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    .

    ,

    _ , : . : { > n 1 ~ 9 3 - \

    Soplh.

    ,

    SECTION1

    STRUCTURE

    AND WRITTEN ~ P ~ E S S t O N

    This section is

    designed

    to

    measure

    your

    ability

    tc recognize language that is appropriate

    for

    standard .

    written n g l i s ~

    There

    are two

    types of questions

    in

    this section; with special directions or

    a ~ h type;

    Direct\ons: Que&tions

    1-15

    are n c o m p l e t ~ sentences.

    Beneath

    e-ach s e n t ~ n c e y o u v m see four words or

    phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (0). Choose

    t h e ~

    word or phrase that best complel :ts the sentence.

    Then, on youranswer sheet,

    finc:J the

    "umber of

    the

    question and fill in

    the

    space

    that

    coriesponds

    to

    the

    letter-of the answer

    you

    have

    chosen.

    Fill in the space

    so

    that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen. .

    Example

    ... mare

    found

    in v i r t u a l l ~

    every country in

    the

    world.

    (A)

    Swamps

    and marshes which

    (B) When swamps and

    m a r s h e ~

    (C)

    Swamps

    and marshes

    u) Now

    that

    swamps and mars'1es

    SampleAns-v.rer

    };)@

    The

    sentence

    h o u l d read, S w a m ~ sand marshes aia found in virtually every country Jn the world.

    Therefore. you should choose

    answer (C .

    Example

    II

    Milk is a s t ~ u r i z e d

    by

    heating it for thirty minutas

    at

    about 63 Centigrade, rapidly .cooling

    it

    and \hen

    ......

    t

    at

    a

    temperature

    below

    10

    : e n t i ~ r a d e .

    A)

    to store

    (8) store

    (C) bs

    stored

    (D) storing

    Sample

    Answer

    .

    a

    The

    sentence

    should ,read, Milk

    :s p2steurized by heating it

    for thi1iy

    minutes

    at about 63' Centigrade.

    rapidly

    cooling_

    it, ar.d then storing

    it

    at a

    temperature

    beiow 10

    Centigrade.

    Therefore, you

    should

    choose a n ~ w e r (0). '

    Now begin work on

    thP-

    qudstions.

    ~

    2.

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    1.

    A special

    computerized

    camera, called

    the

    Dykstraflex.. to create- the illusion of

    movement

    of the

    spaceships

    i n

    the

    film Star

    Wars

    (A) designed

    (8) its design

    (e} was designed

    (D)

    with

    its

    design

    2. Studies

    hayeshown

    that

    drug

    interactions

    may

    create serious

    problems.

    with effects

    from

    high

    blood .pres$u_re to sudden cardiac

    arrest.

    (P\)

    it

    ranges

    {8) may range

    (C)

    the n g ~

    (D) rang ng

    3. was once

    Poland's

    most respected

    playwright, but he remained relatively unknown

    in Western Europe. .

    (A)

    The

    fact that

    Tadeus

    .Micinski

    (8) Tadeus Micinski, who

    (O} Although

    Tadeus

    Micinski

    (D) Tudues Mic:inski

    4. The M c a n d ~ r t h a l s are ~ s t

    known

    for

    their

    skill

    in making stcne tools, which many kinds

    of scrapers and pointed implements.

    (A')

    includ,fl J

    {8)

    include

    C) are included

    {D)

    inclusively

    5. chilc:ren are

    so

    immersed

    i 1

    compliter

    games

    that they are oblh1ious t0their surround

    inys.

    (A} Most

    (Et)

    Most

    of

    "{C) The o ~ ~

    (D)

    The o ~ t

    f

    6.

    Research on autism has predominantly focused

    on

    children,

    researchprojects devoted to

    low-functioning adult

    autistics

    are exceedingly ow.

    (A) whereas

    (8)

    when

    (Q) vmereby

    (0) because

    7.

    Many studies reveat

    that the

    m re

    friends and

    relat.ives people a ~ e

    {At) longer life

    they

    have

    B) then they live tonger

    (C) the lone r they live

    {D) they \ive a longer ife

    8.

    He,1aglobir.

    is the

    part of

    the

    red

    cells

    that cap-

    tures oxyge1

    . n the

    lungs and

    to the

    body

    tissues.

    ' )

    its deliv

    (B)

    deHverir g it

    q?: deilvers it

    (D)

    to

    deliver

    9.

    As a

    tropical archipelago,

    Indonesia

    became

    fa-

    mous

    for

    hei ora and faun&, are still be-

    ing found today.

    (A)

    many

    (B) many

    of

    which

    e)

    manl of them

    (D)

    that

    many

    1o nvented in 1595, the backstaff was a device

    tha

    enabled seafarers to determine

    (A) what was th& distance

    to

    the north of

    the eq1 aior

    (B) so far north were they

    from

    the equatvi

    {C)

    when

    they

    were

    far

    north of the equator

    {D) how far north they were from equator

    i ' l t ' ~

    -2.1-

    ' - .;-

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    i . . . .,

    11.

    Not only master the skill to

    collaborate

    with lawyer& from other jurisd,.CtiQns, b.ut they

    also have agood .understandin.g of global legal

    systems.

    :

    A) intemational ~ w y e r s they

    8) do ntemationat lawyers

    (C)

    are international lawyers .

    0) i n t e ~ a t i o n a l laVJYers

    12.

    Depriving children

    of

    access to

    good

    health care

    and nutrition

    during

    th"eirearly

    childi1ood

    o

    earning

    difficulties and diseases later

    In

    their

    lives. .

    {A) increases

    the

    likelihood

    B) to

    increase

    the

    likelihood

    C) the likelihood n c r e a ~ e d

    (0) Increasing the likelihood

    13. Uncle Tom s Cabin, , was :nstrumental in

    the abolition of

    slavGry

    in the United States. .

    A)

    was written by Harriet B. Stowe

    B)

    the book written

    by

    Harriet

    B.

    Stowe

    (C) Harriet

    B.

    Stnwe wrote the book

    D)

    it was written by Harriet B. Stowe

    14 .

    u r \ a y

    sampUng ts a

    widely

    accepted method

    for prsviding

    staUstical

    data

    a

    -research

    project.'.

    A) though doing

    (B) how to do

    (C) when doing

    {D)

    to

    de >

    it

    in.

    15

    With eyes

    tnoying

    independent y o each othe.r,

    _and predators

    more

    easily.

    (A)

    seahorses ability

    to spot

    potential food

    (a)

    spotti.ng

    potentlpf

    food

    by seahorses

    (C) s e h ~ r s e s are able

    to

    spot potential fcod

    D)

    the potential abil\ty of teahorses to

    spot food

    2.(

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    D i r e c t ~ o n : In qu.estions 16-40. each

    . s e n t ~ n c e

    has four underlinad words or

    phrases.

    The

    four

    underlined

    parts of

    the

    sentence are n w ~ e d

    ( ~ ) .

    {B)t;.(C), ~ n d (D).

    Identify the

    a

    underlined \\ Qrd

    erphll8

    tl:Jat

    must

    .be changed

    order for. tl:te s e n t e n c ~ to

    be

    grammatically

    correct.

    Then,

    on

    your

    answer sheet, find

    the

    n u m b ~ r .

    of the

    . ~ e s t i o n

    an.d fill in

    ~ ~ s p q ~ e thet

    corresponds to the

    letter

    of the answer you

    ~ a v e

    chosen.

    Example

    Meadowlarks

    are

    a iout s a r 7 J ~ $ize

    ttw1

    robins.

    buL

    they have

    h e ~ bodies,

    $borter

    a i ~ .

    and

    . . c

    longer bins.

    D

    Sample Answer

    @e

    The: sentence should read. Meadowlarks are c1bout

    the

    same size as robins,

    but

    they have heavier

    bodies,

    shorter tails, and longer bil,ls.

    Therefore,

    you should choose anS\ver (B).

    Exa.l Y)p/e II

    When overall e x p o r t ~ exceed imports, a country said

    A . B C

    .

    Sample

    Answer

    @@

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    .

    22. t

    takog

    timaand

    education

    to

    ;fiminate

    prejudiCe

    in striving tb implementing equal rights torwomen.

    . A B . C . D

    23. The

    report

    reveals that

    the entirrs probed ;nagicians' intuition eanier. Even

    25) today,

    magicians

    may

    have a few tricks up their

    sleeves

    that

    neuroscie::itists have not

    yet adcpted.

    By applying

    the.tools

    of magic, neuroscientists can hope to

    learn

    how

    to

    design

    more robust

    e x p e r i m e n t ~

    and to

    create moieeffectivecognitiveand visual

    iltusrons for expforingtheneural

    bases

    of

    attention 3nd awareness. Such techniques

    could

    not only

    make

    experimentai

    studies of cognition

    possible with

    clever

    and

    highly

    attent ive subjects; they could also

    read to

    diagnostic ond treatment

    {30j

    methods

    for palients

    suffering from specific

    cognitive

    deficits,

    such as

    attention deficits resulting from

    brain

    trauma,

    Alzheimer's disease, and

    the

    like.

    The e t h o d ~ of

    ~ g i

    might also be put

    to

    work in

    "trickingn patients to focus on the

    most

    important parts

    of

    their therapy, while suppr:assing distractions

    that cause :::onfusion and disorientatior

    41. Which t th1: following is NOT a reason the

    author calls

    magicians "artists

    o f attention

    and

    awareness' ?

    (A)

    Magicians

    can

    control our awareness.

    (B) Magid: ms can

    create

    illusions

    to

    trick us.

    C)

    Magicians can

    make

    impossible.things

    poc;sibfe.

    (D)

    Magicians can combine various tricks to

    manipulaii:.

    c:.:r

    attention.

    lO

    42. Which of the following

    o e ~

    the author

    NOT

    list as characteristic

    cf

    visual and

    o g n i t ~ v e

    illusicns?

    (A) Visual

    illusions mask

    the percei:tion of

    physical reality.

    {B)

    VisuRI

    illusions

    Involve

    attention.

    e ~ o r y

    and causal

    inference.

    (C)

    Cognf ive

    illusions are unrelated

    to our

    physical senses.

    (D)

    r.ognitive illusions

    are

    the most

    sophisticated

    typP.of tricks r ~ a t e d

    by

    magick:ns.

    t ' ' l '11m1r+

    -2.1-

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    43.

    All of

    the followlng

    are

    Instruments

    used

    y

    magicians to

    create illusions-

    EXCEPT

    A) human attention.

    (8) optical Illusions.

    .

    (O)

    special effects:

    (0) skilful hand movements.

    44. Thaterm

    "versatile"

    in

    tfne-4

    is closest in

    meaning to

    (A)

    adaptable.

    8) unique.

    C)

    c ~ P l i C ? a t e c : f

    (0) satisfactory.

    45.

    t

    can

    be

    inferred from

    the

    passage that

    neuroscientists

    (A) hava been putsmarted by ~ i c i n s in the

    study of the

    brain.

    (B)

    have

    similar

    aims

    as

    magicia

    ls

    in

    their

    study of the

    brain.

    (C)

    should borrow magicians' methods

    to

    study the bra n.

    {D) should learn to

    be

    magicians to

    better

    study the brain.

    46. According to the passage,

    t h ~ r ethods

    of

    magic

    can help

    neuroscientists

    (A) design better experiments.

    (B) exploit cognitive wealrnese

    es.

    cc; enrich their instruments

    for

    understanding

    :the brain.

    (D)

    be

    morefamiliar with the tools

    of

    magic.

    47. The

    term cynic inl ne

    20

    is

    closest in

    meaning to

    (A)

    pessimist.

    {B}

    agnostic.

    'cc)

    skeptic.

    (0) e n e m ~ '

    ""I

    48. The word

    "theif in

    line 32 refers to

    (A) neuroscientists.

    (B) t r i c k ~

    (C) magicians .

    (D}

    magicians'

    sleeves

    4 9 ~

    The

    mairfldea

    of

    the

    pa$sage

    is

    (A) m ~ u r o s c i e n e e shQutd

    adopt the methods

    of magic

    to

    advance

    own

    purpose.

    (B) n e u r ~ s c i e n c ~ s h c u l ~ ,

    be

    familiar

    with the

    methods

    of

    magic

    to

    prevent

    its .

    abuse by magicians.

    C)

    neurosclenc9 should be

    \ ary

    of the

    lnterferenceofthemethods cf

    magic

    in

    the stu y

    of

    the

    brairl.

    (D)

    neuroscience should

    incorporate magic

    as

    parts

    of

    its discip ine.

    50.

    All

    of the

    following

    are

    given

    in

    the

    passage

    as

    ways in which t h ~

    tools

    of magic can be useful

    to

    neuroscientist3

    EXCEPT

    (A) They help neuroscientist::.

    d ~ s i g n better

    experiments.

    (B} They

    help neuroscientists create

    confusion and disorientation to trick

    their patlent J.

    C) They help

    neuroscientists

    find bette;

    diagnostic

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    Qt,testlons 51 -60

    .

    To appreciate just howdisttnctJ'{e bats

    are,

    consider one of their trademark traits:

    wings.

    A few

    mammals, u e ~

    as flying

    squirrels, can.glide from

    tree

    to

    tree, th nks

    to a

    trap of skin

    that

    connects

    their front and

    hind

    U m b ~ .

    And

    in fact, experts

    generaUy

    agree that

    bats

    probably evolved from an

    Line arbcreal,

    gliding

    ancestor. aut am

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    .

    .

    The

    word

    evolve in

    line 20 could bebest

    replacedb1

    " 57. The word

    them

    in line 25. refers

    to

    .

    (A) perches-.

    (A) .

    a_dvance

    B) regress

    C)

    transgress

    D)

    cklvelop

    54.

    The

    Word

    pref n

    line

    24

    is closest

    ir.

    meaning

    to.

    {A)

    .

    obstacles.

    (B)' quarry.

    C)

    foraging,

    D) echolocation. .

    55. According to the pausage, which of the two

    key

    batadaptatlon&c:ame first flighi or

    echolocation?

    A)

    The pa..QSSgG oenot

    provide

    sufficient

    . information

    about

    this. .

    B) Flight evolved first. followed by

    echolocation.

    G) Echolocation

    evt>lved first, followed by

    flight

    D) Both

    evolved simultaneously.

    56. It cao be inferred from the passage that

    scientists who study bats

    {A) are sure that bats

    abHity

    to fly predates

    their ability to echolocate.

    (Bj dfd

    not

    trnd out that bats can

    fly

    until 60

    yearsago.

    (C) are not sure that bats really have he

    capability to

    echoloc-ate.

    (0) still

    wonder if

    bats' ability to fly and

    echotocate came simu\taneousty.

    13

    58.

    (B) trees

    (C) protobats.

    .

    (0)

    prey.

    W.hich of

    the.following best

    expresses

    the

    opposite

    meaning

    of

    the

    term

    negligibf

    e

    in

    ilrie30?

    (A) Significant

    (8) Unfmportant.

    cc Minor.

    (D} Adequate.

    5 9 ~

    Aecordirrg to the:passage, fossils

    of

    bats are

    important beGause

    (A)

    they

    help us detennine the origin

    of

    bats.

    (8) they help

    u

    test the three hypotheses

    about bats.

    (C} they protect bats

    from

    scavengers

    and

    microorganisms.

    (0) they provide maps of the distributionof

    bats traits.

    60. The

    word "they"

    in line34 refers to

    (A) hypotheses

    (8) fossils

    (C) traits

    D) bats

    .mm

    2.l-

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    Ques.Uons 61 ..

    70

    1Vaore

    than five n ~ l a halfyears into

    Iraq War,

    the

    condition

    of

    archaeologlcar

    sites and

    antiquities Iraq remains a

    r u s ~ t i n g

    and

    contentious

    topic

    among archaeologists

    and art

    historians

    Twosurveys in the past

    year-one

    in northern Iraq in

    May,

    the

    other

    In

    the

    south In June-have

    une persuaded m that the ongoing

    damage

    Is far

    less

    extensive

    than

    most observers had belfeved.Yet

    5}

    with more than 1

    Q,000

    registered sites

    and numerous

    other

    mounds

    of earth that maystill conceal

    uoo.atalogued

    treasures

    from the c . r a ~ l e

    of civilizations", many archaeologists question whether

    the

    u r v e y e < t

    sites

    are

    representati'le"of condittons

    etSewhere.

    There

    hasbeerr na

    comprehensive

    s u r v ~ y done

    to.establish

    with

    certaintyexactly what

    percentage of the 10,000 registered sites has

    been looted. Military

    satellite

    imagery would enable

    analysts

    to

    tell

    the Whofe

    truth, but the (l'lflitary

    10) has

    not

    been willing

    to

    share

    it. .

    The

    repprt

    of the

    May ~ r v e y , cohducled by U.S. and

    Iraqi investigators,

    state

    that none of

    he

    site$showedsignsot

    \ooting

    or extensive

    vandalim\.

    Likewise, the u n e report, by a team of Iraqi and

    Britfsh

    r c h ~ e o l o g i s t s who.visited eight sites in the

    south,

    found

    little evidence

    of footing

    since the war

    began. Neverthefes , the

    report of

    i1e

    fraql-Sritfsti

    proJect cautfoned that

    ft

    s

    dff1fouft and dangerous to

    15) generalize from the cpnditlons of tbe. sites.

    the

    group

    visited.

    One

    big anomaly in

    both

    surveys

    was the

    .

    preva1enceof

    guards, which

    should

    deter

    looting.

    But guai'ds at most archaeoiogical sites fn Iraq are a

    rarilY.4 Part of

    the

    ~ b l e m is

    ~ t

    ~ t h o u g h there i s ~

    mGbile

    forGe

    Gf

    1,500 Iraqi guardswith trucks for

    patroHing the

    sites,

    nobody

    has

    put up any

    budget

    line in for fuel.

    Scholars and ) a l y s t s must therefore base their eP.tirnateaon satemte data from commerclal

    20)

    sources.

    on

    e y e w i t n e s ~

    accounts

    and

    on what

    is

    being

    recovered

    by

    police

    and

    custo1

    n officials.

    The

    good news is that a trade embargo and the threat of stiff

    legal

    sanctions

    seem

    to have

    dried

    up

    the

    market for

    looted

    art if

    acts. Not-all the

    damage

    to

    Iraq'sancient

    heritage

    is

    the fault

    of

    rooters.

    At

    two

    siteS-Te al-Lahm and Ubaid-mil:tary

    command posts

    had been

    e s t a ~ l i s h e d

    at the top

    of

    he site,

    according to one

    of

    the reports. She ters for vEhicles

    (tanksand

    armored personnel carriers) had been-

    25) created bv cutting into the ancient

    mounds.

    The constru ;tion has presumebJy dug

    a-Nay previously

    u n d i s t u r b ~ archaeological deposits. At the site of Babylon, mlUtary actlvitles have removed areas of

    surface mou;;ds totaling six hectares, or

    more

    than

    13

    football

    fields-to fill sandbags, carve trenches

    and

    bulldoze

    earth

    for

    parking

    lots.

    .,

    in the viawof art historian Zainab

    Bahrar.i,

    an

    lraqi-bo;n

    scholarat Columbia

    Univeraity,

    no serious

    30)

    assessment ofthe

    damage

    Y. ill

    be possible until

    ths

    U.S. occupation ends.

    What

    h ~ s

    become clear

    to Sahrani. however. Is

    that the

    footing of dv=

    fraqi

    . : a d o n a f Muse1:1m andofarchaeofog caf sites Is

    only the tip of the iceberg.:._just part of a large-scale historical and cultural destruction ofarchives,

    libraries universitiP.s, as

    \A.ialJ

    as Members of

    he

    scholarl}' community.

    so

    many

    ~ o p l e

    have

    died

    and

    become h c m e l e ~ s

    and

    been

    forced

    into ex:li:=",

    sha

    says,

    that it

    becomes difficult for me to ocus

    35)

    on cul tural heritage alone."

    61. The main subject of passage s

    (A)

    war

    c

    s the primary cause

    ofthe

    looting

    and

    damage of

    Iraqi archaeological

    sites.

    (B) the difficulty of assessing the extent of

    damage of l 'aqi arch2eological sites

    C) the lack

    of

    effort

    tc

    prevantthe damage

    of Iraqi archaeolog ical sites.

    (0) the "efc1lionship between poverty and the

    rooting

    of arcliaeorogical

    sites

    iri

    Iraq.

    14

    62. The term "cradle

    of civilizations" in line 6

    refers

    to

    (A) uncatalogued r ~ a s u r e s .

    {B) lraq.

    \ . ~ a r c l ~ e o l o g i c a l sites.

    (D)

    antiquities

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    .

    89 The brd 'it' n iine 10 refers

    to

    . A) the military.

    8) the whole truth. .

    C) ~ s u r v e y .

    . . D) sat$11ite m a g ~ r y .

    ..

    64..

    All

    of.the

    following

    are given

    in

    the

    passage

    as

    factors that

    ha te

    caused darnage

    to

    the

    . archseotogfcat s1tes ht traq

    F XCEPT

    A) he

    prolonged

    war in

    Iraq.

    B) the reluctance f he military to sha_re.

    Information. .

    .

    (C)

    t h e ~

    of:military posts on archaeological

    eites.

    D) the lack of priority given to the protection

    of

    the

    sites.

    65. With

    whlCh

    of

    the

    following

    statements would

    . the author probably agree? .

    A)

    The

    military

    is solely

    rP-sponsible

    for the

    extensive damage and \ootiny of most of

    the archaeological sites in

    Iraq. .

    (B) The trade embargo has heJpect perpetuate

    the ooting

    of

    artifacts in ~ n y of the

    archaeological

    sites

    in Iraq.

    C} Only the end

    of the

    U.S. ce1;upation can

    bring

    an

    end to the looting ,,f

    archaeological sites

    and artifacts

    in

    Iraq.

    0)

    Stiffer

    egal

    sanctions-may help prevent

    further looting and damage of

    archaeological sites in lraq

    SC. Theword

    undisturbed in line ; 6

    could

    be best

    replaced

    by

    A) uninterrupted.

    (B)

    ~ S C E f u t

    . C) secure.

    (D}

    intact.

    15

    ~ s 7 The

    author's attitude toward

    the

    problem

    of the

    looting anddamage-of archaeological sites ir. raq-

    is genera.lly

    (A)

    .sympathetic

    .

    (B) indifferent.

    .

    (C) desperate.

    (D) impatienl

    68. The passage

    implies

    fflaf nowadays

    in

    Iraq

    (A) art historians are striving to save

    . : . archeological sites.

    (B) the survival of

    arehaeerogical

    site&and

    artifacts depends entirely on the military.

    (C} nothing can

    e done

    to

    save the

    uncatalogued treasureB and sites..

    (D)

    very few

    people care abtut

    saving

    archaeological i t e s ~

    .

    69. rha author quotes Zainab Bshrani in tha last

    oaragraph because

    .A.) she is

    an traqi

    descendant although shewas

    bom in the U.S.

    (B) she is an art

    historian

    familiarwiU1 the

    culture

    oflraq.

    (C) she is a renowned scholar t om a prestigious

    univE;trsity.

    (D) she is

    very

    cohcemed about

    the

    ~ t e r i o r a t i n g

    situation

    in

    Iraq.

    ..

    .70. The paragraph that follows the last paragraph most

    likely

    d 3afs

    with

    (A)

    suggestion

    of steps

    that nee

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    "

    Questtons

    71 -80

    Criminals.

    like their

    l c t J ~ s . come

    In all varieties. But researchers have found that

    they don't.

    .

    choose their victims randomly. There s e reason crimlnal investigators begin

    their

    fnvestlgattons

    by

    creeting profiles of victims.

    w

    b . e ~ s e the identity of victims-particularly ifthere are several victims

    Line with

    diffe.ring charac.teristics-helpsinvestigators determine

    whether

    a criminal Is taqietfng aspecific

    (SJ

    kind

    of

    person orchoosing victims

    opportunistically.

    In the field

    of

    vlctlmology, one

    t

    tho central

    concepts is

    that

    of

    the risk

    continuum

    t h e r e

    are

    degrees

    of

    risk

    for

    a type

    of

    crime based

    o

    your

    career, l i f e s t y t c r ~ r e f a t i o n s ~ p s ;

    movements, and everr personality,

    aspectsof

    whfctr arecfearJYseen

    from yourbehavior

    attitude.

    Some f&ctors

    that

    make people potentfal victims are obvious-;.

    flash

    Ing wads

    f

    cash, wearing expensive Jewelry,warklng arone on back streets. Others are.sUbtfer,

    {10

    including

    o s t ~ r e

    walking

    sfyle,"even the

    ability to read faciaf.exp.resslons. .

    Ths

    cues

    add up to

    h e ~ ~

    exploitability. David Buss, a psychologist

    at

    the Universityof . :

    Texas, lgexamining a catalogueof traits that seem to invite somepeopte to exploit others. There's

    cheatability, sexual exploitability, as well as robabmty, kil ability, s:alkebility, and even sexual

    assauifablilty.

    As adaptations

    or

    expioftatlon

    evofved,

    so

    dfd

    d"efer.ses to

    prevent being expfofied-

    (15J

    wa:iness

    tcv,rard

    strangers, cheater-detection

    sensitiviUes, end po:;sibly

    anti-rape

    defenses.

    These

    d e f e ~ s e s , ir a

    tern, created ~ l e c t i o n pressure for additional adapta1ions for exploitation designed to

    Gir.:-umventvictim defenses-.

    Nowhere

    doe$

    victimology impiy that

    people who

    stand out

    es easy, .targets are

    to

    blame

    for

    bec9Jnlng vlet\ms.

    P.reda\or& bear r ~ p o n s i b \ \ i t y

    for the

    crlmeathey

    commtt--8nd ahould be held

    20)

    accountabls

    and punished accordingly. Moreover, many attacks are random, and

    no

    amount of.

    vigiiance

    could deter

    them. Whether victims

    are selected

    randomly or targeted becauseof specific.

    characterist ics, -they bear

    no

    responsibility

    fer

    crimes against 1 e ~ . But by being awareofwhich

    cues criminals

    look for,

    we

    can reduce

    the

    risk

    of Lecoming targets

    ourselves.

    rn

    a

    classit

    stOdy,

    researchers Betty Grayson and Morris

    Stern asked

    convicted crlmlnals

    ro

    25) view a

    video

    of

    pedestrians walking down

    a busy

    New York sidewalk, unaware

    that

    they were

    being

    taped. The convicts had been to prison fur i o l ~ n t offenses suet as ann9d robbery, rape, and murder.

    Within a.few seconds,

    the

    convicts

    identifiedwhich pedestrians they

    would have been likely to target..

    What

    startlnd

    the researchers

    was that

    there

    was a clear consensus among the

    criminals

    about

    \v'hcm

    they

    wbuld

    h a v ~

    picked

    as

    victims-and the:r

    choices were

    not

    based on gender, race,

    '?rage.

    30) Some

    petite, physically

    slight women were not

    selected

    as

    potential

    victims, while some ~ r g e men

    were.

    The re searctiem realized the criminals were assessing the ease with which they could overpower

    the

    targets

    based

    on

    several

    non-verbal

    signals-posture

    body

    language,

    pace

    of

    walking, length

    of

    $tride-, and r e n e s s

    of

    environment. Neither

    criminals nor v ctims Yt'ere

    consciously awareof

    hese

    35j c ~ : e s They

    are what

    psychologists call precipitators", personal attribL1es

    that increase a person's

    fikefihood

    of

    being criminally victimizea.

    71.

    Which

    of

    the

    oUO"IN\ng

    d o ~

    the author

    NOT

    \\st

    as a

    factor that

    makes

    )eople potential victims

    ~ ~ ~ .

    (A} Relationships

    8; Personality

    (C)

    Lifestyle

    (Dj Religion

    \6

    n \t can

    be

    nferred

    from paragraph 2 that crimina,s

    A)

    choose

    their

    victims based

    on

    certain

    factors.

    (8) cho"se people wilo

    look

    physicaUy;1eak.

    C)

    h o o ~

    only

    e o p l ~

    who are r ch and

    successful.

    (D) choose people who

    do no . go along well with

    others.

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    .

    The tenn

    opportunistically-

    in line 5

    s

    closest 78. The fOJloWing

    are

    findings

    the

    researchers.

    in ~ n l n t t& obtained fromtheiF

    study

    EXCEPT.

    A) randomly (A) victims are not chosen. based

    on

    their .

    B)

    accordingly

    racial backgroundt, . .

    C) consciously (B). v i c t i m ~ are notchosen b a ~ e d : b n

    whether

    D)

    .Ukely

    ,

    hey look weak or strorig.

    .

    ..

    . . Cl

    victltrts

    are

    notchosen

    baed

    on

    their

    74.

    According

    to

    the

    p a s . . ~ g e ,

    vlctlmology

    sensitivity

    to the

    surroundings.

    A).

    1:Jtame1

    - E S O p f s ~ a become victims of D) vtctii n's atEf notcttosen based an

    h ow

    atd

    . ,

    crtmeeforthelrmlsfortune&.

    they are.

    , B) studies

    the

    best.ways

    to axploit

    people and

    . make them

    easy targets#

    (G)

    ~ l f ~ v e s : t h a t

    criminal$ are entirely

    . respondble

    fOf

    the come they coown\t.

    0) punishes

    criminals for tha crimes they

    : . commit.

    75. The Word ihem 1n line 22 refers to

    A) specific

    characteristics.

    B)

    vfctlms.

    C)

    criminais.

    (D)

    crimes.

    76.

    The term startied in

    line

    8 is closest in

    meaning

    to

    A) confused.

    B)

    troubled.

    C)

    reUeVed.

    D) assured.

    77. he

    researchersshCJNed a video

    of

    pedestrians

    walking on

    a

    busy New York

    sidewalk

    to convicts

    i:i

    order

    to

    A) help the

    convicts

    identify p'>tential

    victims.

    (B)

    expose

    the

    pedestrians ta janger.

    \C)

    give

    the

    c.vnvicts a chance to commit

    crimes.

    {D) find out how

    criminals

    cho