Banten Sultanate 1

Banten Sultanate

Sultanate of BantenKasultanan Banten

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1527–1813 →

Flag

Rough extent of Banten at the death of Hasanudin, controlling both sides of Sunda Strait

Capital Banten (city)

Languages Sundanese, Javanese, Lampung

Religion Islam

Government Sultanate

Sultan

- 1552–1570 ¹ Hasanudin

- 1651–1683 Ageng Tirtayasa

History

- invasion of kingdom of Sunda 1527

- annexation by Dutch East Indies 1813

¹ (1527–1552 as a province under Sultanate of Cirebon)

Banten Sultanate 2

Part of a series on the

History of Indonesia

Prehistory

Early kingdoms

Kutai 300s

Tarumanagara 358–669

Kalingga 500s–600s

Srivijaya 600s–1200s

Sailendra 800s–900s

Sunda 669–1579

Medang 752–1006

Kahuripan 1006–1045

Kediri 1045–1221

Singhasari 1222–1292

Majapahit 1293–1500

Rise of Muslim states

Spread of Islam 1200–1600

Ternate Sultanate 1257–present

Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521

Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511

Cirebon Sultanate 1445–1677

Demak Sultanate 1475–1548

Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903

Pagaruyung Kingdom 1500–1825

Banten Sultanate 1526–1813

Mataram Sultanate 1500s–1700s

European colonisation

Portuguese 1512–1850

Dutch East India Company 1602–1800

Netherlands East Indies 1800–19421945–1950

Emergence of Indonesia

Banten Sultanate 3

National Awakening 1908–1942

Japanese occupation 1942–1945

National Revolution 1945–1950

Independence

Liberal democracy 1950–1957

Guided Democracy 1957–1965

Transition 1965–1966

New Order 1966–1998

Reformasi 1998–present

Timeline

Indonesia portal

•• v•• t• e [1]

The Banten Sultanate was founded in the 16th century and centered in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast ofJava; the contemporary English spelling of both was Bantam. It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati,who had previously founded Cirebon.Once a great trading center in Southeast Asia, especially of pepper, its importance was overshadowed by Batavia,and finally annexed to Dutch East Indies in 1813. Its core territory now forms the Indonesian province of Banten.Today, in Old Banten, the Grand Mosque of Banten is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims fromacross Indonesia and from overseas.[2]

FormationBefore 1526 CE, a settlement called Banten was situated not on the coast, but about ten kilometers inland on theCibanten River, in the area which is today occupied by the southern suburbs of the town of Serang. It was known asBanten Girang, meaning “Banten-up-the-river" owing to its location.Sunan Gunungjati (Sharif Hidayatullah) was an "ulama", an educated class of Muslim legal scholars. He wasoriginally educated in Middle East, and can trace his ancestry to the kingdom of Sunda. Sharif Hidayatullah becomethe Sultan of Cirebon in 1479. In 1482 Sharif Hidayatullah sent a letter to King of Sunda, proclaiming Cirebonindependence from Sunda Pajajaran. Previously Cirebon settlement was founded in 1445 by his uncle PrinceCakrabuana. In the early 16th century, Gunungjati arrived in the town with the intention of spreading the word ofIslam in this still-Hindu area.According to Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, Tomé Pires, a Portuguese explorer report that the port of Bantenwas still belongs to the Kingdom of Sunda, while Cirebon has been established as an Islamic state.

First the king of Çumda (Sunda) with his great city of Dayo, the town and lands and port of Bantam (Banten), the port of Pomdam (Pontang), the port of Cheguide (Cigede), the port of Tamgaram (Tangerang), the port of Calapa (Kelapa), and the port of Chemano (Chi Manuk or Cimanuk), this is Sunda, because the river of Chi Manuk is the limit of both kingdoms. Now comes Java and we must speak of the kings within the hinterland. The land of Cheroboam (Cherimon), the land of Japura, the land of Locarj (Losari), the land of Tateguall (Tegal), the land of Camaram (Semarang), the land of

Banten Sultanate 4

Demaa (Demak)...Although at first well received by Sunda authorities, after news of the Portuguese-Sunda alliance in 1522 becameknown, Gunungjati nevertheless asked Demak sultanate to send troops to Banten. It was likely his son, Hasanudin,who commanded this military operation in 1527, just as the Portuguese fleet was arriving of the coast at SundaKelapa, to capture these towns.Sunan Gunungjati had Hasanudin named king of Banten by the Sultan of Demak who, in turn, offered Hasanudin hissister’s hand in marriage. Thus a new dynasty was born at the same time as a new kingdom was created. Banten wasthe capital of this kingdom, held as a province under Sultanate of Cirebon.

Growth

De Stad Bantam, engraving by François Valentijn, Amsterdam,1726[3]

From the beginning it was obviously Hasanuddin’sintention to revive the fortunes of the ancient kingdomof Sunda for his own benefit. One of his earliestdecision was to travel to southern Sumatra, which hadtraditionally belonged to the kingdom of Sunda, andfrom which the bulk of the pepper sold in theSundanese region came. He was keen to assure himselfof the loyalty of these wealthy areas as soon as possibleand to guarantee supplies of pepper for his ports, sinceit was on this spice that all international trade wasbased and, hence, in which the wealth of his kingdomlay.

Having established control over the ports and thepepper trade, Hasanuddin decided to build a newcapital, to symbolize the new era which was beginning.

On the advice of his father, Sunan Gunungjati, he choose to construct it on the coast at the mouth of the CibantenRiver. That a settlement already existed at this place is evidence by its harbour activities, but at this time the seat ofpolitical power was in Banten Girang. The royal city was founded on the delta, formed by the two arms of the river.Two main streets running north-south and east-west divided the city into quarters. The royal palace surrounded byresidences of the principal minister of state, was built on the south side of the royal square and the great mosque onthe west side. Foreigners, for the most part merchants, had to live outside the royal city, that is on either side of thedelta.

After some twenty years the new dynasty was so firmly established that Hasanuddin had no hesitation in leaving thekingdom in 1546 to take part in a military expedition against Pasuruan in eastern Java, at the request of SultanTrenggana, third sultan of Demak. The Sultan lost his life in this venture, and it is likely that Hasanuddin tookadvantage of his suzerain’s death and the troubles which ensued to free his kingdom from any further obligations tothis royal house.From 1550s onwards the kingdom enjoyed a period of great prosperity. According to tradition, the development ofthis kingdom was managed by Hasanuddin’s son, Maulana Yusuf, who had become co-sovereign with his father,following a custom long practiced in the archipelago.

Banten Sultanate 5

Colonial era sketch of Grand Mosque of Banten

.Also during this period, Hasanuddin decided to launchthe final blow to what remained of the kingdom ofSunda. Maulana Yusuf led the attack on DayeuhPakuan, its capital city located in modern Bogor. Afterlosing its most important port Sunda Kelapa, thekingdom, already deprived of its trading revenues, wasof symbolic importance only. The kingdom put up littleresistance and henceforth Banten ruled over the entireterritory of the former kingdom of Sunda, whichcorresponds to most of current Indonesian province ofWest Java.

The sacred stone (watu gigilang) that was serving asthe sovereign’s throne of Sunda kingdom was taken away and put at the street intersection in the royal square ofBanten, thus marking the end of the Sundanese dynasty. Henceforth this stone was to serve as the Banten sovereign’sthrone.

When Hasanuddin died in 1570, the royal kingdom of Banten comprised all of Sunda, with the exception of Cirebon,and all of southern Sumatra, as far as Tulangbawang (modern-day Lampung) in the northeast and Bengkulu in thenorthwest. Trade was expanding to become one of the largest in Southeast Asia.Traders coming from China, India, Turkey, England, Portugal and the Netherlands were frequent visitors to theBanten harbor. Spices, silk, Chinese ceramics, gold, jewelry and other Asian goods attracted European merchants.Banten was a pioneer in international trade. Banten was also known as an educational center for Islamic studies.Among Islamic scholars in Banten was Sheikh Yusuf. He was a scholar from Makassar who worked under SultanAgeng Tirtayasa.During his reign Banten and Mataram Sultanate involved in rivalry to dominate the region, while Cirebon stuck inthe middle. Although Cirebon never been attacked by Mataram, since 1619 Cirebon has been practically held underMataram influences and behaves as vassal. In 1650 Mataram asked Cirebon to urge Banten to subscribe underMataram domination. Banten refuse the threat, and in response Mataram ordered Cirebon to attack Banten. In 1650Cirebon sent 60 ships to attack Banten port in Tanahara. However this naval campaign ended in disastrous defeat ofCirebon. This war is known as Pagarage war or Pacirebonan war that took place in 1650.The greatest period in Banten is arguably under Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. In 1661 he extended Banten's rule toLandak in western Borneo. On the other hand, Cirebon relations with Mataram were also strained. The tensionculminated with the execution of Cirebon king Panembahan Girilaya in Plered, while the Cirebon Princes were takenas the hostage in Mataram. Prince Wangsakerta of Cirebon went to Banten to seek Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa help inorder to free his brothers. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa is the son of Prince Abu Maali that died in Pagarage war. Tirtayasaagreed to assist Cirebon and saw it as an opportunity to raised Banten's influence upon Cirebon. Using theopportunity of Trunojoyo rebellion against Mataram, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa secretly supported the revolt andmanaged to weaken Mataram and safe the two Cirebon princes.However, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa saw an opportunity to impose Banten's influence upon Cirebon. He coronated both princes he saved as the sultans, Prince Mertawijaya as Sultan Kasepuhan while Prince Kertawijaya as Sultan Kanoman. By doing so the Sultan of Banten disintegrated and weakened the Sultanate of Cirebon into several petty states. On the other hand, Prince Wangsakerta that had fought for 10 years was only given a small title and estate. The cunning divide strategy was meant to weaken Cirebon and to prevent Cirebon to be Mataram ally and become a menace to Banten in the future as it had done in Pagarage war. In the 1670s he practically acquired Cirebon area as vassal following a civil war in Mataram. Ageng established trade with the Spanish Manila for silver and built canals

Banten Sultanate 6

for coconut palm and sugar plantations, among other developments.

Western contacts

Banten Residency after annexation to Dutch East Indies, withneighbouring Batavia (now Jakarta) and Buitenzorg (now Bogor).

On June 27, 1596 Dutch trade ships led by Cornelis deHoutman, the first ever Dutch fleet to arrive in EastIndies, landed in Banten. On its return to theNetherlands, the voyage (1595–97) generated a modestprofit. The Portuguese and Dutch fought for control ofBanten in the 17th century. In 1600 the Dutch set upthe Dutch East Indies Company.

Other Europeans were soon to follow. The English,who started to sail to the East Indies from around 1600,established a permanent trading post in Banten in 1602under James Lancaster. In 1603, the first permanentDutch trading post in Indonesia was established inBanten.[4]

Danish merchants also arrived from Tranquebar, insearch of pepper. The trade relation is evident in two letters written by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa to Frederick III ofDenmark.

Attesting to Bantem's renown in Europe is Henry Fielding's play "The Author's Farce" at whose conclusion theprotagonist's problems are neatly solved when he is suddenly informed that he is "The Prince of Bantam", and that asthe old "King of Bantam" has died he is to inherit the throne. Fielding and his London audience clearly conceived of"Bantam" as a prosperous country of which it was a great fortune to become the monarch.

Decline

The ruins of Kaibon palace, the former residence of Banten Sultan'squeen mother.

After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in1619, the Dutch East India CompanyGovernor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen took the portof Jayakarta from Banten. He founded Batavia (nowJakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, whichbecame the center of VOC operation and a serious rivalfor Banten, later contributing to its decline. During themiddle of 17th century several conflicts betweenBanten and the Dutch in Batavia, just 60 milesseparated along the northern coast of Java, occurred.

In 1628–1629 Mataram Sultanate was involved inpower contest with Dutch East India Company (VOC)and launched sieges on Batavia. Later Mataram wasgradually weakened through struggle of successions of

Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affair.

At Banten, meanwhile, Palace disputes erupted between Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa and his son and co-sovereign SultanHaji. Sultan Ageng wished to maintain a policy of free-trade with all European powers, but his son wanted closerelations with the Dutch in Batavia. Ageng's independence is shown in the letter to the Danish king mentionedabove, offering to trade pepper from Banten for firearms and gunpowder.

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With Sultan Haji allied with the VOC, a war broke between Batavia and Banten in the 1670s and 1680s. The resultwas disastrous for Banten: the VOC gained Bogor and Priangan Highlands (now West Java) and reduced Banten'spower substantially, making it a protectorate of the VOC. Although nominally independent, its power was gone.In 1752, the Dutch annexed territories on western Borneo and southern Sumatra formerly held by Banten.In 1808 Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1808–1810, commissioned theconstruction of Great Post Road to defend Java from incoming British invasion. Daendels ordered Sultan AliyuddinII of Banten to move the capital to Anyer and to provide labor to build a new port planned to be built at UjungKulon. The Sultan refused Daendels' command, and in response Daendels ordered the invasion of Banten anddestruction of Surosowan palace. The Sultan, together with his family, was arrested in Puri Intan and held as aprisoner in Fort Speelwijk, and later sent into exile in Ambon.On 22 November 1808, Daendels declared from his headquarters in Serang that the Sultanate of Banten had beenabsorbed into the territory of the Dutch East Indies. In 1813 Banten Sultanate ceased to exist when Thomas StamfordRaffles forced Sultan Muhamad Syafiuddin to give up his throne. This was the final blow that marked the end ofSultanate of Banten.

Lineage

Sultan of Banten Reign

Sunan Gunungjati 1526–1552

Maulana Hasanudin – Panembahan Surosowan 1552–1570

Maulana Yusuf – Panembahan Pakalangan Gedé 1570–1580

Maulana Muhammad – Pangeran Ratu Ing Banten 1580–1596

Pangeran Ratu – Abdul Kadir Kenari 1596–1651

Ageng Tirtayasa – Abul Fath Abdul Fattah 1651–1683

Abu Nasr Abdul Kahhar – Sultan Haji 1682–1687

Abdul Fadhl 1687–1690

Abul Mahasin Zainul Abidin 1690–1733

Muhammad Wasi Zainifin 1733–1750

Muhammad Syifa 1750–1752

Syarifuddin Artu Wakilul Alimin 1752–1753

Muhammad Arif Zainul Asyikin 1753–1773

Abul Mafakir Muhammad Aliyuddin 1773–1799

Muhyiddin Zainush Sholihin 1799–1801

Muhammad Ishaq Zainul Muttaqin 1801–1802

Wakil Pangeran Natawijaya 1802–1803

Aliyuddin II 1803–1808

Wakil Pangeran Suramanggala 1808–1809

Muhammad Syafiuddin 1809–1813

Muhammad Rafiuddin 1813–1820

Banten Sultanate 8

Footnotes[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_Indonesia& action=edit[2] Multa Fidrus, ' Historic Grand Mosque to get new look' (http:/ / www. thejakartapost. com/ news/ 2013/ 04/ 20/

historic-grand-mosque-get-new-look. html), The Jakarta Post, 20 April 2013.[3] From Valentijn, Beschrijving van Groot Djava, ofte Java Major, Amsterdam, 1796. Ludwig Bachhofer, India Antiqua (1947:280) notes that

Valentijn had been in Banten in 1694.[4] Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.29

References•• Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16•• The Sunda Kingdom of West Java From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor,

Herwig Zahorka, Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka, Jakarta, 2007-05-20

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsBanten Sultanate  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609939585  Contributors: Cherkash, ComfyKem, DragonflySixtyseven, Gorthian, Gunkarta, Hans wibowo, Jonesey95,Merbabu, Pmccawley, Rajmaan, Rif Winfield, Rigadoun, Rjwilmsi, 1 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Blank.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor,Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, TintazulFile:Flag_of_Cirebon_Sultanate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cirebon_Sultanate.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edi SiswandiFile:Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of the Sultanate of Banten.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors:PrawiroatmodjoFile:Banten Sultanate en.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banten_Sultanate_en.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: GunkartaFile:History of Indonesia.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:History_of_Indonesia.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Gunkarta(Gunawan Kartapranata)File:Flag of Indonesia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:GabbeFile:Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banten-city-Java-1724.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: François Valentijn. Original uploaderwas Arifhidayat at en.wikipediaFile:The old missigit of Bantam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_old_missigit_of_Bantam.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arsip Indonesia(Indonesian national Archive). Original uploader was Arifhidayat at en.wikipediaFile:Banten java.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banten_java.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arsip Indonesia (Indonesian National Archive). Originaluploader was Arifhidayat at en.wikipediaFile:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De ruïne van het kraton Kaïbon TMnr 10005133.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_ruïne_van_het_kraton_Kaïbon_TMnr_10005133.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Docu, Humboldt

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