choo Ming a lecturer at UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia gives an indepth study on the guidelines needed to produce a good literaturereview for students pursuing higher degree. The author also analysis books written by other authors onthe skills needed to produce literature reviews. He touches on the problem involved in reviewing books,the length of the literature review, the type of books chose for literature reviews, the importance ofpublishing good literature review and understanding the content, of the books. He also gives a detailed15 guidelines on what students should do to produce a good literature review.

PENGENALAN

etelah mendapat topik, calon ijazah tinggi perlu maraselangkah ke hadapan : membuat ulasan literatur, terjemahandaripada Bahasa Inggeris literature review, dan akan disingkatkansebagai UL untuk selanjutnya dalam esei ini. UL mestiberdasarkan pembacaan, pemahaman, penganalisaan danpenulisan secara sistematik ke atas bahan kajian tentang topikyang berkenaan. UL yang dibincangkan ini terbatas kepadapenulisan tesis untuk ijazah tinggi sahaja, walaupun banyak eseidan rencana juga memuatkan UL. Perbezaan antara UL dalamesei atau rencana dengan tesis bukan sahaja jumlah bahan yangdiulas dalam UL untuk tesis itu berkali-kali ganda lebih besardaripada yang dimuat dalam esei atau rencana, tetapi juga ULdalam tesis mempunyai analisa dan penilaian yang lebih seriusdan teliti. Tidak kira di mana UL itu, ia bukanlah laporanmengulangi apa yang sudah ditulis orang lain, tetapi cuba memberiperspektif dan pemahaman baru daripada calon tentang topik itu.Tujuan lain UL dalam tesis ialah membolehkan penyelia danpemeriksa tesis mengetahui apa yang sudah dilakukan oleh oranglain dan seterusnya mengetahui maklumat dan pengetahuantentang topik yang berkenaan yang sudah dikuasai calon dandengan ini memudahkannya mengetahui Sumbangan yang bolehditambah dan diperkembangkan.

Kerja ini adalah berat disebabkan oleh dua masalah besar.Pertama, bagaimana membuat UL yang baik, jelas, bernas dantersusun. Kedua, bagaimana membuatnya supaya ia mempunyaitema, sifat dan perspektif yang tersendiri. Kedua-dua masalah itutimbul kerana calon tidak pasti tentang apa ini UL, maka tidaktahu membuatnya walaupun sudah diberitahu tentang pentingnyaUL sama seperti proses dan komponen lain dalam penulisan tesisuntuk mendapat ijazah tinggi, Ia boleh dilakukan dengan mudah,malahan menyeronokkan sekiranya calon ditunjukkan cara dan

* Pensyarah Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

pendekatan yang betul. Ia dikatakan menyeronokkan keranacalon boleh dibawa kepada lombong maklumat yang sebelum initidak diketahuinya, dan dengan sendirinya dapat membuka pintuuntuk mendapat ilham yang dicari-cari. Keseronokan ini bolehdikiaskan dengan peribahasa "Orang mengantuk disorongkan"bantal" atau "Pucuk dicita, ulam mendatang". UL melibatkanmengenalpasti, mengesan dan menganalisa dengan sistematikdokumen yang mengandungi maklumat kepada masalahpenyelidikan yang dilakukan. Dokumen itu Semestinya adalahbuku, jurnal, kertas seminar, tesis, laporan, bahan perangkaan dansumber rujukan yang lain yang terkini dan yang penting, tidakkira media dan bahasa. Setelah berbuat demikian, calon dapatmembuat penyelidikan yang dicadangkan itu dengan lebihterfokus. kerana menjadi lebih yakin boleh menggunakanmaklumat yang paling sesuai. Keyakinan tambahan ini disebabkancalon telah mengetahui apa yang sudah dikaji orang lain, lebih-lebih lagi apa yang perlu dilakukannya dan ke arah mana. DaripadaUL, penyelia dan pemeriksa tesis dapat mengukur sama ada calonitu sudah menguasai maklumat yang diperlukan dan sama adatesis itu mempunyai kedalaman, ketinggian dan keluasan yangdiharapkan,

SKOP DAN BAHAN SAINS MAKLUMAT

Kini, sains maklumat, terjemahan daripada information sciencesudah berkembang menjadi kajian multidisciplinary. Iadisebabkan skopnya yang semakin luas akibat Pembahagian yangberlaku ekoran perkembangan kepelbagaian ilmu yang saling kaitmengait, malahan lengkap melengkapi, lebih-lebih lagi setelahdikaitkan atau dikahwin-campurkan dengan IT. Gabungan itudisebabkan dan juga menyebabkan semakin ramai orang tertarikkepada sains maklumat, lebih-lebih lagi setelah IT sudahberkembang menjadi industri dan bisnes yang besar. Seimbas lalu,



ramai pakar, sarjana dan pengkaji dari bidang lain sudahmengekploitasikan situasi ini. Mereka amat prihatin tentang betapapentingnya maklumat untuk kajian dan kegiatan masing-masing.Daripada usaha menerapkan IT misalnya, dalam kerja mereka,banyak sekali rencana, buku, kertas seminar, laporan, tesis dan lain-lain tentang IT dan maklumat telah dihasilkan. Dengan itu,pemetaan bahan-bahan adalah luas, kerana bahan-bahan sainsmaklumat bukan sahaja diindeks dan diabstraks dalam bahanpengindeksan dan pengsbtrakan sains maklumat per se, tetapiterdapat juga banyak bahan pengindeksan dan pengabstrakan dalambidang lain. Dalam Library of Congress Subject Headings (1999:2847-2853), sains maklumat dibahagikan kepada tidak kurangdaripada 50 tajuk kecil (sub-headings) dengan kira-kira 200 tajukyang lebih kecil dan khusus. Antara tajuk kecil yang dimaksudkanitu adalah seperti yang berikut:

Communication, Documentation. Human InformationProcessing, Informatics, Information Policy, InformationProcessing Language (Computer program language),Information Resources, Information Resources Management,Information Storage and Retrieval System, InformationServices, Information Services Industry, Information Society.Information Technology, Information Superhighway,Information Theory, Library Science, Medical Informatics, danlain-lain. Di bawah tajuk kecil Information Storage andRetrieval Systems tidak kurang 600 tajuk kecil yang lain telahdisenaraikan, termasuk Abstracting and indexing services,Automatic data storage, Computer-based information systems,Data processing. Digital Libraries, BLAISE informationretrieval system, LOCIS information retrieval system, NEXISinformation retrieval system,OKAPI information retrievalsystem, SISMAKOM information retrieval system, dan WAISinformation retrieval system.

Pembahagian dan pembiakan itu telah meluaskan skopnya,lantaran menjadikannya lebih pelbagai dan besar dari masa kesemasa. Skop yang semakin besar ini mempunyai implikasi yangpenting ke atas maklumat yang perlu dicari, dikaji dan difahami.Hakikat yang nyata ialah maklumat berkaitan sains maklumatsecara umum kini tersebar dalam pelbagai sumber media. Iabukan sahaja disiarkan dalam jurnal yang khusus tentang sainsmaklumat, tetapi juga sains sosial, ekonomi, perubatan,kejuruteraan, media massa, pengurusan dan sains komputer.Selain itu, disebabkan sifat keantarabangsaannya, banyakmaklumat yang penting sudah disiarkan dalam bahasa yang tidakkita ketahui. Akibatnya, calon ijazah tinggi nampaknya bukansahaja semakin susah, malahan semakin dicabar dalam percubaanmereka untuk melakukan UL yang lengkap dan yang terkini.

Banyaknya maklumat dan luasnya penyebaran maklumatmengenai sains maklumat dengan sendirinya menimbulkan apayang disebut sebagai both a blessing and a curse. Calon yangdikelilingi maklumat ini sepatutnya tidaklah susah untukmendapat bahan yang dikehendaki. Tetapi, mencari bahan tentangtopik yang tertentu adalah sesusah mencari mutiara di lombong.Sehingga kini, mencari bahan khusus tentang literasi maklumat,k-ekonomi atau pempakejan maklumat di Malaysia atau negaramembangun masih tidak mudah. Oleh itu, calon ijazah tinggi mesti

menebarkan jala pencarian maklumat seluas mungkin. Selainjurnal khusus, pangkalan data OPAC. CD-ROM dan Internetmesti dicuba untuk mendapat sebanyak bahan yang mungkin.Walaupun pencarian maklumat bibliografi berkomputer kinisudah tidak sesusah seperti dahulu, tetapi bahan yang dikehendakiitu tidak mudah dicari. Selain itu, semakin banyak rencana danbuku perlu ditapis kesesuaiannya dengan topik yang diselidiki.rnemandangkan sains maklumat sudah dijadikan tema dalampenulisan sarjana dan pakar di pelbagai bidang. Sekarang kedua-dua proses penapisan maklumat dan pemikiran kritis amatlahkritikal kerana boleh menentukan susah tidaknya dan cepatlambatnya kerja penyelidikan dan penulisan tesis nanti.

Membuat UL menuntut calon ijazah tinggi mencari bahan yangterbaru dan yang berkaitan. Bahan yang digunakan itu mestilahbanyak dan pelbagai. Kepelbagaian bahan yang banyak inimembolehkan calon melihat masalah penyelidikan daripadabanyak perspektif. Ini disebabkan setiap orang mempunyaipendapat dan pandangannya sendiri tentang masalah, topik danisu. Sifat kepelbagaian inilah dikehendaki kerana ia adalah salahsatu asas kajian ilmiah. Cabaran di sini ialah bagaimanamendapatkan bahan yang terkini dengan banyak dalam masa yangterhad. Walaupun Internet sudah membawa banyak maklumatkepada kita, biar di mana kita berada, tetapi calon mesti biasamenggunakan kemudahan di perpustakaan. Sehingga kini,Perpustakaan Tun Seri Lanang telah melanggan Annual Reviewkepada tidak kurang 30 subjek termasuk anthropology, astronomy, biosphysics, cell biology, energy, information sciencedan IT. Annual Review ini penting dalam UL kerana dalam setiapisu terdapat ratusan artikel yang penting dan terkini yang telahdiulas oleh pakar di bidang masing-masing. Keistimewaan utamasumber rujukan ini dari segi pengguna ialah maklumatnya sudahdikelaskan seperti indeks, abstrak, katalog, OPAC dan bibliografiyang lain, maka mudah dicari mana yang sesuai, dan menjimatkanmasa dan tenaga. Namun, calon ijazah tinggi tidak harus berpuashati dengan ulasan ringkas yang diberi, selain dari itu hanyasedikit daripada bahan yang sudah diterbitkan di seluruh duniasempat diulas. Walaupun ulasan dalam Annual Review ini tidaklengkap, tetapi recana dan buku yang diulas itu adalah antarayang terpenting, malahan boleh dianggap sebagai the "main thrustof the research '. Di sinilah calon ijazah tinggi mesti memainkanperanan aktif dan agresif mendapatkan bahan yang dikehendakiuntuk mengetahui apa yang sudah dikaji, siapa dan bagaimana.UL dalam tesis sepatutnya dianalisa dan dinilai dengan teliti,menyeluruh dan mendalam berbanding dengan apa yang terdapatdalam Annual Review dan juga ulasan buku lain. Disini, sumberrujukan lain yang biasa digunakan ialah Dissertation AbstractsInternational (DAI), misalnya. Kelebihan DAI bukan sahajamenyiarkan abstraks ribuan tesis Ph D dari ratusan buah Universitidi Amerika Syarikat khasnya dan negara lain secara umum setiaptahun, tetapi juga kesemua Salinan tesis boleh didapati berbandingdengan tesis negara lain yang tidak diedarkan.

Sebelum membuat pencarian,terlebih dahulu, senaraikan kata-kata utama {key words), frasa, konsep, istilah yang dianggappenting. Kerja ini boleh dipermudahkan dengan merujuk antaralain tesaurus, kamus, ensaiklopedia dan Library of CongressSubject Headings. Senarai ini cuma digunakan sebagai panduan



dan boleh dipanjang-pendekkan, tertakluk kepada maklumat baruyang dijumpai, secara sedar atau tidak, secara sengaja atau tidak.Mengikut pendapat Gay & Diehl (1992:59): In looking at intialsources you will usually find additional descriptors that will helpyou in locating succeeding sources. Giving some thought tosubjects descriptors initially will help you organize what may-appear to be an overwhelming task'. Pendek kata, mencarimaklumat memerlukan kemahiran mata-mata gelap kerana mestimenjadi kreatif, selain tabah dan cekal. Kriteria yang perludipegang ialah : dapatkan sebanyak bahan yang boleh untukmengelakkan delima yang dibayangkan dalam peribahasa Melayu"sudah dahaga baru mencari telaga; telaga dijumpai, tetapi terlupamembawa timba; timba dijumpai, tetapi tidak bertali". Usahaini perlu dirancang ; jangan gelojoh dan jangan terlalu memilih.Adalah tidak benar hanya topik yang sudah banyak dikaji ituboleh dikaji selanjutnya, lebih-lebih lagi dapat menghasilkankajian yang baik. Selama ini, banyak buku, artikel dan tesis yangbaik ditulis tentang perkara yang baru dan penting, tetapi tidakbanyak maklumat mengenainya, kerana tidak banyak kajian dibuat.Ini juga tidak bermakna topik yang sudah banyak dikaji, yang sudahbanyak maklumat itu, tidak perlu dikaji lagi. Sebenarnya banyakkajian baharu masih diperlukan atas topik dan perkara yang sudahlama dikaji. Kajian baru ini adalah daripada perspektif yang baru,yang demikian adalah berbeza daripada yang ada.

Cabaran dan Panduan Membuat UL

Seperti yang sudah disebut sebelum ini, fungsi utama membuatUL ialah menentukan apa yang sudah dikaji oleh orang lamberkenaan topik yang ingin diselidiki selanjutnya. Daripada segiini, UL juga boleh dipandang sebagai langkah tambahan untukmendapat ide baru untuk meneruskan kajian. Ini disebabkanadalah lebih sukar memulakan sesuatu yang baru berbandingdengan memberi reaksi kepada apa yang sudah ada seperti yangditegaskan oleh Dunleavy (1986: 114):

' If is often more difficult to start from a blank canvas than toreact to a previous pattern of commentary. Perhaps the idealsituation is one where a field of study has been reviewed in thepast, but where an accumulation of newer work has not so farbeen surveyed". UL juga penting bukan sahaja untukmengelakkan duplikasi penyelidikan dengan tidak sengaja, tetapijuga memperkukuhkan pemahaman dan wawasan yangdiperlukan untuk memperkembangkan rangka, dan seterusnyamenempatkan masalah penyelidikan dalam rangka perspektifyang sudah ditetapkan, justeru daripada UL, calon tahu apa yangsudah dilakukan oleh penyelidik lain, lebih-lebih lagi apa yangperlu dilakukan seterusnya (Gay & Diehl 1992: 56). Selain itu,rumusan dan hasil yang sudah dilakukan itu juga boleh dijadikansebab dan hujah untuk calon mengemukakan hipotesisnya danmembentuk asas justifikasi kajian selanjutnya. Berhubungdengan pentingnya UL, Dunleavy 91986:112) menambah iaadalah : 'an explicit angle or theme — a sense of what the authorwants to do differently or what insights he hopes to gain fromcompleting the review.'

Menulis UL ialah melaporkan dengan terperinci, tersusun, bernas

dan menyakinkan pembaca, di sini penyelia dan pemeriksa tesis,perkembangan ilmu tentang topik yang tertentu yang diketahuicalon. Cabaran yang paling besar kepada calon yang baru ialahbagaimana dapat menulis UL yang baik dengan bahan yang sudahdibaca tentang masalah penyelidikan itu. Banyak panduan telahdiberi berhubung dengan ini. Antaranya adalah seperti yangditunjukkan Dunleavy yang mengatakan :

'If you know what your own contribution will be, then arrangethe early parts of the dissertations to lead up natrually to yourcentral critism or ideas. Similarly, there is no point in reviewinga mass of authors if this renders your coverage superficial andmeans that your personal contributions relates to only a tinyfraction of the materials covered." (1986: 114).

Tetapi, banyak calon masih menghadapi masalah menentukanluas dan panjangnya UL yang sepatutnya. Memang tidak adaukuran atau standard dalam hal ini. UL yang panjang, jikadisebabkan banyak bahan yang diulas, tidak Semestinya yangbaik. Ini disebabkan hukumnya seperti yang diberi oleh Gay &Diehl (1992: 69): 'Your review forms the background and ratio-nale for your hypothesis and should contain only those referencesthat serve this puropose well.'). Oleh itu, UL yang pendek, bernasdan tersusun lebih bernilai dan disukai daripada yang panjang,dan diulang-ulang dengan maklumat yang tidak sesuai dengantopik dan masalah. Sehubungan dengan ini. penyelia tesis selalumendapati banyak calon tidak tahu bagaimana memulakan dan bilaUL itu patut ditamatkan. Kepada calon yang berkenaan, arahanatau hukum bahawa semua maklumat yang baharu dan yang pentingdan yang ada kaitannya dengan masalah penyelidikan itu perludikaji dan dilaporkan itu sukar diikuti sehinggakan merekamendapati sukar menentukan maklumat mana perlu dimasukkandan yang mana pula tidak perlu dimasukkan. Keputusan ini sudahtentu bergantung kepada kebijaksanaan yang boleh dipelajaridaripada pengalaman, lebih-lebih lagi membaca contoh UL yangbaik. Segala-galanya ini bergantung kepada kebolehan calon itusendiri. Untuk melakukannya, beberapa panduan yang diberikandi sini boleh diikuti:

1. Calon mestilah jelas tentang topik/masalah penyelidikandan juga harus pasti dengan pendekatan/ perspektifnyaterhadap UL itu untuk mengelakkan 'mismatch' antarapersoalan yang dikaji dengan UL yang dibuat.

2. Carilah rencana yang terkini kerana ia bukan sahajamemperkatakan topik yang tentang maklumatsebelumnya. -.

3. Tidak boleh diketepikan kajian yang penting, walaupunbertentangan dengan pendapat umum, lebih-lebih lagidengan perspektif, pendekatan dan fahaman calonsendiri.

4. Topik/ masalah yang sudah banyak dikaji memerlukanfokus yang lebih terpusat dan khusus berbanding denganyang tidak banyak dikaji lagi.



5. Topik yang baru memerlukan UL yang lebih luasskopnya yang boleh membantu calonmemperkembangkan rangkanya dengan lebih baikselain untuk menerokai sesuatu yang baru.

6. Menganalisa setiap perkara yang diperkatakan tentangtopik dan mengkaji hubungan antara satu perkaradengan yang lain, kemudian menggabungkannyamenurut perspektif dan pendekatan baru.

7. Buat nota tentang topik yang penting dan juga headingsand sub-headings yang sesuai untuk perkara yang rumitdan sukar. Susun semula ide tadi sesuai dengankehendak, perspektif dan pendekatan calon, kerana apayang ditulis mestilah yang sesuai dan seperti yangdikehendaki. Kalau ada banyak nota memperkatakanperkara sama, gabungkan kesemuanya dengan diberimaklumat bibliografi yang berkenaan.

8. Semasa membuat ringkasan dan nota, pastikan rujukanbibliografi dibuat dengan lengkap dan betul untukmemudahkan Catatan bibliografi, di mana ianyamenjimatkan masa dan memudahkan kerja semasamembuat petikan, rujukan dan Catatan kelak. Kesemuaini adalah pertanda sebuah kerja penyelidikan yangbermutu dan bertanggungjawab.

9. Banyak calon tidak mempunyai bahan yang cukup,walaupun banyak maklumat bibliografinya.

10. Susah untuk membongkar bahan yang belum diulas or-ang lain ke atas topik yang khusus. Demikian jugadengan topik yang belum banyak dikaji.

11. Susah juga untuk menentukan/ memastikan bahan yangperlu dikaji pada topik yang sudah lama, maka sudahtentu banyak yang perlu dikaji.

12. Walaupun lebih mudah mengkaji perkembangan ilmupada topik yang baru (dan yang tidak banyak dikaji),tetapi amatah sukar untuk mencari bahan yang menarikuntuk diulas (kerana tidak banyak bahannya).

13. Susun maklumat daripada yang umum kepada yangkhusus dan diakhiri dengan menyatakan implikasi danhipotesis kajian untuk membolehkan pembaca dapatmengikuti perkembangan ilmu yang dilaporkandaripada yang umum kepada yang khusus.

14. Nyatakan bukan sahaja metodologi yang digunakandalam rencana yang dibaca, tetapi juga metodologi yangakan digunakan dalam penyelidikan tersebut denganringkas sahaja kerana perkara ini akan dibincangkandengan panjang lebar dalam bab metodologi.

15. Nyatakan juga sebab-sebab penyelidikan yangdicadangkan itu perlu dilakukan : sama ada untukmembaiki apa yang dikaji, membetulkan kesilapan

pengkaji masa lalu, atau memperkembangkan ilmu hasildaripada penyelidikan baru, atau mengemukakan teoridan gagasan yang baru atau gabungan dua atau tigasebab-sebab tadi.

Setengah daripada panduan yang disebutkan itu telah dirumuskanoleh Dunleavy (1986: 114) dalam petikan sebelum ini.Selanjutnya diberikan satu contoh UL yang baik :

There are numerous papers published in the area of parallelsearch of document databases. The papers may be classified intotwo groups. One group of papers (3, 8, 10, 12, 14,18, 21. 24, 26,27, 34, 42) discusses the architecture of special purposecomputers cuilable for database search. The second group ofpapers discusses use of specialized parallel machines such asthe connection machines (35, 37, 38, 40), 1CL (16, 20, 23. 96)and computer-based parallel machines (9, 42) for documentretrieval. The general concensus is that parallel search holdspromise, but there is a need for good indexing techniques (1, 7,9, 21. 25. 28, 29, 30). Fast retrieval from secondary storage de-vice is also essential. Stone (40) opines that a computer such asa connection machine which has a large number ofprocessors does not give a speed-up commensurate with thenumber rocessors. A parallel machine with a small number ofprocessors using distributed secondary store and goodindexing techniques should be more efficient.

A distributed computer system connected by a LAN has theadvantage of distributed secondary storage. Further, it does notrequire any special investment and is scalable. The databaseretrieval, particularly batch retrieval for SDl service lookseminently suited for experimenting with parallel retrieval tech-niques.... ' (Kapaleaswaran & Rajaraman 1990)

Antara contoh UL yang baik di bidang sains maklumat ialah :

1. Kebede, Gashaw. 'Performance evaluation in libraryand information systems of developing countries: astudy of the literature.' Libri 49 (1999): 106-119.

2. Milne, Patricia. "Scholarly communication: crisis, re-sponse and future - a review of the literature.1 Austra-lian Academic Research Libraries (Jun 1999): 70-88.

3. Moahi, Kgomotso. 'Health information networks fortelehealth in Africa - challenges and prospects: a re-view of the literature.' Libri49 (1999): 43 - 50.

4. Nankivell, Clare & Shoolbred, Michael.' Mentoring inlibrary and information ser_vices: a literature reviewand report on recent research.' The New Review of Aca-demic Librarianship 1997 : 91 - 114.

5. Ying Ding. 'Scholary communication and bibliometrics:part I - the scholarly communication model: literaturereview.' International Forum on Information and Docu-mentation 23:2 (April/June 1998): 20 - 29

6. Ying Ding. 'Scholary communication and bibliometrics:part II - the scholarly communication process: literaturereview.' International Forum on Information and Docu-mentation 23:3 (July/September 1998): 3- 19.



Untuk calon baru, pilihlah topik yang lain sekiranya bahan yangdikehendaki itu tidak banyak, dan susah didapati. Tetapi,sekiranya bahan itu banyak, bacalah yang terbaru dan yangpenting dan cuba mengkhususkannya. Sementara itu. cabaranlain yang dihadapi boleh dirumuskan dengan petikan daripadaDunleavy (1986:112 113): 'Almost by definition, a literaturereview cannot be better than the materials surveyed — garbagein implies garbage out - ... it is quite, easy for a literature reviewto be worse than the field surveyed.. .Indeed the more developedthe literature being covered, the more difficult it may be tounderstand parts of the arguments in the original sources (espe-cially where arguments have technical or algebraic sections'.

PENUTUP• .

Tinjauan literatur adalah penting kerana semua penyelidik, tidakkira calon ijazah tinggi atau pakar lain, perlu mendapat bahanuntuk memperkembangkan atau mengfokus penyelidikan.Semakin banyak bahan yang berkaitan digunakan dengan baik,semakin baik kita melihat topik yang diselidiki itu daripadaperspektif yang lebih kukuh dan menyakinkan. Selain itu,

kepelbagaian bahan adalah juga salah satu asas kajian ilmiah.Bahan ini tentulah daripada buku, jurnal, laporan, kertas kerja.Wawancara, kuliah dan sebagainya. Jangan menganggap bahasasatu bahan boleh menggantikan yang lain, maka tidaklah perludicari bahan atau sumber yang lain. Sementara itu, dalam ULdilaporkan kajian yang penting dan yang terkini tentang topik,yang boleh dijadikan asas untuk penyelidikan selanjutnya, sepertiyang dicadangkan oleh calon yang terlibat. UL diperlukan keranacalon ijazah tinggi perlu memusatkan perhatian kepada masalahyang ingin diselidiki, bukan yang sudah dikaji sebelumnya. Apayang sudah dikaji itu bolehlah dijadikan asas membuat hipotesis,lebih-lebih lagi teori, selain memperkembangkan perspektifnya.Esei itu diakhiri dengan petikan daripada Cooper (1998),Dunleavy (1986) dan juga Gay & Diehl (1992) : yangmerumuskan UL seperti berikut:

1. What have others said about this topic?2. What theories address it and what, do they say?3. What research has been done previously?4. Are they consistent findings or do past studies disagree?5. Are there flaws in the body of the existing research that

you feel you can remedy?

Kriteria utama penulisan UL ialah pemahaman calon terhadapmasalah/ topik penyelidikan dan bahan yang dibaca. Setelahmemahami masalah yang dibangkitkan, buatlah nota yang bolehdiibaratkan sebagai stockpiling- Kumpulkan dan susunkan nota-nota ini di tempat yang dianggap paling sesuai secara kreatif:buang yang tidak perlu atau duplikat, dan tambah ide kita, agaria menjadi tersusun, lancar dan senang dibaca. Tesis adalah hasilkumulatif proses penyelidikan,kajian, pembacaan, pencatatannota dan penyusunan semula ide calon dengan ide orang lain.



RUJUKAN

1.Cooper Donald R & Schindler. Pamela S. Business research methods, Boston: Irwin-McGraw Hill, 1998.

2. Dunleavy, Patrik. Study for a degree in the humanities and social science. London: Macmillan. 1986.

3. Gay, L. R. & Diehl, P. L. Research methods for business and management. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

4. Kapaleaswaran, T.N. & Rajaraman, V. 'Parallel search methods of a document database in a distributed computer system:a case study.1 Journal of Information Science 16 (1990): 291-198.

5.Library of Congress Subject Headings. 22nd edition. Washington, D. C : Library of Congress, 1999.



FROM LIBRARIAN TO KNOWLEDGE PROFESIONALS

Abdullah Kadir Bacha*

ABSTRAK

Kertas ini bertujuan untuk memberi definisi umum mengenai Pengurusan Ilmu (Knowledge Management)agar profesional sains maklumat dan pustakawan dapat memahami konsepnya serta hubungkaitnya denganmereka. Pustakawan dan profesional sains maklumat perlu memainkan peranan yang lebih aktif serta perlusesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan baru ini. Kertas ini juga menggariskan beberapa keperluan kemahiranyang patut ada bagi pustakawan menceburi bidang pengurusan ilmu (KM).

INTRODUCTION

eter Drucker in his book, the Post Capitalist Society said thisabout knowledge. "The basic economic resource - the means ofproduction- is no longer capital nor natural resources nor labor.It is and will be knowledge", Knowledge is a corporate asset thatcan enable organisations to achieve and maintain significant com-petitive advantage and bring about increased revenue.

To manage this valuable asset a new discipline called Knowledgemanagement (KM) has emerged. There has been so much inter-est in this area and it has been estimated that to date more thanabout 5 billion dollars would be spent by corporations inimplementing KM. With this rage, we have been bombarded withso many perceptions and definitions of knowledge managementnot including the hype by consultants and vendors who areadding to the confusion. This profitable new area has promptedmany vendors to re-label and repackage their existing productsand showcase them as knowledge management products.Experience has shown that this attempt by vendors to tackle KMis purely from a technology perspective. Caution has to beexercised in this as the Gartner Group has predicted that"low-risk mature KM systems will not appear before 2001(0.7 probability).

Knowledge management (KM) to many of our colleagues in thelibrary world is just a new name for what they have been doingover these years - information management. Some consider KMas a fad and some say it is probably old wine in new bottles. Thereality of such simplistic statements is that they have been takingit lightly and as a result have missing the boat. Most of the bestprojects have been snatched from us by the MIS or IT people whofocus it on technology.

Chief Knowledge Officer Multimedia Development Corporation

KM is not all about technology, as it is only the enabler, howeverMIS people often seem to think KM is all about technology andthough many of them do not have any idea about representationof knowledge, organisation of knowledge or understanding thebehaviour of information users.

The only people who are good at all this are the L1Sprofessionals. But the truth is how many of us arc getting all thejuicy and plumb KM assignments. Of course LIS professionalsin reality too do not have some of the skills set and experience toundertake such projects. Perez says that "they do not have theinternal reputation of knowing about KM". This is again theprojection or perception of our image and capabilities.

Developments in information technology and the Internet has neverimpacted libraries and information professionals like this before.There have been numerous writings and debates on the possiblethreats to the LIS professionals. Over the years there also havenbeen numerous calls for changes in our roles. Though we havebeen the very early adopters of technology, we are now in dangerof being sidelined and some of our roles undertaken by others.We certainly do have some expertise and skills to go into this newarea called KM.

This paper aims to provide a quick overview of KM so that LISprofessionals understand it better and see how it relates to theLIS profession. It would also attempt to provide the basic differ-ences and between KM and IM. LIS professionals have to realisethat KM is here to stay. We already possess some of the basicqualifications but unless we change and adapt to this situation wewould lose out, sidelined and would not be able to take leadershiproles in this new area. The final part of this paper outlines spe-cific skills that is needed to enable us to venture into this newarea.



Why Knowledge ?

Knowledge has become the most important faction in economiclife. It is the chief ingredient of what we buy and sell, it is theraw material with which we work Intellectual capital-not natu-ral resources, machinery, or even financial capital-has becomethe one indispensable asset of corporations. Tom Stewart, editorof Fortune.

KM has become important due to the following :

• A shift to knowledge as the basic resources

• A shift to knowledge-based industries

• A shift to growth through knowledge andinnovation

Knowledge-based industries are becoming the leading industriesin today's economy. This is best seen by the emergence of ITrelated companies over the last 10 years. The economical per-formance of the established manufacturing companies in termsof assets, market capitalizations, etc.

The Strategic Analysis Report of the Gartner Group (1999).predicts the following :

• By 2003 more than half of Fortune 1000 companieswill implement KM and KM will be a mainstreambusiness management practice among market leadersin all industries (0.7 probability)

• By 2003 "leading edge adopters of new technology"enterprises will incorporate accounting practices thatformally measure and value their intellectual capital,as well as, their financial and physical assets

• By 2001 enterprises that lack on going KM programsand infrastructure will lag KM-enabled competitors bybetween 30-40% in speed of deployment for new com-petitive programs and products

What is Knowledge Management?

KM is a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to thecreation, capture, access and use of an enterprise informationassets. The assets include structured databases, textual infor-mation such as policy and procedure documents, and most im-portantly, the tacit knowledge and expertise resident in the headsof individual employees. (Gartner Group)

Another Definition : Sveiby regards intellectual capital and KMas twins and branches of the same tree. He defines KM as the artof creating value from an organisation's intangible assets.

What is then Intellectual capital?

Tom Stewart of Fortune defines it as "The sum of everything thepeople of the company know which gives a competitive advan-tage".

Therefore KM is not the implementation of technology but moreso an integrated approach of bringing together business strat-egy, cultural values and work processes. The basic premis ofall these concepts is that the most important assets in anyorganisation are the people and their intellectual assets.

Objectives of KM Projects

The main objective of implementing KM in most commercialorganisations is with the ultimate aim of making or reducingmoney. Denham Grey in an online discussion of the KnowledgeManagement forum identities the following eight benefits ofknowledge management.

1. Prevention of knowledge loss - KM enables anorganisation to retain critical expertise and prevent criti-cal knowledge loss resulting from staff changes due toretirement, employee resignations, etc.

2. Improved decision making Identifies the type andquality of knowledge required for effective decisionsand facilitates access to the knowledge. As a result,decisions are made faster and with greater quality andalso such decisions can be made at lower levels.

3. Adaptability and Flexibility - Allows employees todevelop a better grasp of their work, propose innova-tions, work with less direct supervision, and requiredfewer interventions. As a result, employees can oper-ating cross-functional situations and this improvesemployees morale.

4. Competitive Advantage - Enables the organisationto fully understand its customers, prospects the marketand the competition, thereby enabling the identifica-tion of competitive gaps and opportunities.

5. Asset Development - Improves the organisation's abil-ity to capitalize on its intellectual property assets. Oth-erwise patents, trademarks, licenses, copyrights maynot be applied at the correct time, resulting in lowerlegal protection and reduced market value forintellectual property.

6. Product Enhancement - Allows the organisation toembed knowledge in its products and services. As aresult, the perceived value of the product is increasede.g. software products.

7. Customer management - Enables the organisationto sharpen customer focus and services. Increased



customer knowledge improves increased customersatisfaction and thereby increased sales and revenue.

8. Leverages investments in human capital - Throughthe ability to share lessons learned, documents pro-cesses and the handling of exceptions, and capture andtransmit tacit knowledge, organisations can betterleverage their investment in hiring and trainingworkers.

David De Long. Tom davenport & Mike Beers through an ongoing ernst & Young research effort revealed that mostknowledge management initiatives in organisations fell into aboutseven categories as follows :

• Capturing and reusing structured knowledge

• Capturing and sharing lessons learned frompractice

• Identifying sources and networks of expertise

• Structuring and mapping knowledge neededto enhance performance

• Measuring and managing the economic valueof knowledge

• Synthesizing and sharing knowledge fromexternal sources

• Embed knowledge in products and processes

Knowledge Managers

KM often includes the creation of new roles or someone assignedto the job. Knowledge managers can be created out of existingunits such as the library, information centers or the IT depart-ments. A new role that has been created is the Chief KnowledgeOfficer (CKO). Among the tasks of the CKO and his group be asfollows :

What does a CKO do?

1. Develop systems to organize, capture, catalog and share

a firm's collective knowledge ;

2. Encourage employees to share and use emerging infor

mation ;

3. Coordinate and provide access to repository of facts,

reports, case studies and established practices in the

organisation ;

4. Assist employees to develop their own expertise ;

5. Participate in strategy development by forming working

partnerships with CEO, operating, financial officers, etc.

6. Oversee classes, learning centers, corporate

universities ;

7. Develop and implement best practices :

8. Look beyond training to performance, culture, collabo-

ration, internal and external communication strategies;

9. Develop strategics, incentives, practices that reward

sharing information strategies and ideas ;

10. Derive value from measuring intangible assets.

To sum it all up, the roles and responsibilities of the CKO can be

summarized into three main areas :

1. To Create a KM infrastructure

2. To build a culture of collaborating and sharing

3. To make KM efforts pay off economically

Role of Technologies in KM

A discussion on KM cannot he done in isolation without takinginto consideration the supporting technologies. IT has taken acentral role in knowledge management as a natural extension ofthe key enabling role that it plays.

The following are normally the technologies involved in KM :

• Intranets

• Document Management Systems

• Information Retrieval Engines

• Relational and Object Databases

• Electronic Publishing Systems

• Group Ware and Workflow Systems

• Push Technologies and Agents

• Help-Desk Applications

• Data Warehousing and Data Mining Tools

Basic Differences between KM and IM

Though there may be some similiarities in what we been doingas information professionals there are certainly some differences.The following table I provides the basic differences betweenknowledge and information management projects.



Table 1 : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KM AND IM-PROJECTS

Knowledge Management Projects

Goals emphasize value-added for users

Support operational improvement and innovation

Emphasis on unstructured and information/ knowledge

Emphasis on internal & external

Corporate culture, transformation and change agentry

Information and knowledge sharing, a dense webstructure

Poorly developed appreciation for information/knowledge structuring

Link knowledge sharing with compensation/ appraisal

Requires ongoing user contributions and feedback

Balanced focus on technology and culture issues increating impacts. A number of technologies beingutilized

Traditional Lib & Information Projects

Goals emphasize delivery and accessibility ofinformation

Support existing operations

Emphasis on structured and formal information andformal information/ knowledge

External only

Neutrality within the organisation

Information and knowledge delivery, a hub (library);recorded literature

Information structured, cataloging

Does not exist

Emphasis on one-way transfer of information

Mere use of technology

From the table above, it is very obvious that there arcfundamental differences between KM and IM. The differencesare also indicate the necessity of additional skills that LISprofessionals have to possess to undertake roles in KM.

This fact has also been recognized by various professionalbodies. The UK's Library and Information Commission hadrequested Consultants TFPL to produce a report "Skills forKnowledge Management". The Council of Europe (CoE) draftNew Professional Profiles and Knowledge workers operating inCultural Industries and Institutions and the Special LibrariesAssociation (SLA) Competencies for Special Librarians of the21st Century are clear examples of the keen interest of the LIScommunity in KM.

Peter Drucker has also estimated that 80% of workforce in someeconomics would require the services of knowledge workers.Therefore it only points that there is a great future in KM andLIS professionals have to acquire certain skill sets to be able totake advantage of this new opportunities.

Let us now look, at the special skills that s LIS professional wouldneed to have to go into this new area. They are as follows :

1. Fundamentals & Background on KM

The first is obvious, any entrant to the field will needto understand the basic concepts of KM. They shouldalso be able to understand KM and the value to theproductivity of an organisation. With the understandingprofessionals should be able to make a case for and justifyKM. It is imperative to understand thatimplementation of KM centres around the concept ofcollaboration and sharing of information. This act isagain dependent of the culture of the organisation. Someorganisations seem to emphasize on measurement ofintellectual property and. incumbents need tounderstand that there are certain models that can beused.



2. Understanding trends in technology, informationand education

A clear perception of the impact of the informationage in this ever rapidly changing world is needed. Allthe major global impact on the social, economic, andscientific implications brought about by theinformation age has to be clearly understood. Virtu-ally all businesses are affected by changes in our owncommunities as well as international. Knowledgemanagers will have to be aware of changing situationsin order to manage information and knowledgeeffectively. Trends in education and newer techniquesof educating adults have to be clearly understand.Pedagogical skills would be essential.

3. A Mastery of IT and Applications

One of the two fundamental prerequisites in KM ismastery of IT and applications. KM managers need tounderstand the basics of IT. particularly in the area oftelecommunications and networks including Internetand Intranets. Equally important is the knowledge ofdata structures, how information is stored, retrievedand transmitted to the right persons at the right time.Systems design, data warehousing, data mining are alsoto be included. Basic understanding of thetechnologies and applications is a must.

4. Knowledge of Functional Areas of the Business

LIS professionals who involved in this area mustunderstand the entire business of the organisation, itsstructure, the people within, and how major decisionsare made, etc. They would also have to understandbasic functional areas which includes human resources,production, marketing, accounting, finance, etc. Thisknowledge at least would enable them to talk in thesame wavelenght with their users.

This basic business background would enable them topresent proposals or recommendation with basicbusiness and economic concepts and not present value.More importantly they have to be in tune in latestbusiness development and the environment that theyoperate e.g. legislation, regulatory. Knowingcompetitors and their operations would be also anotherarea.

5. Corporate Culture and Becoming Agents of Change

The effective implementation of KM depends ontackling cultural aspects within an organisation anddynamics of the people within. Personnel undertakingKM initiatives must be able understand corporateculture and have the ability to undertake changes. Not

only that they must be brave and have the staminato pursue with the intended changes as this is the mostdifficult and challenging area.

6. Excellent Communication Skills

Excellent communication and interpersonal skills are avery important prerequisite in to today's business world.This is evident from the large number of job adver-tisements. In KM, communication skills are critical asinformation cannot be synthesized into usable knowledgewithout excellent communication. To be able to synthesizeinformation, they too require good research and analyticalskills. The next pair that is required is technical and cre-ative writing. A bit of story telling, teaching and oralhistory techniques would also be a complimentary.

7. Project Design and Implementation Skills

Project design skills and implementation techniques areessential when implementing KM projects. Operating inbusiness environments KM managers have to able to putdown from the very stages, the different components, theinputs i.e. different types of resources needed, outputs,milestones and completion dates. Ability to followthrough and implement the proposed project woulddefinitely enhange the image and capability of the LISprofessionals as effective project managers. To advicehere would to start on a very small area may be in adepartment and the roll out enterprise wide.

CONCLUSION

Knowledge management is a very fast growing area and here tostay. In many ways KM is not alien to us, LIS professionals incertain ways have been involved. Our involvement have been inexternal and explicit knowledge. KM is more inclined to internaland tacit knowledge which involves people, processes, systems,etc. KM is very much business enviroment focussed and thoughtechnology is not the central focus, extensive use of technologyis unavoidable. Therefore LIS professionals wanting to ventureinto this area have to acquire new skills in areas of technology,functional areas of business, communication, undertaking culturechange, etc. IS schools have now to introduce courses inknowledge management or change their curriculum toincorporate these elements in order to prepare future LISprofessionals for this important and emerging area.



REFERENCES

1. Gartnet Research & Advisory Group (1999). The Knowledge Management Scenario : Trends and Directions for

1998-2003. Analysis Report, 18 March 1999.

2. Perez, E. (1999). "Knowledge management in the library —Not" Econtent, 22. 2 Apr/May, p.75-78.

3. Stewart. Thomas A. (1997). Intellectual capital: the wealth of organisations. New York : Doubleday.

4. Gartner Reasearch &Advisory Group. The Knowledge Management Scenario : Trends and Directions for 1998 -2003. Strategic Analysis Report, 18 March 1999.

5. Sveiby, Karl-Erik. What is knowledge management?.

6. Grey's Online discussion can be found http://revolution3.cities.com/~bonewman/benefits.htm

7. De, Long. et. Al. Research note : What is a knowledge management project ? (http://www.bussinessinnovantion.ey.com/mko/pdf/KMPRES.PDF)

8. Malaysia. Multimedia Development Corporation (1999). Job specifications for Chief Knowledge Officer. Cyberjaya:MDC.

9. Skills for knowledge management(http://www.tfpl.com/KM_Skills?KM_Skills.pdf)

10. "New professional profiles and competencies for information professional and knowledge workers operating in culturalindustries and institutions".(http://culture.coe.fra/epba/eng/eng/ecubook%20F.l.htm)

11. Davenport T, Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge : how organisations manage what they now. Boston : HarvardBusiness Review.

12. Drucker. P. (1993). Post capitalist society. New York : Harper Business.

13. Earl,JM & Scott, l.A. (1999} Opinion : What is a Chief Knowledge Officer? Sloan Management Review, 402. Winter,p. 29-40.

14. Kim, Seonghee. "The role of knowledge professionals for knowledge management". Paper presented at the 65"' IFLACouncil and General Conference, 20-28, August 1999.

15. Koenig, Michael, H.D. (1999). Education for knowledge management. Information Services & use, 19, 1, p. 17-31.

16. Marshall, L (1997). "New opportunities for information professionals". Online, 21, 5, p. 92-98.

17. Radding. A (1998). Knowledge management. Charleston : Computer Technology Research Corp.

18. Reardan. D.F. "Knowledge management: the discipline for information & information science professionals". Paperpresented at the 64"' IFLA Council and General Conference 16-21, August 1998.

19. Smythe. D. (1999). "Facing the future : preparing new information professionals". Information ManagementJournal, 33, 2. p. 44-48.

20. The future of the information professional, The electronic Library, 17 (6), December 1999, p. 373-375.

21. Webber. S. (1999). "Competencies for information professionals". American Society for Information Science.Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 26,1, Oct/Nov, p. 28-29.

22. Wiig. Karl (1999) "Knowledge Management: an introduction and perspective". Journal of Knowledge Management,1. I September, p. 6-14.



PENGUKUHAN DAN PROMOSI SASTERA KANAK-KANAK DAN REMAJA :PERANAN DAN CABARAN PERPUSTAKAAN DI MALAYSIA

Oleh

Hajah Alimah Salam* & Mohd Sharif Mohd Saad**

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the role and challenges of libraries in promoting and strengthening adolescent andchildren literature in Malaysia. Public and school libraries today are the focus in knowledge developmentand they should play a major role to promote literacy programmes. The paper also recommended libraries totake up several actions towards being the catalyst in the growth and promotion of adolescent and childrenliterature.

PENGENALAN

astera kanak-kanak dan remaja merupakan wahana yang amal

penting dalam usaha untuk mengisi sebahagian dari tuntutankeperluan kanak-kanak dan remaja, terutama daripada segipengisian minda, pembentukan personaliti dan psikologi dan jugakerohanian. Dalam era globalisasi dan teknologi maklumat, fungsiSastera bukan sekadar memberi keseronokan, berhibur untukmengisi masa lapang dengan membaca dan mendidik, tetapi haruslebih dari itu. Pengisian Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja harusberupaya memberi banyak maklumat baru, berilmu, mengandungiunsur intelektual yang tinggi yang boleh dibaca oleh kumpulanSasaran iaitu kanak-kanak dan remaja.

SASTERA KANAK-KANAK

Sastera kanak-kanak merupakan bahan bacaan yang sesuai untukbacaan kanak-kanak yang memberi gambaran kehidupan danfikiran manusia sejagat yang mana ianya dapat memberi danmenambahkan pengalaman kanak-kanak. Sastera kanak-kanakbiasanya mencerminkan keseronokan, memberi harapan danmengandungi unsur pendidikan. Dalam konteks perpustakaan ahlikanak-kanak ialah yang berumur bawah 12 tahun.

SASTERA REMAJA

Sastera remaja adalah bahan bacaan Sastera kreatif yang relevandengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan psikologi remaja yangberada dalam lingkungan usia 13 - 20 tahun. Ini bermaksud segalahasil karya-tanpa mengambil genrenya-yang dapatmemperkayakan pengalaman dan pengetahuan pembaca,merangsang minat dan berupaya menghidupkan daya imaginasi lalumendorong berfikir secara rasional dan kritis.

* Ketua Bahagian Perpustakaan Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur

** Pensyarah Kanan Fakulti Pengajian Maklumat UiTM

PROMOSI BAHAN SASTERA DI PERPUSTAKAAN

Setiap negeri di Malaysia mempunyai rangkaian perpustakaanawam yang memberi perkhidmatan kepada semua, lapisanmasyarakat. Perpustakaan awam yang beroperasi di seluruhMalaysia sekarang berjumlah 674 dengan ahli berdaftar sepertiberikut :-

Perpustakaan Negeri Ahli Kanak-kanak : 682,846 orang

Ahli Dewasa : 961.597 orang

Perpustakaan Bergerak Ahli Kanak-kanak : 608,027 orang

Ahli Dewasa : 223,950 orang

Perpustakaan Negara Ahli Kanak-kanak : 28,456 orang

Ahli Dewasa : 224,123 orang

Kebanyakan perpustakaan mengkategorikan ahli mereka kepadagolongan kanak-kanak dan dewasa sahaja. Remaja diletakkandalam kategori dewasa. Jumlah koleksi bahan bacaan diperpustakaan di seluruh negara ialah 12,396,418 naskhah danPerpustakaan Negara Malaysia mempunyai koleksi sebanyak1,388,835 naskhah.

Perkhidmatan perpustakaan awam dilihat sebagai satu aset negarakerana ianya memberikan perkhidmatan pembelajaran sepanjanghayat, perkhidmatan galakan membaca ke arah k-ekonomi,perkhidmatan sosio budaya, teknologi maklumat dan lain-lain. Diluar negara seperti di Britain, perpustakaan awam digelar"People's university" kerana perkhidmatan yang diberikan tidak

terbatas kepada mereka yang layak ke Universiti sahaja.



Peranan perpustakaan awam di Malaysia kini telah berubahmengikut peredaran masa, bukan hanya memberi perkhidmatanbacaan, pinjaman dan rujukan, malahan ia mengadakan kegiatangalakan membaca, menjalankan aktiviti sampingan dan kinimemberi perkhidmatan audio-visual dan menyediakan bahandalam bentuk multimedia, perkhidmatan komputer, internet,e-mail dan sebagainya.

Dalam hal ini koleksi perpustakaan juga telah dipelbagaikandengan banyak bahan dalam bentuk cetak seperti audio-visualdan bahan dalam bentuk digital. Walaupun begitu buku masihmerupakan koleksi utama di semua perpustakaan awam di seluruhMalaysia. Dari koleksi ini terdapat koleksi untuk kanak-kanak,remaja dan dewasa.

Setiap perpustakaan mengadakan berbagai aktiviti promosigalakan membaca setiap bulan sepanjang tahun. Malahansemenjak tahun 1996 bulan Ogos (terkini bulan Julai) telahdiistiharkan sebagai bulan membaca. Ada di antara aktivititersebut khas diadakan untuk kanak-kanak dan remaja danmerupakan aktiviti yang boleh dikelaskan sebagai aktivitimempromosi bahan Sastera. Aktiviti-aktiviti yang pernahdiadakan oleh beberapa perpustakaan di Malaysia yangbersesuaian dengan topik seminar pada hari ini ialah :-

Berkenalan dengan Sasterawan Negara/ pengarang/ penulis buku

Diskusi buku

Seminar Sastera

Bicara puisi/ pertandingan puisi

Persembahan boneka

Pameran buku Sastera

Membaca bersama (tokoh)

Bengkel penulisan kreatif/ membuat karangan

Sesi bercerita/ pertandingan bercerita

Drama/ pertandingan teater

Aktiviti yang dijalankan bertujuan untuk mempromosikan bahanSastera yang ada di perpustakaan dan memberi maklumatmengenainya kepada pembaca. Dari aktiviti-aktiviti yangdijalankan oleh beberapa perpustakaan di seluruh negara beberapapengamatan dapat dilihat mengenai keberkesanan aktiviti-aktivititersebut. Antaranya :-

a) Sambutan dan minat pembaca

Setiap kali pihak perpustakaan mengadakan aktiviti mempromosibahan Sastera didapati sambutan yang diberikan agak dingin. Pihak

perpustakaan sebagai penganjur cuba membuat penyesuaianmengenai tempat, masa dan sebagainya, tetapi begitu sukar untukmendapatkan sambutan. Perpustakaan adakalanya terpaksamenjemput guru-guru dan pelajar sekolah untuk memastikan adaaudien semasa aktiviti tersebut. Ini mungkin kerana perananperpustakaan itu sendiri tidak dikaitkan dengan perkembanganSastera dan mungkin kegiatan Sastera hanya dijalankan olehbadan-badan penulis, persatuan Sastera atau sebagainya.

Sungguhpun banyak aktiviti yang dijalankan berjaya dan parapeserta berpuashati tetapi perpustakaan terpaksa bekerja kerasuntuk menjalankan satu aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut. Initiatif untukmengadakan aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut selalunya datang dari pihakperpustakaan. Belum ada penerbit atau karyawan yang memintaperpustakaan atau ingin menggunakan premis perpustakaan untukmenjalankan kegiatan mereka.

b) Pengetahuan mengenai Sastera

Dalam menjalankan aktiviti mempromosi bahan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja ini, pihak perpustakaan menghadapi masalahmengenai kekurangan kakitangan yang mahir dan minat dalamSastera. Pihak perpustakaan tidak mempunyai pegawai khasuntuk kanak-kanak dan remaja dan pegawai yang ditugaskanuntuk menjalankan aktiviti untuk kanak-kanak dan remajamerupakan pegawai sokongan dan perkeranian. Ini berbezadengan perpustakaan di luar negara di mana pegawaiperkhidmatan kanak-kanak dan remaja mereka mempunyaikelulusan dan pengalaman yang luas dalam Sastera kanak-kanakdan remaja. Untuk menjalankan aktiviti Sastera pihak perpustakaansentiasa meminta kerjasama dan bantuan kepakaran dari berbagaipihak lain seperti pihak sekolah, penerbit, persatuan penulis untukmendapatkan pandangan mengenai aktiviti yang akan diadakan.

c) Kekurangan bahan Sastera

Bahan-bahan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja yang diterbitkandi Malaysia adalah kurang. Perpustakaan tidak mempunyaipilihan tetapi membeli bahan-bahan yang dikeluarkan setiaptahun yang ada dipasaran. Pustakawan harus memilih bahan dariPenerbit-penerbit tertentu untuk mendapatkan bahan-bahan yangbaik. Bilangan tajuk setiap tahun adalah kecil, berbanding denganbahan-bahan dalam Bahasa Inggeris.

d) Kekurangan kakitangan

Ini juga menjadi salah satu faktor bagi pihak perpustakaan untukmenjalankan aktiviti di perpustakaan. Oleh kerana kekurangankakitangan kekerapan untuk mengadakan aktiviti ini akan terbatas.

e) Kewangan

Perpustakaan mempunyai kewangan untuk menjalankan aktiviti.Sungguh pun begitu ianya harus digunakan untuk menjalankan



berbagai aktiviti sepanjang tahun bagi mempromosikanperkhidmatan perpustakaan yang lain.

f) Minat membaca

Tahun 1996, profil membaca rakyat Malaysia melaporkan puratasetiap rakyat Malaysia hanya membaca 2 buah buku setahun.

Ketandusan minat membaca ini juga menjadi halangan yangmemerlukan satu anjakan paradigma.

PERANAN DAN CABARAN

Abad ini negara terus melangkah ke arah menuju negara maju.Kita perlu berhati-hati dalam melangkah ke arah ini kerana dalamkita berurusan untuk, menjadi negara maju, kita masih mahukanrakyat yang mempunyai nilai kemanusiaan dan spiritual yangtinggi, yang mampu menangkis sikap pragmatik dan kebendaanyang akan menghancurkan sesuatu tamadun. Kita mahukanrakyat yang kreatif dan mempunyai daya fikiran yang tinggi bagimemajukan negara ini, Sastera dikatakan mampu untukmembentuk manusia yang kreatif dan imaginatif.

Sebagai pusat perkembangan ilmu dan budaya perpustakaan perlumemainkan peranan untuk mempromosikan bahan Sastera iniuntuk dibaca oleh golongan kanak-kanak dan remaja. Justeruini bagi memastikan hasilan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja terusdapat dinikmati oleh golongan ini perpustakaan di Malaysia,terutama perpustakaan awam dan sekolah perlu berusahamempelbagaikan aktiviti mereka.

Walaupun perpustakaan terutamanya perpustakaan awam dansekolah telah sedikit sebanyak menjalankan pelbagai aktivitidalam mempromosikan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja, tetapikita agak jauh ketinggalan. Disarankan beberapa langkah yangboleh diambil oleh perpustakaan-perpustakaan untukmelengkapkan diri mereka sebagai pemangkin perkembangandan mempromosikan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja Malaysia.

a) Pembangunan Koleksi

Dengan mempunyai satu polisi yang jelas bertujuanmemperkukuhkan koleksi akan memaksa para penerbit untukmenerbitkan bahan-bahan Sastera yang berkualiti untukpengguna. Dalam situasi di mana perpustakaan-perpustakaanmerupakan pelanggan utama bahan-bahan ini. Para pustakawan,guru, pembuat dasar yang terlibat perlu berbincang denganpenerbit buku apakah bahan-bahan yang diperlukan diperpustakaan. Industri penerbitan buku kanak-kanak dan remajadi Amerika dan Eropah, tidak akan begitu maju tanpa pandangandan maklumbalas dari perpustakaan-perpustakaan di bahagiankanak-kanak dan remaja. Contohnya, penerbit seperti Harper &Collins, Doubleday dan Bowker, dari dulu hingga kini masihmenghargai maklumbalas dari pustakawan dan guru-guru.

b) Pengetahuan mengenai Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja

Untuk memberi perkhidmatan perpustakaan terutamanyaperkhidmatan untuk kanak-kanak dan remaja, para pertugasterutamanya pustakawan perlu melengkapkan diri denganpengetahuan tentang buku-buku Sastera untuk kanak-kanak danremaja. Kita dapat melihat contoh para pustakawan yang ternamadi Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom adalah pakar dalamSastera kanak-kanak dan remaja. Contohnya seperti VirginiaHaviland, Anne Carroll Moore dan Augusta Baker adalah antarapersonaliti yang telah banyak mempengaruhi Penerbit-penerbitbahan-bahan untuk kanak-kanak dan remaja di Amerika Syarikat

Augusta Baker seorang warga Amerika berketurunan "AfricanAmerican" yang mula bertugas di perpustakaan di New YorkPublic Library pual tahun 1975 mendapati buku-buku Sasterakanak-kanak di perpustakaan tersebut mengenai masyarakat"African American" yang terdapat di perpustakaan tersebut kurangtepat dan terlalu "stereotype'. Beliau banyak menghabiskan masauntuk menggalakkan dan mempromosikan hasil tulisan penulis-penulis berketurunan 'African American". Agusta Baker juga telahmelobi para penerbit buku di Amerika Syarikat. Malahan beliaujuga menulis artikel-artikel di jurnal bidang kepustakawan dankesusasteraan untuk menyuarakan pandangan beliau.

Para pustakawan dan guru perpustakaan di sini juga perlumengikut langkah seperti Augusta Baker atau Virginia Haviland.Di negara maju, para pustakawan dan guru yang ramai menulisulasan untuk bahan-bahan kanak-kanak dan remaja di jurnal-jurnal mahupun di akhbar. Kita tidak boleh menunggu oranglain melakukannya. Usaha membaca dan menulis ulasan bahanSastera kanak-kanak dan remaja akan dapat membantuperpustakaan dalam membuat pemilihan bahan. Di Perancissetiap bulan antara lapan sehingga sepuluh orang pustakawanakan berkumpul di setiap daerah bagi membincang dan memilihbahan yang sesuai untuk kanak-kanak.

Latihan dalam bidang kesusasteraan kanak-kanak dan remaja iniperlu diwujudkan melalui fakulti sains perpustakaan atau puninstitusi yang berkaitan. Adalah amat penting pendidikankesusasteraan kanak-kanak dan remaja diterapkan semasa latihankepustakawanan. Kita mendapati tidak banyak pusat latihankepustakawanan yang menitikberatkan pengetahuankesusasteraan kepada para pelajar mereka. Di Thailand(Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok) salah sebuah sekolahlatihan kepustakawanan para pelajarnya dilatih untukmembukukan dan menghafal cerita-cerita rakyat untukdisampaikan kepada kanak-kanak yang mengunjungiperpustakaan mahupun untuk aktiviti galakan membaca yangdilakukan di luar perpustakaan.

Bagi membina koleksi yang baik serta berupaya memberipanduan dan galakkan membaca di kalangan kanak-kanak danremaja, pustakawan perlu mengenali dan mencintai Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja itu sendiri. Ini dapat dilakukan dengan :-

i) Membaca dan menghayati bahan-bahantersebut



ii) Membaca pelbagai jenis bahan untuk kanak-kanak dan remaja, ini termasuk pelbagaitema, latar, genre dan sebagainya

iii) Membaca bahan dari pelbagai tahap bacaan

iv) Berkongsi pengalaman bacaan tersebutdengan pengguna dan rakan pustakawan

v) Jika belum melakukan semua ini mulamembaca bahan-bahan berkualiti, Contohnyabahan-bahan yang telah memenangi anugerah

c) Dasar / panduan perkhidmatan perpustakaan danmaklumat untuk kanak-kanak dan remaja

Belum terlewat untuk negara kita mengwujudkan satu dasar/panduan untuk perkhidmatan perpustakaan untuk kanak-kanakdan remaja. Di United Kingdom, The Library Association padatahun 1991 telah menerbitkan "Children and Young People :Library Association Guidelines for Public Library Services". Satupiawaian telah tersedia untuk perpustakaan-perpustakaanmenjadikan ia sebagai pengukur (benchmark) dalam memberiperkhidmatan perpustakaan pada kanak-kanak dan remaja.Malahan panduan dan dasar ini telah di pertingkatkan pada tahun1997. Dasar dan panduan ini memberi panduan mengenaikoleksi, jenis perkhidmatan, "competencies" kakitanganprofesional dan bukan profesional yang memberi perkhidmatan,ruangan dan sebagainya. Disarankan Perpustakaan Negara atauPersatuan Pustakawan untuk menyediakan piawaian sebeginisebagai "benchmark" yang harus diikuti oleh perpustakaan awamdan sekolah.

d) Pesta Buku Sastera Kanak-Kanak dan Remaja

Usaha promosi, perlu diperbaiki dan diteruskan, denganmenjadikan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja sebagai "hidanganutama'. Sudah sampai masanya kita mempunyai Pesta Bukukanak-kanak dan remaja secara khusus. Jika dicampurkan denganpesta buku secara Umumnya, sudah pasti bahan-bahan untukkanak-kanak dan remaja akan tenggelam. Mungkin tidak sehebatPesta Buku Kanak-Kanak dan Remaja di Bologna, Italy, tapi perlumemulakannya.

e) Kerjasama perpustakaan, penerbit, penulis, ilustrasi

Sehubungan dengan semua ini, perpustakaan, penerbit dankaryawan bahan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja perlubekerjasama. Di Amerika dan Eropah setiap tahun, diadakan"Children's Book Festival" atau "Children's Book Week" danpenerbit bekerjasama dengan perpustakaan awam dan sekolahmembawa penulis dan illustrator kepada Sasaran. Ia juga perlumendapat tumpuan dari pihak media massa. Pemasaran buku-buku ini perlu dilakukan, perpustakaan atau penerbit tidak dapatmelakukannya secara sendirian ianya perlu dilakukan secarakerjasama dan mendapat sokongan media massa.

Penerbit-penerbit di luar negara yang terkenal banyakmemperuntukkan perbelanjaan mereka untuk mempromosikanbahan-bahan yang mereka terbitkan. Malahan kebanyakkanpenerbit ada memperuntukkan kakitangan khas untukmenjalankan fungsi "Library Promotion and Advertising" yangdijalankan di perpustakaan, sekolah-sekolah dan kedai buku.Dalam era teknologi maklumat banyak penerbit dan ramaikaryawan mempunyai laman web untuk tujuan memberimaklumat dan promosi.

f) Anugerah

Kita mengetahui tentang anugerah-anugerah Sastera Contohnyaanugerah Utusan/ Public Bank, Mobil/ Mabopa, Majlis BukuKebangsaan dan sebagainya. Di luar negara, pelbagai lagianugerah untuk bahan-bahan Sastera kanak-kanak dan remaja.

Contohnya di Amerika Syarikat, The National BookAwards,American Book Awards, Caldocott Awards, AmericanLibrary Association Awards, Newbery Awards dan berbagai lagi.Di Kanada, kita ada The Canadian Council Children's LiteraturePrize's, The Canadian Library Assocition Book of The Year ForChildren Awards.

Anugerah-anugerah ini bukan sahaja dilakukan oleh penerbit atauMajlis Buku negara-negara tersebut malahan anugerah ini jugadilakukan oleh Library Association, negara-negara tersebut.Pengiktirafan yang diberikan bukanlah dalam bentuk wangsahaja, tetapi yang penting adalah promosi yang diterima darimedia massa dan perpustakaan. Sudah tiba masanya PersatuanPustakawan atau guru pustakawan memberi pengiktirafan kepadamereka yang terlibat dalam industri ini. Apatah lagi perpustakaanmerupakan konsumer terbesar penerbitan-penerbitan ini.

KESIMPULAN

Perpustakaan dan buku Sastera adalah satu entiti yang diperlukanoleh masyarakat kini. Dalam pada perpustakaan sibuk menjadiperpustakaan digital dan seterusnya perpustakaan maya, kita tidakboleh lupa akan tugas dan tanggungjawab atau kita sebagai agenliterasi. Minat membaca rakyat Malaysia masih terlalu jauh untukdibandingkan dengan negara seperti Denmark atau Iceland, yangjumlah penduduknya lebih sedikit dari kita tetapi kanak-kanakdi kedua negara tersebut membaca purata 35 buah buku setahun.



RUJUKAN

1. Allen, Adela Artola(1993). The school library media center and the promotion of literature for Hispanic children. LibraryTrends, 51 (3).

2. Bomley, Karen D'Angelo (1990). Webbing with literature. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.

3. Champion, Sandra (1993). The Adolescent quest for meaning through multicultural reading ; a case study. LibraryTrends, 41(3).

4. Estes, Thomas H. (2001), Literature as a source of information and values. Phi Delta Kappan, 82

5. Frank Small & Associates (S.E. Asia) (1998). Profil membaca rakyat Malaysia 1996 : laporan kajian yang dijalankanbagi pihak Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur : Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.

6. Hart-Wewins, Linda (1999). Better books! Better readers!. Ontario : Pembroke.

7. Holden, Philip (2000). On the nation's margins : the social place of literature in Singapore. SOJOURN; Journal of SocialIssues in South East Asia, 15(4).

8. Jerome, Helen K. (2000). Literary Iceland. Books.

9. Mc Cook, De La Pena, Barbara J.Ford and Kale Lippincott, ed. (1998). Libraries : Global reach, local touch. Chicago ;.ALA.

10. Marcus, leonard S. (1995). An interview with William C. Morris. Horn Book, 71 (1).

11. Miller, J. Hillis. (2000). "World Literature" in the age of telecommunications. World Literature Today, 74.

12. Othman Puteh (1998). Tanggapan terhadap Sastera remaja. Kuala Lumpur : DBP.

13. Talib sama (1992). Menangani penulisan kreatif Sastera remaja. Kuala Lumpur : DBP. •

14. Tolson, Nancy. (1998). Making books available : the role of early libraries, libraries and book sellers in the promotion ofAfrican American Children's literature. African American Review, 32 (1).

15. Vacca, Jo Anne L. (2000). Reading and Learning to read. New York : Addison Wesley.



LAPORAN PERSIDANGAN GLOBAL 2000Oleh

Jariah Jais*

ABSTRACT

This is a report by Puan Jariah Jais, Librarian at the Malaysia Agriculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute who attended the Global 2000 Worldwide Conference on Special Librarianship held on 16 - 19October 2000 at Brighton United Kingdom. The theme of the conference is The Information Age :Challenges and Opportunities. A total number of 600 participants from 53 countries attended the con-

ference. Puan Jariah was sponsored by the Special Libraries Association, Unites States of America. Aseparate program was held for Special Libraries Association fellowship participants and also involvinglibrarians from, developing countries.

PENDAHULUAN

aya telah berpeluang menghadiri Global 2000 : PersidanganSedunia Perpustakaan Khusus di Brighton yang berlangsung dari16- 19 Oktober 2000. Tema Persidangan ialah Abad Maklumat:Cabaran dan Peluang. Persidangan berlangsung di Hilton BrightonMetropole Hotel. Ini adalah kali kedua SLA mengadakanPersidangan sedunia; yang pertama adalah pada tahun 1979.

Persidangan ini dihadiri oleh lebih 600 peserta dari 53 buah negarayang terdiri daripada pustakawan khusus, profesional maklumat,dan wakil-wakil syarikat industri maklumat seluruh dunia. Sayatelah ditaja oleh Special Libraries Association, Amerika Syarikatbersama 22 orang lagi peserta daripada negara Afrika Selatan,Albania, Brazil, Bangladesh, Cameroon, China Costa Rica,Croatia. Filipina, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Nepal, Nigeria, Pa-kistan, Russia, Swaziland. Ukraine dan Vietnam. Kami telahdipilih daripada lebih 400 pemohon dari negara membangun danmengikut pihak penganjur, melalui proses pemilihan yang sungguhrapi dan teliti.

ATURCARA PERSIDANGAN

Perjalanan Persidangan dibuat berdasar sistem "trak" di manasetiap hari bermula dengan ucaputama (keynote address) olehtokoh terkenal dari bidang industri, media atau pengurusan. Sessiperbincangan yang menyusul kemudian dikendalikan olehmoderator yang berpengalaman. Di sebelah petang pula sessitertumpu kepada topik-topik pengurusan maklumat global yangrelevan dengan topik yang telah dibincang di sebelah pagi.

Sebagai peserta yang ditaja oleh SLA (kami dikenali sebagai SLAFellows) saya dan 22 orang Fellows lain mengikut program yangditetapkan oleh SLA, berdasarkan latar belakang, pengalaman,

* Pustakawan Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia (MARDI)

dan professionalisme masing-masing. Ini bermakna ada sessiperbincangan di mana saya tidak bersama Fellows lain, ada sessijuga di mana saya bersama sebahagian daripada mereka.Walau bagaimanapun kami semua menghadiri bersama sessi-sessiinduk.

PROGRAM FELLOWSHIP SLA

Apa yang lebih menarik pada saya ialah program khas Persidanganini yang melibatkan negara-negara membangun. Saya tidakmenjangka sama sekali pihak SLA akan mengadakan programkhas untuk Fellows. Buat pertama kali SLA telah mengadakanprogram Fellowship bagi calon-calon dari negara membangunmenghadiri Persidangan ini. Program ini amat baik sekali keranamemberi peluang kepada peserta berinteraksi, bertukar-tukarpendapat sesama mereka yang datang daripada pelbagai bidangdan latar belakang.

Semua Fellows disyaratkan menyumbang suatu artikel yangkemudian diterbitkan sebagai suatu terbitan khas "ContributedPapers" di Persidangan ini. Tajuk artikel saya ialah: The Devel-opment of Special Libraries in Malaysia : Initiatives Towardsthe Realization of K-economy". Kami, Fellows SLA, dibahagikankepada lima kumpulan mengikut kawasan geografik sepertiberikut: Asia Selatan, Asia Timur, Amerika Latin dan Caribbean,Afrika. Eropah Timur dan Russia. Malaysia termasuk dalamKumpulan Asia Timur.

Kami telah mengadakan dua sessi perbincangan dengan wakil-wakil kanan SLA yang bertanggungjawab ke atas programFellowship ini di mana dibincangkan bagaimana pihak SLA bolehmembantu negara-negara membangun dalam bidangkepustakawanan dan maklumat. Setiap kumpulan dimintamembincang sesama sendiri dan menyediakan serta memajukansatu laporan kepada pihak SLA untuk pertimbangannya. Saya



Saya telah menawarkan diri untuk menyediakan laporan tersebutsebagai ketua Fellow kumpulan Asia Timur.

Pembentukan lima kumpulan ini, pada saya membayangkan hasratSpecial Libraries Association untuk mengembangkan sayapnyake dunia luas di luar Amerika Utara. Suatu langkah bagimemulakan proses globalisasi persatuan. Perlu saya nyatakan disini bahawa SLA Chapter Washington DC yang telah, diberimandat dan bertanggungjawab ke atas perlaksanaan programFellowship ini. Kumpulan Asia Timur yang saya ketuai telahmengemukakan untuk pertimbangan SLA satu cadanganpermohonan untuk bantuan dalam bentuk latihan di peringkatkawasan Asia Timur atau peringkat negara yang berkenaan. Projekyang dijangka berjalan selama satu hingga lima tahun ini jikadiluluskan pembiayaan dan perlaksanaannya akan membawamanfaat kepada Malaysia dan negara-negara yang terlibat.

PENUTUP

Saya amat bersyukur dan berterima kasih kepada SpecialLibraries Association, Amerika Syarikat kerana memberi sayapeluang menghadiri Persidangan Global 2000 ini. Pengalamanyang diperolehi amat berharga bagi saya. Terima kasih saya jugakepada pihak MARDI dan Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia keranamemberi saya sokongan dan perlepasan untuk menghadiriPersidangan ini.

Saya tidak fikir SLA akan mengadakan satu lagi PersidanganGlobal dalam jangka masa terdekat kerana kosnya amat tinggi;lagi pun SLA perlu menumpukan perhatiannya kepada rancanganglobalisasinya yang baru bermula. Penglibatan SLA dengan limakumpulan negara-negara membangun juga dijangka akanmemenuhi jadualnya untuk beberapa tahun akan datang.

LAPORAN PENILAIAN PENYERTAAN PERSIDANGAN

1. Nama Persidangan : Global 2000 : World-wide Conference on Special Librarianship.Tema Persidangan : The Information Age :Challenges and Opportunities

2. Tempat: Hilton Brighton Metropole Hotel

3. Tempoh dan Tarikh : 16 - 19 Oktober 2000

4. Penganjur : Special Libraries Association(SLA), Amerika Syarikat

5. Butir-butir Peserta : Puan Jariah JaisJawatan: Pustakawan

LAPORAN/ PENILAIAN

6. Perkara/masalah yang dibincangkan: Antaraperkara yang dibincangkan ialah pelanggaranhakcipta, peranan Internet dalam penyebaranmaklumat, kenaikan harga jurnal, budayakerja dalam era IT dan globalisasi, rangkaianhubungan dan sebagainya.

7. Rumusan/ syor: Tiada rumusan dikeluarkandi akhir Persidangan ini.

8. Tempat yang dilawat : Beberapa tempatpelancongan di Sekitar Brighton dan lawatanke London ditawarkan kepada pesertaPersidangan tetapi saya tidak berkemampuankerana bayaran yang dikenakan adalah diantara USD 51.00 hingga USD 131.00 (RM200 - RM 500).

9. Pandangan tentang Persidangan: Topik-topikPersidangan amat menarik sekali dan meliputiisu-isu semasa yang dihadapi semua profes-sional maklumat. Buat kali pertama SLAmengadakan program Fellowship untukpeserta dari negara-negara membangun.Dengan adanya program sebegini wakil-wakildaripada negara-negara membangun dapatberinteraksi dan bertukar-tukar pendapatdengan perwakilan lain serta mempelajaridaripada mereka akan perkembangan terbarudalam bidang kepustakawanan, IT danmaklumat.



PENUBUHAN PERPUSTAKAAN PEKAN ARAUKe Arah Merealisasikan Perlis Sebagai Negeri Ilmu

OlehNorma Mohd Darus*

ABSTRACT

The Public library of Perlis was in existence since 1969. Initialy, a lot set backs had to be overcomed andafter 30 years, with the coming of the new millenium, a lot of progress, development and improvement havebeen achieved especially in providing services to the rural community. Under the Seventh Malaysia Plannew buildings were build for the branch and village libraries. Recently a town library was established witha new concept for providing services to the semi urban and small township areas. The article elaboratesfurther on the justification and events leading to the approval, site selection and why Arau was chosen. Thepaper also discuses library floor plan and response of the public.

PENDAHULUAN

erpustakaan Awam Negeri Perlis yang telah diwujudkan sejaktahun 1969 dengan menempuh pelbagai kesulitan dari segikewangan, kakitangan, koleksi dan keadaan bangunannya yangusang telah dapal berkembang dari tahun ke tahun dalam usahanyauntuk memupuk minat membaca dan menyebarkan ilmupengetahuan kepada rakyat di negeri Perlis. Dalam usianya yangtelah menjangkau 30 tahun menjelang alaf baru ini banyakpembaharuan dan kemajuan telah dapat dilihat terutama dari segitambahan rangkaian perkhidmatan yang disediakan khususnyakepada penduduk di kawasan luar bandar. Bagi melengkapkanlagi perkhidmatan yang sedia ada pihak perpustakaan negeri terusmerancang ke arah menambahkan lagi rangkaian perkhidmatannyake seluruh negeri supaya semua lapisan rakyat akan menikmatikemudahan pembacaan yang lebih sempurna dan selesa. Denganperuntukan yang diluluskan di bawah Rancangan MalaysiaKetujuh pihak perpustakaan telah dapat mengwujudkan beberapabuah bangunan baru terdiri daripada Cawangan, desa dan yangterbaru sebuah perpustakaan pekan.

JUSTIFIKASI

Bangunan Perpustakaan Pekan adalah merupakan satu konsepbaru yang diwujudkan bertujuan menyediakan perkhidmatanperpustakaan kepada penduduk di pinggiran bandar atau pekankecil di mana bilangan penduduknya adalah ramai dan tidakmampu menampung keperluan yang disediakan melaluiperpustakaan desa atau bas bergerak. Ianya telah mula diwujudkandi negeri Selangor tetapi telah diperluaskan konsep ini ke seluruhMalaysia melalui peruntukan yang diluluskan oleh Kerajaan Pusatdi bawah projek Rancangan Malaysia Ketujuh. Negeri Perlis

adalah merupakan salah sebuah negeri yang mendapat peruntukan

* Pengarah Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Negeri Perlis.

bagi pengwujudan sebuah Perpustakaan Pekan di bawah RMK 7.Memandangkan Arau merupakan Bandar DiRaja yang terdapatbeberapa institusi pendidikan di sekitarnya pihak pengurusanperpustakaan mencadangkan supaya projek ini didirikan di PekanArau. Pemilihan Arau adalah berdasarkan keperluanperkhidmatan perpustakaan oleh masyarakat di kawasan tersebutdi mana terdapat beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi sepertiUniversiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Institut Pengajian TinggiIslam (IPTIP), Kolej Matrikulasi Perlis, Sekolah MenengahTeknik, serta beberapa buah sekolah menengah berasrama dansekolah rendah di mana para pelajarnya memerlukan bahan bacaantambahan untuk rujukan dan pinjaman. Selain itu sebuahPoliteknik juga sedang dalam proses pembinaan di kawasanberdekatan yang dijangka siap pada tahun 2001.

Perkhidmatan yang diberikan melalui sebuah perpustakaan desayang dibuka di Masjid Negeri. Arau sejak tahun 1996 danperkhidmatan perpustakaan bergerak ke sekolah di kawasanSekitar tidak mencukupi bagi menampung permintaan daripadapara pelajar dan masyarakat Setempat. Oleh itu cadangan bagimendirikan sebuah bangunan perpustakaan statik di kawasan initelah diberi keutamaan oleh pihak pengurusan, perpustakaan awamnegeri.

PEMILIHAN TAPAK

Pemilihan tapak yang sesuai di Arau agak menyulitkan keranakekosongan tanah milik kerajaan begitu terhad dan menjadirebutan daripada lain-lain agensi. Jawatankuasa Teknikal yangdiwujudkan oleh Lembaga Pengarah Perpustakaan bagimenyelesaikan masalah pemilikan tapak bagi projek pembangunanperpustakan negeri yang turut dianggotai oleh wakil daripadaJKR, Majlis Perbandaran Kangar, Jabatan Perancang Bandar &Desa, Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri dan Pejabat Tanah &Galian telah membuat tinjauan ke beberapa tapak milik kerajaan



di Sekitar Pekan Arau bagi mendapatkan satu lokasi yang sesuai.Akhirnya dipersetujui supaya dipohon tapak yang dikenalpastiterletak di persimpangan Jalan Besar Arau dan Jalan Raja milikkerajaan negeri di mana sebelum ini terdapat sebuah rumahkerajaan yang pernah didiami oleh bekas Setiausaha Sulit DYMMRaja Perlis dan Selepas itu digunakan oleh PertubuhanPerkumpulan Perempuan Perlis (W.I) sebagai pusat kraftangan.Proses permohonan yang dikemukakan pada awalnya tidakdiluluskan oleh kerajaan yang telah mempunyai Perancanganuntuk projek komersial di atas tapak tersebut. Tetapi pihakLembaga Pengarah dalam mesyuaratnya Lelah membuatkeputusan supaya dikemukakan rayuan melalui YAB MenteriBesar bagi mendapatkan pertimbangan semula oleh pihakkerajaan kerana pelan yang disediakan oleh Arkitek JKRdirekabentuk sesuai dengan tapak berkenaan. Dengan jasa baikYAB Menteri Besar yang begitu prihatin tentang keperluanpengwujudan sebuah pusat sumber ilmu di Arau, akhirnyakerajaan negeri telah meluluskan supaya tapak berkenaandigunakan sebagai tapak perpustakaan Pekan Arau. Lokasi inistrategik kerana terletak tidak jauh daripada Istana Arau dandijangka akan menjadi rnercu tanda kepada Bandar DiRaja Arausebagai "Pusat ilmu" dan fungsi bangunannya yang bercorakkeilmuan akan dapat memberi penonjolan budaya membacakepada masyarakat Setempat.

PELAKSANAAN PROJEK

Pelan bangunan telah disediakan oleh Arkitek JKR Perlismengikut spesifikasi ruang yang dipersetujui bersama hasilperbincangan dengan pihak perpustakaan dan pandangandaripada Perpustakaan Negara. Kos projek termasuk kerja-kerjamenambun tapak ialah sebanyak RM 480,000. Kontraktor yangmelaksanakan projek ini ialah Perniagaan Eimah di mana ianyatelah bermula pada 26 November 1998 dan telah dapat disiapkanmengikut jadual pada 20 September 1999. Penyerahan rasmibangunan kepada pihak perpustakaan telah dibuat pada 6 Oktober1999. Oleh kerana peruntukan pembangunan yang diluluskan dibawah Rancangan Malaysia Ketujuh untuk projek ini hanyalahsebanyak RM 400,000 sahaja, kos tambahan bagi bekalanperabut, kemasan lantai dan alat pendingin hawa (split unit)berjumlah RM 140,000.00 terpaksa dibiayai melalui peruntukanbelanja mengurus kerajaan negeri dan pusat. Sepanjangpelaksanaannya projek ini sentiasa mendapat perhatian daripadapelbagai pihak termasuklah YAB Menteri Besar, YB SetiausahaKerajaan dan juga pegawai-pegawai daripada PerpustakaanNegara kerana ianya merupakan model pertama bangunan baruPerpustakaan Pekan yang dibina di negara ini.

PERASMIAN BANGUNAN

Bangunan Perpustakaan ini telah disempurnakan perasmiannya olehYAB Menteri Besar Perlis pada 26 November 1999 iaitu 3 harimenjelang tarikh pilihanraya umum. Peristiwa ini mencatatkansatu lagi sejarah dalam perkembangan perkhidmatan perpustakaandi negeri Perlis di mana kehadiran tetamu adalah di luar jangkaandan suasana di Sekitar bangunan yang dihiasi dengan

pelbagai poster dari semua parti politik yang bertanding dikawasan tersebut seolah-olah turut meraikan majlis perasmianperpustakaan ini. Selepas majlis perasmian perkhidmatannyaterus dibuka kepada orang ramai mulai tarikh tersebut.

RUANG LANTAI

Bangunan dua tingkat ini dapat menempatkan sehingga 30,000naskah koleksi buku-buku dan sebanyak 150 tempat dudukkepada pengguna. Tingkat bawah menempatkan ruangan untukkanak-kanak serta ruang aktiviti kanak-kanak Sementara itutingkat atas pula ialah ruangan untuk rujukan dan pinjamandewasa serta sebuah bilik pejabat dan sebuah bilik perbincanganyang boleh memuatkan seramai 4 orang pengguna pada satu-satu masa. Penggunaan bilik ini dihadkan kepada 1 - 2 jam bagisetiap kumpulan dan tempahan perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu. Lain-lain kemudahan yang turut disediakan ialah sebuah biliksembahyang, tandas termasuk untuk orang cacat dan tempatmenyimpan barang pengguna. Bagi memenuhi keperluanteknologi maklumat masa kini perpustakaan ini turut dilengkapidengan sudut hipermedia untuk kanak-kanak dan dewasa yangmenyediakan perkhidmatan Internet dan multimedia kepada parapenggunanya. Walaupun kawasannya agak terhad tetapi ianyaturut menyediakan tempat letak basikal, motosikal dan keretayang mencukupi untuk kakitangan dan para penggunanya denganlandskap yang dapat menceriakan lagi suasana di sekelilingnya.

PENGGUNAAN

Sambutan penduduk Sekitar terhadap perkhidmatan diperpustakaan ini amatlah menggalakkan dan telah timbulrungutan kerana tempat duduk tidak mencukupi dan permintaansupaya ruang bangunan diperluaskan walaupun ianya barusetahun dibuka. Permintaan yang begitu tinggi khususnyadaripada para pelajar IPT dan sekolah yang berhampiran denganperpustakaan tersebut menyebabkan pihak perpustakaan terpaksamenambah bilangan kerusi dan membenarkan ruang aktivitikanak-kanak digunakan sebagai ruang bacaan terutama padamusim cuti. Golongan belia merupakan pengguna paling ramaisetiap hari diikuti dengan kanak-kanak dan dewasa.Perkhidmatan Internet yang dikenakan bayaran RM 2.50 sejamjuga menjadi rebutan pengguna setiap hari dengan anggaranpendapatan mingguan antara RM 150 - 200 yang dapat dikutip.

Pihak perpustakaan bercadang menambah bilangan komputeryang disediakan bergantung kepada jumlah peruntukan yangdiperolehi dalam tahun 2001 nanti bagi memenuhi keperluanpengguna rnemandangkan kemudahan siber kale di Pekan Arautidak disediakan dan para pelajar IPT khususnya memerlukanperkhidmatan ini. Kelab Kawanku Buku yang ditubuhkan untukkanak-kanak aktif menjalankan pelbagai kegiatan setiap minggudi samping keahlian Kelab Rakan Perpustakaan yang barudilancarkan turut menerima ramai keahlian daripada golonganbelia dan mereka dengan sukarela memberi khidmat membantuaktiviti yang dijalankan oleh pihak perpustakaan sepertimenyusun buku-buku, menjalankan program untuk kanak-kanakdan bergotong-royong bersama kakitangan perpustakaan



menyediakan landskap bagi mengindahkan kawasan luarperpustakaan tersebut. Komitmen yang ditunjukkan olehmasyarakat Setempat juga membuktikan pengwujudan sebuahperpustakaan seperti ini memang amat dinanti-nantikan olehmereka.

PENUTUP

Dengan perasmian Perpustakaan Pekan Arau ini diharap akandapat menggalakkan masyarakat untuk memperkembangkanbudaya ilmu dan akan mengambil kesempatan untukmenggunakan sepenuhnya perkhidmatan yang disediakan iniuntuk faedah semua pihak yang cintakan ilmu . Walaupun Perlismerupakan sebuah negeri yang kecil dari segi Saiznya tetapi kinitelah mempunyai "prasarana keilmuan" yang meluas di seluruhnegeri. Secara tidak langsung perpustakaan ini telah dapatmenyumbang ke arah merealisasikan usaha-usaha kerajaan bagimembentuk generasi yang berwawasan dan berilmu menujukepada cita-cita menjadikan Pekan Arau sebagai Pusat-Ilmu dan

Perlis sebagai Negeri Ilmu menjelang alaf baru.



INTRODUCTION

cholarly periodicals are by no means new on the scene inMalaysia wrote Benjamin C. Stone in 1975. The current scenarioof Malaysian scholarly periodicals presently published by variousinstitutions and societies seemed to be increasing from around 57in 1975 to 214 in 1997 (Lim 1975; Md Sidin 1997). On the otherhand, Pang (1996) in his article "Malaysian scientific journals -current dilemmas and future prospects'" revealed the existence of40 or so scientific periodicals published by scientific societies, uni-versities and research institutions in the various fields of science.However, Tiew (1999) surveyed the existence of some early En-glish scholarly periodicals in pre-independent Malaysia. His studyfound that the earliest English scholarly periodical is Journal ofthe Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia published by J. R.Logan in 1847. The survey also indicated the non-existence of anLibrary and Information Science Periodical in pre-independentMalaysia. Moreover, so far in Malaysia, the history of periodicalpublishing especially in the field of library and information sciencehas not been studied before, In actual fact, LIS Periodical publish-ing is considered relatively new in this part of the world. Hence,this study is yet another attempt to explore the history of scholarlyperiodicals publishing in Malaysia.

According to Hedwig Anuar and D. E. K. Wijasuriya (1976) thefirst subscription library in Malaysia was founded in the island ofPenang in 1817. However, before the advent of the Western pow-ers, libraries in the form of monastic and temple collections, royallibraries or private libraries have already existed (Lim. 1974).Monastic libraries, royal libraries and private libraries with small

* School Resource Centre Coordinator. Presently teaching history at SMK Hulu Kelang, Ampang, Selangor

collection of sacred books and other documents owned by the ar-istocracy, the clergy or the Sultans who constituted the main liter-ate population of the day existed to house their very owncollection of reading materials. Hence, the history of library andinformation science is rather short in this part of the world, lessthan two thousand years compared to other region in the world.

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The present paper attempts to survey the existence of LISPeriodicals emanating from Malaysia as no such efforts were madein the past. Objectives of present paper are two-fold. Firstly, itattempts to identify and compile a list of LIS Periodicals publishedin Malaysia. Secondly, the paper undertakes to give a brief histori-cal overview of these LIS Periodicals especially through its publi-cation history. For this study, the term periodical is used to refer toa publication with a distinctive title intended to appear in succes-sive numbers or parts, usually at stated or regular intervals, as arule for an indefinite time (Thompson, 1973). Apart from that, onlyscholarly periodicals publishing mostly library and information sci-ence articles are taken into consideration whereas others, espe-cially social science and humanities periodicals which publishedoccasionally one or two LIS articles, are excluded, for exampleIntellectual Discourse published by the International IslamicUniversity. Apart from that, newsletters and library bulletins pub-lishing by various established libraries in Malaysia, which containmostly notes, news, happenings of their libraries, lists of booksacquired, lists of periodicals subscribed, lists of theses acceptedand non-LIS subjects are not covered too. However, certain news-letters or library bulletin, which publishes LIS literature frequently,are included in this study.

MALAYSIAN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCEPERIODICALS: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

By

Tiew Wai Sin*

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini cuba menyenaraikan periodikal-periodikal sains perpustakaan dan maklumat yang terawal diterbitkandi Malaysia. Kajian ini mendapati periodikal sains perpustakaan dan maklumat yang pertama diterbitkan di Ma-laysia ialah Malayan Library Journal yang keluaran sulungnya pada bulan Oktober 1966 oleh PersatuanPerpustakaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dan Persatuan Perpustakaan Singapura. Antara tahun 1966 hinggadewasa ini sebanyak sepuluh periodikal sains perpustakaan dan maklumat telah diterbitkan oleh persatuanperpustakaan, institusi-institusi pengajian sains perpustakaan dan maklumat dan orang perseorangan. Di antaraperiodikal-periodikal tersebut, ada yang penerbitan berterusan, ada yang telah menghentikan penerbitan dan adayang dorman.

Kata Kunci: Sejarah penerbitan periodikal, periodikal sains perpustakaan dan maklumat Malaysia, periodikalsains perpustakaan dan maklumat, Malaysia.



METHODOLOGY

To identify the Malaysian LIS Periodicals, searches were madeof the on line public access catalogue of the National Library ofMalaysia (telnet 161.142.132.123) and University of Malaya Li-brary (telnet 202.185.96.1). In addition, CD-ROMs versions ofLibrary & Information Science Abstracts (Lisa) and Ulrich sOn Disc were consulted to locate locally published LISPeriodicals not available in the holdings of the above libraries. Apartfrom that, the periodicals were examined individually to observethe following characteristics: editorial history, language of publica-tion, changes in title, visibility and inclusion of abstracts or key-words in article. Next, to verify the accuracy of the informationobtained, calls and visits were made to the institutions responsiblefor the publication of the respective periodicals for double check-ing and to ascertain the current status of the Malaysian LIS peri-odicals. Finally, from these exercises, a final list of Malaysian LISperiodicals was obtained.

MALAYSIAN LIS PERIODICALS: A HISTORICALOVERVIEW

To my knowledge, the earliest professional LIS Periodical pub-lished in Malaysia is the Malayan Library Journal, the officialorgan of the Persatuan Perpustakaan Persekutuan TanahMelayu (PPPTM) or Library Association of the Federation ofMalaya and the Library Association of Singapore. The idea topublish such a periodical was first mooted by Abdul Rashid binIsmail, Lecturer and Librarian of the Maktab Perguruan Bahasaduring the first general meeting of the PPPTM on 5th June 1960.He argued for the need of a monthly newsletter to keep membersin touch with one another and to promote interest in the work ofthe PPPTM. However, the President of the PPPTM felt that aprofessional periodical of high quality should be printed instead ofa newsletter and as a result Malayan Journal Library was bornwith Volume 1, Part 1. October 1960. In actual fact, as early as1955, the Library Association of the Federation of Malaya and theLibrary Association of Singapore has been publishing the MalayanLibrary Group Newsletter. The first issue of the newsletter beingVolume 1, Number 1 published in July, 1955 and the last issue.Volume 3, Number 3, May 1959 as a forum for communicationbetween members. Hence, it can be said that Malayan LibraryJournal is in actual fact a continuation of the joint effort of thesetwo library associations to promote themselves.

The periodical contained professional articles on local libraryproblems, bibliographies and book reviews (Harris, 1967). The jointeditors of Volume l, Part 1. October 1960 were A. G. Parker, whowas seconded from the Natural Rubber Producer's ResearchAssociation. England to the Rubber Research Institute of Malayaas Librarian and W. J. Plumbe, Librarian of the University ofMalaya's Library. As of Volume !, Part 3 April 1961, Plume tookover the editorship. However, as of Volume 3, Part 1 October1962, the editors were Thomas M. Brown. Dennis Gunton and V.Nadanasabapathy. Plume, the former editor had left for Zaria,Northern Nigeria to take up his new post as Librarian of the new

Ahmadu Bello University. T. Brown, one of the new joint editorswas the Librarian of the Methodist Boys' School, Kuala Lumpurwho formerly worked as a Librarian at the University of ChicagoHigh School Library whereas Dennis Gunton, the Library Adviserof the British Council was formerly the Regional Librarian of theRegional Library. Kaduna, Northern Nigeria while V.Nadanasabapathy was working as a Librarian at the University ofMalaya's Library. However, the editors for Volume 3, Part 3November 1963 were T. Brown and D. Gunton where as forVolume 3, Part 4, April 1964 T. Brown was the editor. MalayanLibrary Journal ceased publication after April 1964 to give wayto Perpustakaan Malaysia. Perpustakaan Malaysia, to bepublished twice a year, is the official periodical of the PersatuanPerpustakaan Malaysia. Perpustakaan Malaysia was given anew volume number, Volume I, No. 1 issued in June 1965 withPatricia Lim Pui Huen a librarian working in the University ofSingapore was the editor.. However in 1966, the journal waspublished with the name Perpustakaan omitting the word"Malaysia" and again a new volume was started. Hence. VolumeI No. 1 October 1966 was published with Yoke-Lan Wicks aseditor who is a librarian of the National Library of Singapore. Inthe 1968/1969 issue, Volume 3, No. 1/2, Abdul Aziz bin Shaik Mydin,a librarian from University of Malaya's Library, took over aseditor from Yoke-Lan Wicks. The frequent changes in editorshipis the result of the editorship being alternates every two yearsbetween members of the Library Association of Malaysia and theLibrary Association of Singapore. After the 1968/1969 volume, nofurther issue of the periodical was published. Nevertheless, in April1972, the periodical reappeared again with a new name. MajalahPerpustakaan Malaysia, and a new volume number. The editorof Majalah Perpustakaan Malaysia until Volume 11, 1983 isEdward Lim Huck Tee, Chief Librarian of the Universiti SainsMalaysia Library since 1969 who also held the post of President,Persatuan Perpustakaan Malaysia between 1978-1980. Thereare no issues for the years 1984 and 1985. For Volume 12, 1986,Rosna Taib, Deputy Librarian, University of Technology MalaysiaLibrary, was the editor. After that, members of the editorial boardtook over the management of the periodical. From its humblebeginning until 1989, it has the credit of publishing 14 volumes ofits periodical. However, after 1990 the Library Association ofMalaysia did not come out with any issue of its periodical.According to the current President of Library Association ofMalaysia. Rashidah Begum of Universiti Sains Malaysia Library,the association has plans to continue the publication of itsperiodical (Rashidah Begum. 1999). The articles contributed tothis periodical were written in the Malay language and English. Itwas noted that from the very start, the periodical containedadvertisements to offset some of the publication costs. Lisaindexes the periodical until its 1989 volume. The periodical is alsolisted in an international periodical directory, Ulrich s On Disc.

The next Malaysian Library and Information Science Periodical tobe published in Malaysia is Library Industry. This periodical ispublished through the enterprising and bold efforts of an individualby the name of Melville Jayathissa, a qualified librarian withprofessional qualification, A. L. A (Associate of the LibraryAssociation) who received much initial support from his colleagues



in the library profession, namely, Alexander Charles and JohnJ. R. Samuel. The debut issue earned a total of four articles waspublished in August 1971. According to the first editor, publisherand proprietor of this periodical, the aims of the periodical weretwo-fold (Jayathissa. 1971). Firstly, to reinforce and extend theefforts of all that promotes and develops the book industry andsecondly to act as a stimulant to would-be librarians in trainingand the handful of recruits who have recently qualified. However,sad to say,this periodical only managed to bring out a total of fourissues only between 1971 to 1975 and its appearance was ratherirregular. The last issue was Number 4, December 1975 that cameout after an absence of three years for Number 3 was published inNovember 1972. This periodical included advertisements to helpout the high cost of publication In other words, after five years ofexistence, the periodical has now ceased publication totally. Onthe whole, in its five-year of existence, all articles published in thisperiodical were in English contributed by busy librarians and wellwishers. Library Industry is listed in Ulrich's On Disc, aninternational periodical directory.

The third Malaysian Library and Information Science Periodical isBerita Perpustakaan Sekolah, published by the School LibraryUnit, School Division, Ministry of Education, Malaysia. This peri-odical distributed free to Malaysian schools caters more for theMalaysian school libraries personnel for it contained a number ofarticles about the real scenario of the contemporary school librar-ies. Moreover, all the articles contributed were written in the Malaylanguage, hence enabling more Malaysian school librarian teach-ers to understand its articles. Berita Perpustakaan Sekolah, tobe issued 3 times a year-started publishing in May] 974 with Vol-ume I, Number 1. An Editorial Board with Zaimiah Hj Mohd Adam,Deputy Director of School Division as advisor, supervises its pub-lication. The editorial board, which manages the periodical, con-sists of education officers attached to the School Library Unit,School Division of the Malaysian Ministry of Education. Thelatest issue of the periodical is Volume 13, Number 1, December1987 as received by the National Library of Malaysia. The edito-rial board as of December, 1987 composed of Haji Jumaat Dato'Haji Mohd Noor. Director School Division and Goh Keat Seng,Deputy Director I, School Division as advisors. Rita Vias, BaharinMohd Dom, Khalid Abdul Kadir and Jamilah Ibrahim, membersof the editorial board. A search made of the online public accesscatalogue of the National Library of Malaysia indicated that afterDecember 1987, no more current issue was received. It ceasedpublication because the unit responsible for its publication, the SchoolLibrary Unit has been transferred to the Educational Media Ser-vices Division, Ministry of Education as of 1st January 1988. LikeMalayan Library Journal and Berita Perpustakaan Sekolah,the periodical also contained advertisements. On the whole, nei-ther Lisa nor Ulrich 's On Disc covers the periodical.

The fourth earliest Malaysian Library and Information SciencePeriodical is Sekitar, Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia,which was first issued in the month of May 1977 with AmanahAhmad. Head, Training Division, National Library of Malaysia andPrimalani Mutucumaru Kukanesan, Library Officer, CataloguingDivision, National Library of Malaysia as joint editors. However,as of No. 9, April 1979, the editors were Abdullah Kadir Bacha

and Zahra Yaacob whereas No. !2January 1981, the compilerswere Norpishah Md. Noor and Zamrudduh Zainal Abidin. Thisbulletin serves as a vehicle for the dissemination of information onmatters concerning the National Library as well as developmentsat the international level of interest to the country. It started as anewsletter catering for the dissemination of information to members who are staff of the library. From issue Number I, May 1977to Number 12, January 1981, the publication was rather irregularat times one issue per year, bi-monthly, or five issues per year.However, presently it is published twice a year. Beginning fromJune 1981, the periodical was renamed Sekitar Perpustakaan,Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia and was given a newnumber, Number 1, June. 1981. From 1981 onwards, the NationalLibrary of Malaysia continued coming out with its periodical andthe most current issue is Number 29, 1999. The new chief editorof the periodical as of June 1981 is Mariam Abdul Kadir, AssistantDirector, Library Services National Library of Malaysia who isassisted by editors, Halijah Othman and Siti Mariani Sheikh Omar,both librarians of he National Library of Malaysia. After June 1981,numerous editors and compilers with the help of some assistantsedited the bulletin, among them Asma Ahmat, Norlela NorMohamad, Rodziah Hashim, Khaziah Ibrahim and Rosnah Md.Salleh (from No. 2, June 1982), Zawiyah Baba. Rosnah Md. Salleh,Dahlia Zainal and Khaziah Ibrahim (from No. 8, December 1985),Dr. Haji Ahmad Bakeri Abu Bakar (from No. 14, 1989) andNorpishah Mohd. Noor(from No. 16,1991). As of Number 18,1994, a chief editor and editor was appointed to manage theperiodical which has grown in number of pages Amanah Ahmad,Acting Director, Support Service National Library of Malaysia wasgiven the task to become the first chief editor (1994-1997) whileAsma Ahmat was the editor of Number 18,1994. For Number 19till Number 20, the editor was Shellatay Devadason, Number 21 toNumber 22,1996, the editor was Primalani Kukanesan, Number

23 the editor cum coordinator was Siti Aishah Sheikh Kadir, whileNumber 24 and Number 25 Carole Ann Goon was the editor. Asof Number 26 and Number" 27, 1998 Zawiyah Baba took over thepost of chief editor, assisted by editor, Norkhayati Hashim. On theother hand, the editor for Number 28 was Ara Talib. However forNumber 29,1999 and Number 30,2000 Zawiyah Baba remains aschief editor, while the editor for Number 29, 1999 is Nafisah Ahmadwhereas the editor for Number 30,2000 is Saonah Shairi. As ofNumber 31,2000, the chief editor is Norpishah Mohd Noor whileSaonah Shairi remains the editor. The forthcoming issue is Number 32 to be published in year 2001. The periodical publishesarticles written in both English and the Malay language. Theperiodical is listed in an international periodical directory, Ulrich'sOn Disc.

The next Malaysian Library and Information Science Periodical isKekal Abadi, Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya, abrainchild of former chief librarian of the University of MalayaLibrary, Mrs. Khoo Siew Mun (Shaikhs Zakaria, 1993). This freequarterly bulletin is published by the University of Malaya'sLibrary and managed by an Editorial Board comprising oflibrarians attached to the University of Malaya's Library. Theappointment as members of the Editorial Board is rotated eachyear among the university librarians and decided by the LibraryManagement comprising the various Head of Divisions of the



University of Malaya's Library. The first issue of Kekal Abadi,Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya Volume 1, Number 1was published in March 1982. However, Volume 18, 1999 waspublished in mid-2000, a delay of about three years. However, it isnoted that for the 1998-1999 volumes, only one single issue is pub-lished compared to four previously and whether this is going to bethe future publication frequency is yet unknown. The next forthcoming issue will be Volume 19, Number 2, 2000. Like SekitarPerpustakaan, Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, theperiodical accepts articles written either in the Malay language orEnglish. On the whole, the periodical is regularly indexed by Lisawith an average of eight articles per year abstracted (Sen, 1996).

The sixth Malaysian Library and Information Science Periodical isTinta, a yearly publication produced by the third year students ofthe School of Library and Information Science. MARA Instituteof Technology as partial fulfillment of Course JRN 208 (Publica-tion Production). The periodical publishes articles on all aspects oflibrary and information science together with its development.

The first issue of Tinta is Volume 1, Number 1, 1984 with AbdulWahab Hamzah as Chief Editor. The chief editor is assisted by aneditorial board comprising advisers (lecturer of the School ofLibrary and Information Science, Mara Institute of Technology)and fellow students of Course JRN 208 who played the roles ofsub-editors, business manager, graphic designer, marketing,advertisements and photography. The chief editor's changespractically every issue due to the next incoming batch and newintake of students taking Course JRN 208. Since 1984, students ofCourse JRN 208 have been publishing Tinta annually without faileven though the history of publication frequency is rather irregularat times. However, as of May 1989, the periodical was not givenany volume number but. instead a continuous number was used,namely No. 6 for May 1989. On the other hand, it was noted thatfor certain issues, the lecturers of the library school have takenover the publication due to certain unforeseen circumstances, forexample Number 8, May 1991 and Number 12, December 1995.Articles contributed to this student's periodical were originally writtenin the Malay language but as of Vol. l,No. 5 May 1988. Englisharticles were published too. The latest issue of Tinta is Number16,16, April 1999 under the chief editorship of Mohd. HiezamHashim. The forthcoming issue will be Number 17, which mostprobably will be published in year 2001. To relieve the highpublication costs, advertisements were included in the periodical.Like Berita Perpustakaan Sekolah, the periodical is not coveredby Lisa nor Ulrich s On Disc.

The next Malaysian Library and Information Science Periodical isJernal Maklumat, the official periodical published annually by theSchool of Library and Information Science, MARA Institute ofTechnology. The maiden issue Volume 1. 1986 was published inJanuary 1986. However, as of Volume 2, 1987, the periodical as-sumed the name Jurnal Maklumat, The editorial board for theyear 1987 comprised Dr. Szarina Abdullah, Head of the School ofLibrary and Information Science. MARA Institute of Technologyas the chairperson, Wong Tuck Cheong, a senior lecturer of thesame school as editor and Dr. Katni Kamsono Kibat, Zohra Ibrahimand Salmah Salleh as members. Since Volume 2, 1987 there is no

further publication of the periodical. The School of Library andInformation Science, MARA Institute of Technology publishes thisrather short-lived periodical which contained contributions writtenin English and the Malay language. This periodical is not coveredby either Lisa or Ulrich s On Disc.

In 1988, the library of Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka issued its veryown bulletin, Mutiara Pustaka : Buletin Perpustakaan DBP.The bulletin to be published once every 3 months is managed by aneditorial board with Chief Librarian, Rohani Rustam as its advisor.The editors of the first issue, Volume 1, Number 1 September 1988are Abdul Wahab Hamzah and Aizan Mohd. Ali, both librarians ofthe Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka Library. Co incidentally, it is to benoted that Abdul Wahab Hamzah was the first editor of Tinta, ayearly publication produced by the third year students of the Schoolof Library and Information Science. MARA Institute ofTechnology as partial fulfillment of Course JRN 208 (PublicationProduction). The library continued bulletin appeared. Only inNovember 1995, the bulletin resumed publication with Volume 5,Number 1, which was published annually by the PusatDokumentasi Melayu,Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka. The mostcurrent issue of the bulletin is Volume 9, August 1999, which wasedited by Raja Masittah Raja Ariffin, Fatimah Zahrin Mohd. Taiband Ritah Yahaya. The forth coming issue is Volume 10,2000. Onthe whole, articles contributed to this bulletin are written in theMalay language. Neither Lisa nor Ulrich s on Disc covers thebulletin.

The ninth Malaysian LIS Periodical is Perutusan RATU DarulEhsan, a newsletter published by the Selangor Public LibraryCorporation in 1989. This periodical to be published twice a year isdistributed free to libraries within the state of Selangor. The firstissue is Volume 1, Number 1. June 1989. The periodical ispublished with chief editor, Mohd. Jamali Salamon who is assistedby an appointed editorial staff consisting of library personnelattached to the Selangor Public Library Corporation in Shah Alam.The advisor of the periodical is Shahaneem Hanoum, Director ofthe Selangor Public Library Corporation. However, as of Volume5. Number 1 & 2 June-November 1991, the periodical waspublished only once a year. The last issue of the periodical isVolume 7, Number 1 & 2 June-December 1993. After that nomore current issue of the periodical was published. Articlescontributed to this periodical were written mostly in Malay but inthe last issue there was one article in English. Perutusan RATUDarul Ehsan is listed in Ulrich s On Disc.

A very recent appearance on the scene of Malaysian Library andInformation Science is the Malaysian Journal of Library andInformation Science published semi-annually in July andDecember by the Masters of Library and Information ScienceProgram, Faculty of Computer Science and InformationTechnology, University of Malaya. This periodical startedpublishing in July 1996 with Volume I, Number I with Prof. MashkuriHaji Yaacob, Dean of the Faculty of Computer Science andInformation Technology as Editor-in-Chief. The Editor-in-Chief isassisted by an editorial board comprising lecturers of the Mastersof Library and Information Science Program of the Faculty ofComputer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya



and other library professionals attached to University of Malaya'sLibrary, Mara Institute of Technology International IslamicUniversity and the National Library of Malaysia. As of Volume 1,Number 2, December 1996, Prof. B. K.. Sen and Zainab AwangNgah, both lecturers of the Masters of Library and InformationScience Program, Faculty of Computer Science and InformationTechnology, Universiti Malaya were given the free hand andresponsibility as Executive Editors to oversee the publication ofthe journal. Apart from that, a group of twelve reviewers has agreedto referee- the many articles to be published in the journal. Thesereviewers coming from both developed and developing countries,namely United States of America, United Kingdom, Finland, Japan,Taiwan, Africa, and Indonesia. However, as of Volume 4,Number 2, December 1999 Assoc. Prof. Zainab Awang Ngahremained the sole Executive Editor for Prof. Sen's has left thecountry after finishing his teaching contract As of Volume 5, Number1, 2000 Miss Nor Edzan Nasir joins her as Executive Editor. Theperiodical invites contributors interested in publishing originalarticles on all aspects of library and information science. It alsoaims to provide a forum for communication among library andinformation professionals, to introduce new concepts, systems andtechnology. The most current issue of the periodical is Volume 5.Number 2, December 2000. So far. all articles published in theperiodical were written in English. As of Vol. 1, No. 2. December1996, advertisements were included in the periodical. Presently,Library & Information Science Abstracts (Lisa), LibraryLiterature and Journal of Academic Librarianship are indexingthe periodical.

DISCUSSIONS

In all. between 1960 until now, there were ten periodicals devotedto the discipline of library and information science in Malaysia.All these Malaysian LIS Periodicals are available in the NationalLibrary of Malaysia and University of Malaya Library (only JernalMaklumat and Perutusan RATU Darul Ehsan are not available).However, a check on the OPAC of these libraries indicates noholdings for certain periodicals whereas in actual fact copies ofthe periodicals are available. This inconsistency could be due totechnical errors or human errors.

For example, in the OPAC of the University of Malaya Library,Library Industry and Berita Perpustakaan Sekolah were indicates as non-holdings but a check at the open shelves at Z671 LIand Z718 BPS indicates their availability. Similarly, Volume 2,1987of Jurnal Maklumat is also available under 020.7195 JM MS inthe Malaysiana Serial Collection, National Library of Malaysia butthe OPAC indicated the library has no holdings of the periodical.Nevertheless, it is to be noted that even though the titles of theabove periodicals were available in the holdings of these libraries,the holdings of these periodicals are not complete or could not befound in the open shelves.

Regarding the changes in title of Malaysian LIS Periodicals, of theten periodicals, four periodicals were published with different titlesin the course of their publishing history, namely MajalahPerpustakaan Malaysia, Jurnal Maklumat, Sekitar

Perpustakaan. Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia andMutiara Pustaka. Majalah Perpustakaan Malaysia published

in 1972 supersedes Malayan Library Journal (1960-1964),Perpustakaan Malaysia (1965) and Perpustakaan (1966-1969).On the other hand, Jurnal Maklumat (1987) supersedes Jurnal.Maklumat (1986) while Sekitar Perpustakaan, BuletinPerpustakaan Negara Malaysia (June 1981) was originallyentitled Sekitar, Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia (1977-January 1981). Mutiara Pustaka (from 1991) was formally knownas Mutiara Pustaka : Buletin Perpustakaan DBP (1988-1990).

Table 3 indicates the publishing frequency of Malaysian LISPeriodicals. The publishing frequency of Malaysian LISPeriodical varies according to certain development during theirpublishing history. Hence, the publication frequency is determinedby studying the overall publishing history of the individualperiodical and not by looking at the publishing frequency indicatedin the cover page of the periodical. Seven titles were publishedrather irregularly, and one each published quarterly, three times ayear, and semi-annually. However, sad to say, the publicationschedule of these periodicals was rather erratic due to variousfactors. Some probable reasons may be due to editorial problems,production problems, legal problems and financial and distributionproblems (Lim, 1975).

Table 4 indicates the first issue, last issue and current status of theMalaysian LIS periodicals. It is noticeable that while some are stillsurviving and continuing to come out with their current issue,others are either dormant or ceased publication. It seems thatpresently 50% of the library periodicals surveyed are notperforming their duties and lagging far behind their publicationschedule. Some probably reasons contributing to the current statecould be the high cost of publication, lack of contributions orshortage of editorial staff. Hence, it is hoped library professionalswill contribute more to maintain and sustain the survival of thepresent library periodicals in Malaysia.

Table 5 depicts the publishing institutions responsible for the areissued by library schools, and one each by the Library Associationof Malaysia, the School Library Unit, School Division, Ministry ofEducation, the National Library, Selangor Public LibraryCorporation, University of Malaya Library, Dewan Bahasa andPustaka Library and an individual. It is not surprising that schoolsof library and information science are coming out with their ownperiodicals as these very schools have the expertise and personneltoo. Moreover, by having their very own periodical serves as amedium of communication between themselves and outsiders andalso to generate and disseminate library and information scienceresearch and publication.

As for the language of publication, five of the Malaysian LISPeriodicals were published with texts in Malay and English whilethree have texts in English and two others in the Malay language.Hence, it can be seen that there exists local LIS literature written



in the Malay language. This is not surprising, considering the factthat the Malay language has been the medium of instruction up tothe university level since 1983. Moreover with articles expressedin Malay would enable its audience and the library workforce tounderstand it better.

Table 6 depicts the interesting aspect of Malaysian LISPeriodicals as to the inclusion of abstracts or keywords as part oftheir article. Of the ten periodicals, only six provide abstracts orkeywords as part of their articles. The rest do not provideabstracts or keywords in their articles at all. It was noticed thattwo Malaysian LIS Periodicals, Kekal Abadi : BeritaPerpustakaan Universiti Malaya and Jurnal Maklumatprovide both abstracts in English and Malay as part of their article.This is certainly a good characteristic of a LIS Periodical becausewith English abstracts provided enable foreign indexing andabstracting services to cover them better and faster. The rest ofthe Malaysian LIS Periodicals either provide English abstracts forEnglish articles or Malay abstracts for Malay articles. However,some of the periodials provide English abstracts for Malay articlesand vice versa. Nevertheless, this only covers articles published inthe later titles of Malaysian LIS Periodicals.

In terms of visibility, out of the ten Malaysian LIS Periodicals onlyfour were being indexed and abstracted by Lisa while the otherswere not covered. Malaysian LIS Periodicals covered by Lisaare Malaysian Journal Library and Information Science, KekalAbadi, Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya, and MajalahPerpustakaan Malaysia. Kekal Abadi, Berita PerpustakaanUniversiti Malaya was covered from 1987-1997 while MajalahPerpustakaan Malaysia for its 1982, 1988 and 1989 volume only.Lisa, on the Kekal Abadi, Berita Perpustakaan UniversitiMalaya, and Majalah Perpustakaan Malaysia. Kekal Abadi,Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya was covered from 1987-1997 while Majalah Perpustakaan. Malaysia for its 1982, 1988and 1989 volume only. Lisa, on the other hand covers MalaysianJournal Library! and information Science, from its inception in1996. It also has the distinction being the only Malaysian LISPeriodical to be covered by three international indexing andabstracting agencies, namely Lisa, Library Literature andJournal of Academic Librarianship. Nevertheless, only four LISPeriodicals were listed in Ulrich's On Disc namely MajalahPerpustakaan Malaysia, Library Industry. SekitarPerpustakaan. Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia andPerutusan RATU Darul Ehsan. Hence, only MajalahPerpustakaan Malaysia is covered by both Lisa and Ulrich'sOn Disc. However, it is rather surprising that Tinta, JernalMaklumat, and Mutiara Pustaka: Buletin Perpustakaan DBPare neither covered by LISA nor Ulrich s On Disc. Hence,publishers of Malaysian LIS Periodicals should make theirperiodicals more visible by identifying major local and internationalindexing and abstracting services to cover their respectiveperiodicals.

CONCLUSION

The publication of Library and Information Science Periodical InMalaysia is not too attractive a venture, as it does not bring inmuch economic return. The majority of the titles are produced bylibrary schools and libraries institutions. The study found that outof the ten local LIS Periodicals only Malaysian Journal Libraryand Information Science has been up to date with its publicationschedule. The others are still not catching up on the arrears ofpublication of their periodicals and do not meet the plannedpublishing schedule. In actual fact, three have already ceasedpublication for a number of years while two are trying to revivetheir publication. Hence, it is can be seen that Malaysian LISPeriodicals have a rather high mortality rate comparable toAfrican LIS Periodicals (Alemna, 1996). Moreover, an interestingaspect noticed is that out of the ten periodicals, fours aredistributed free to interested parties something not found in otherperiodicals in other countries.

Library and Information Science Periodicals, which contained awealth of information, are important channels for communicatinginformation to others, especially those working in the informationworld. Moreover, according to Sen (1996), these periodicals are butmirrors, which reflect the activities of the profession and theprofessional bodies, themselves. Apart from that, thoseresponsible for the management of the periodicals should identifylocal and international indexing and abstracting services to coverits publication. Not forgetting, periodicals currently covered byvarious indexing and abstracting agencies should be clearly notedin its publication to make this fact known its visibility. Finally, creditsand words of thanks should be showered to the publishers, editorsand contributors of Malaysian LIS Periodicals who have playedtheir roles in making sure that these LIS Periodicals are alive andnot sink into oblivion.



REFERENCES '

1. Alemna, Anaba A. (1996). The Periodical Literature of Library and Information in Africa : 1990-] 995, International Information & Library Review, Vol. 28 : 94.

-2. From the Editor, (1971). Library Industry, No. 1, August : 1.

3. Harris, L. J. (comp.) (1967). Guide to Current Malaysian Serials. Kuala Lumpur : University of Malaya Library.

4. Hedwig Anuar & Wijasuriya, D. E. K. (1976). Libraries in Malaysia. In Encyclopedia ofLibrary and Information Science. Vol. 17. New York : Marcel Dekker Inc., 56-67.

5. Lim, Huck Tee, Edward. (1974). Libraries in Malaysia before the Coming of the West, Library History Review, Vol 1 No 1: 1-8.

6. (1975). "Problems of Publishing Scholarly Journals in Malaysia". In Scholarly Publishing in South-East Asia, edited by

Beda Lim. Kuala Lumpur : Association of South-East Asian Institutions of Higher Learning : 57-69.

7. Lisa. (1998). [CD-ROM version] New York: Bowker-Saur Ltd.

8. Malaysia. National Library. (1991). Malaysian Periodicals Index 1991 = Indeks Majalah Malaysia 1991. Kuala Lumpur: National Library.

9. Md. Sidin Ahmad Ishak (1997). "Penerbitan Jurnal Ilmiah Malaysia." In Presiding MAPIM 1 edited by Md. Sidin AhmadIshak . Kuala Lumpur : University of Malaya Press, 1-26.

10. Pang, Tikki (1996). Malaysian Scientific Journals - Current Dilemmas and Future Prospects, Malaysian Technology Bulletin,

Apr-June: 37-41.

11. Persatuan Perpustakaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. (1960). Malayan Library Journal,Vol 1 Pt 1 : 24.

12, Plumbe, W. J.. (1964). Presidential Address. Malayan Library Journal, Vol 4 Pt 1 : 149.

13:. Rashidah, Begum. (1999). History of Majalah Perpustakaan Malaysia (e-mail). 2nd December 1999.

14. Sen, B. K. (1996). "Contribution of Asian LIS Journals towards the Development of LIS

Profession in Asia during the Past Decade as Viewed through the Bibliometric lens." In Libraries in National Develop-ment. Paper presented at the Tenth Congress of Southeast Asian Librarians, Kuala Lumpur, 21-5 May, 1996, Vol 1. KualaLumpur: CONSAL X, 195-220,

15. Shaikha, Zakaria. (1993). "Foreword". Kekal Abadi Indeks Kumulatif Cumulative Index 1982-1991. Kuala Lumpur :Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya.

16. Stone, Benjamin. (1975). "Scholarly Serial Publications of Academic Institutions and Societies in Malaysia To-day: aReview and Commentary." In Scholarly Publishing in South-East Asia, edited by Beda Lim. Kuala Lumpur : Associationof South-East Asian Institutions of Higher Learning : 36-42. . . , .

17. Thompson, Elizabeth H. (1973). A L.A. Glossary of Library Terms. Chicago : American Library Association., 99.

18. Tiew, W. S. (1999). Some Scholarly English Periodicals in Pre-independent Malaysia.Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 4 No. I : 27-40.

19. Ulrich s On Disc. (1997). New York: Bowker-Saur Ltd.



Table 1 : LIST OF MALAYSIAN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PERIODICALS

Rank Periodical Title Year Issued

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Malayan Library Journal

Library Industry

Berita Perpustakaan Sekolah

Sekitar, Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia,

Kekal Abadi, Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya

Tinta

Jernal Maklumat

Mutiara Pustaka ; Buletin Perpustakaan DBP

Perutusan RATU Darul Ehsan

Malaysian Journal Library and Information Science

1960

1971

1974

1977

1982

1984

1986

1988

1989

1996

Periodical Title

Malayan Library JournalLibrary IndustryBerita Perpustakaan SekolahSekitar, Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.Kekal Abadi, Berita Perpustakaan Universiti MalayaTintaJernal MaklumatMutiara Pustaka ; Buletin Perpustakaan DBPPerutusan RATU Darul EhsanMalaysian Journal Library and Information Science

University ofMalaya Library

University ofMalaya Library

//////

/

/

//////////

Periodical Title


Library Industry


Sekitar, Buletin Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

Kekal Abadi, Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya

Tinta

Jernal Maklumat




Frequency

Irregular

Irregular

3 times a year

Irregular

Quarterly

Irregular

Irregular

Irregular

Irregular

Semi-annual

Table 2 : HOLDINGS OF MALAYSIAN LIS PERIODICAL TITLES

Table 3 : PUBLICATION FREQUENCY OF MALAYSIAN LIS PERIODICALS



Table 4 : MALAYSIAN LIS PERIODICALS: FIRST ISSUE, LAST ISSUE AND CURRENT STATUS

Table 5 : PUBLISHING INSTITUTIONS OF MALAYSIAN

Periodical Title


Library Industry


Buletin Sekitar Perpustakaan

Kekal Abadi, Berita PerpustakaanUniversiti Malaya

Tinta

Jernal Maklumat

Mutiara Pustaka;Buletin Perpustakaan DBP


Malaysian Journal LIS

First Issue

Vol. l. Pt I, Oct. 1960

No. l. Aug. 1971

Vol. I, No. l.May 1974

No. I, May 1977

Vol. l, no. l. Mar. 1982

Vol. l. No. 1. 1984

Vol. I, 1986

Vol I, No. l.Sept. 1988

Vol. l.No. l./June 1989

Vol. 1, No. I, July 1996

Last Issue

Vol. 13, 1989

No. 4, Dec. 1975

Vol. 13, No.l, Dec. 1987

No. 31,2000

Vol. 19. No. 1 2000

Vol 16. Apr. 1999

Vol.2.1987

Vol. 9, Aug. 1999

Vol. 1, No. 1 & 2,June-Dec. 1993

Vol. 5, No. 2,Dec. 2000

Current Issue

Dormant

Ceased

Ceased

No.32, 2001

Vol. 19, No. 2 2000

Vol. 17,2000

Ceased

Vol. 10. June 2000

Ceased

Vol.6, No. 1, Jul.2000

Publishing Institutions

Library Association of the Federation of Malaya

Melville Jayathissa

School Library Unit

National Library of Malaysia

University of Malaya Library

Third year students of Course JRN 208,School of Library and Information Science,MARA Institute of Technology

School of Library and Information Science, MARA Institute of Technology

Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka Library

Selangor Public Library Corporation

MLIS Program, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology.University of Malaya

Periodical Title


Library Industry



Kekal Abadi,Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya

Tinta

Jurnal Maklumat

Mutiara Pustaka: Buletin Perpustakaan DBP


Malaysian Journal Library and InformationScience



Table 6 : ABSTRACTS AND KEYWORDS IN ARTICLES

Periodical Title

Majalah Perpustakaan Malaysia

Library Industry



Kekal Abadi. Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya

Tinta

Jurnal Maklumat




Abstracts Keywords



Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia232, Jalan Tun Razak,

50572 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Tel: 2687 1700 Faks: 2694 2490Laman Web: http://www.pnm.my

e-mail: [email protected]

PNM

ISSN 0127-1172



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