BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN -...
-
Upload
duongkhanh -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN -...
55
BAB V
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Kesimpulan
Dari hasil analisa dan intepretasi dapat dibuat kesimpulan sebagai berikut :
1. Dari pengukuran GPS di 19 titik pada bulan Maret – April 2014
daerah di sekitar Lusi mud volcano mengalami subsidence
(penurunan) dan uplift (kenaikan)
2. Pengukuran GPS pada bulan Maret didapatkan nilai perubahan tinggi
antara -0.952 m (Titik BT01) sampai 0.367 m (DG11)
3. Tingkat perubahan tinggi di daerah Porong pada bulan April
didapatkan -0-.028 m/bulan sampai 0.010 m/bulan dengan penurunan
tinggi mengarah ke Barat Daya.
4. Pengukuran GPS di 19 titik pada bulan Mei didapatkan perubahan
tinggi antara -0.935 m (DGIJK) sampai 0.255 m (DG09)
5. Tingkat perubahan tinggi di daerah Porong pada bulan April
didapatkan -0-.026 m/bulan sampai 0.059 m/bulan dengan penurunan
tinggi mengarah ke barat
6. Hasil pengukuran 5 lintasan VLF-EM didapatkan nilai resitivitas 2D
bawah permukaan tanah yang bervariasi. Nilai resitivitas <30Ωm
menunjukkan daerah yang tersaturai air dari bubble sedangkan nilai
resitivitas >50Ωm merupakan daerah rekahan dan patahan dangkal.
7. Dari hasil pengukuran GPS dan VLF-EM daerah LUSI mud volcano
masih perilaku yang menarik dengan ditandai dengan penuruanan
tanah yang masih signifikan dan intepretasi bawah permukaan VLF
yang menunjukkan patahan dan rekahan.
56
5.2 Saran
Dari penelitian ini diusulkan saran sebagai berikut :
1. Dilakukan pengukuran GPS secara kontinu dengan lama pengamatan lebih
lama diatas 6 jam dan penambahan jumlah titik pengamatan sehingga di
dapatkan kualitas data yang lebih baik.
2. Dilakukan pengukuran VLF-EM dilintasan sebelah Utara, Timur dan
Selatan Tanggul untuk membandingkan nilai VLF-E dibagian Barat
tanggul
3. Membandingkan dengan data terbaru INSAR, geolistrik, seismik guna
mendapatkan analisis yang lebih lengkap mengenai land subsidence
57
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abidin, Hasanuddin Z., Andreas, H., Djaja, R., Darmawan, D., Gamal, M.,
(2008)," Land subsidence characteristics of Jakarta between 1997 and
2005", as estimated using GPS surveys. GPS Solutions, Vol.12, No.2, hal.
23–32.
Abidin, H.Z., Andreas, H., Gamal, M., Djaja, R., Murdohardono, D.,
Rajiyowiryono, H., Hendrasto, M., (2013), "Studying Land subsidence of
Bandung Basin (Indonesia) Using GPS Survey Technique", Survey
Review, Vol. 38 No.299, hal. 397 - 405.
Abidin, H. Z., Davies, R.J., Kusuma, M.A., Andreas, H., Deguchi, T., (2008).
"Subsidence and uplift of Sidoarjo (East Java) due to the eruption of the
Lusi mud volcano (2006–present)", Environmental Geology , Vol. 57, No.
57, hal . 845–846.
Abidin, H.Z., Djaja, R., Darmawan, D., Hadi, S., Akbar, A., Rajiyowiryono, H.,
Sudibyo, Y., Meilano, I., Kasuma, M.A., Kahar, J., Subarya, C., (2001).
"Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its Geodetic Monitoring
System", Natural Hazards, Vol. 23, No. 2-3, hal. 365–387.
Abidin, H. Z., (2006). Penentuan Posisi Dengan GPS Dan Aplikasinya. PT.
Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta.
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas H, Gumilar, I., M.Gamal, Yoichi Fukuda, T.Deguchi,
(2009)" Land subsidence and Urban Development in Jakarta (Indonesia)",
Proceedings of 7th FIG Regional Conference Spatial Data Serving
People: Land Governance and the Environment – Building the Capacity,
Hanoi, Vietnam,.
58
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Teguh. P. Sidiq, Gamal, M., Murdohardono,
Supriyadi, Yoichi Fukuda, (2010), "Studying Land subsidence in
Semarang (Indonesia) Using Geodetic Methods", Proceedings of FIG
Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity, Sydney,
Australia.
Andreas, H., Abidin, H. Z., Kusuma, M. A., Sumintadireja, P, Gumilar, I., (2010).
"Ground Displacement around LUSI Mud volcano Indonesia as Inffered
from GPS Surveys", Proceedings of the FIG Congress 2010 (Facing the
Challenge-Building Capacity), Sydney Australia.
Bosch, F.P.& Müller, I.,(2005) "Improved karst exploration by VLF-EM-gradient
survey: comparison with other geophysical methods", Near Surface
Geophysics, Vol. 3, No.3 hal. 299-310
Cyranoski, D., (2007). Indonesian eruption: Muddy waters. Nature Vol. 445, hal.
812–815.
Davies, R.J., Brumm, M., Manga, M., Rubiandini, R., Swarbrick, R., Tingay, M.,
(2008). The East Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or
drilling trigger? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 272, hal. 627–
638.
Davies, R., Richard E. Swabrick, Robert J. Evans, Mads Huuse, (2007). Birth of a
mud volcano: East Java, 29 May 2006. Gsa Today 17.
Fukushima, Y., Mori, J., Hashimoto, M., Kano, Y., (2009). Subsidence associated
with the LUSI mud eruption, East Java, investigated by SAR
interferometry. Marine and Petroleum Geology 26, 1740–1750.
Gafoer, S., Ratman, N., (1998). Peta geologi lembar Jawa = Geological map of
Java.
Goad, C.C., and L. Goodman (1974), A modified Hopfield tropospheric refraction
correction model. In: American Geophysical Union Annual Fall Meeting,
12-17 December 1974, San Francisco, California, USA(abstract EOS
Trans. AGU 55, 1106).
Guntoro, (2007). Sidoarjo Mudflow Hypothesis in Geological-Expert. Discourse.
LUSI MEDIA CENTER, Sidoarjo.
59
Hardi Prasetyo, (2013). Kebencanaan Lusi Mud volcano 2013 Implikasi Dan
Perspektif Ke Depan. BPLS.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, Bernhard and Moritz, Helmut., 2006. Physical Geodesy
second edition, Springer Wien Newyork.
Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia, (2006). Evaluasi Semburan Lumpur Berair di
Permukaan.
Istadi, B.P., Pramono, G.H., Sumintadireja, P., Alam, S., (2009). Modeling study
of growth and potential geohazard for LUSI mud volcano: East Java,
Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology Vol. 26, hal. 1724–1739.
Istadi, Handoko, Wibowo, Edy Sunardi, Soffian Hadi and Nurrochmat Sawolo,
(2012), "Mud volcano and Its Evolution", Earth Sciences, Vol. 17, hal.
375–434.
Kuang, S., (1996). Geodetic network analysis and optimal design: concepts and
applications. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Mich.
Leland Blank, (1982). Statistical Procedures for Engineering, Management, and
Science. McGraw-Hill.
Leonard, F. R., (2000). Penentuan Kecepatan dan Percepatan Penurunan Muka
Tanah Menggunakan Data Beda Tinggi Jaring Sipat Datar. Departemen
Geodesi ITB, Bandung.
Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Akhmanov, G.G., Aloisi, G., Planke, S., Malthe-
Sørenssen, A., Istadi, B., (2007), "Triggering and dynamic evolution of the
LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia" Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261,
375–388.
Ming-Juin Lin, Yih Jeng, (2010), "Application of the VLF-EM method with
EEMD to the study of a mud volcano in southern Taiwan: Geomorphology
119, 97–110.
M. L. Rudolph, M. Shirzaei, M. Manga and Y. Fukushima, (2013)"Evolution And
Future Of The Lusi Mud Eruption Inferred From Ground Deformation",
Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, No. 6, hal.1089-1-92.
Monteiro Santos, F.A., Mateus, A., Figueiras, J., Gonçalves, M.A., (2006).
"Mapping groundwater contamination around a landfill facility using the
60
VLF-EM method — A case study:. Journal of Applied Geophysics 60,
115–125.
On East Java - Sidoarjo [WWW Document], (2009). URL
http://web.archive.org/web/20090908020312/http://www.petra.ac.id/eastja
va/cities/sidoarjo/sidoarjo.htm
Osborne, M.J., Swarbrick, R.E., (1997), "Mechanisms for generating overpressure
in sedimentary basins; a reevaluation." AAPG Bulletin 81, 1023–1041.
Paál, G., (1965), "Ore prospecting based on VLF-radio signals". Geoexploration
Vol. 3, No. 3, hal. 139–147.
Prawoko, A,A. 2008 Pemantauan Land Subsidance untuk Daerah Sekitar
Semburan Lumpur Sidoarjo dengan Menggunakan GPS, Program Studi
Teknik Geomatika, ITS
Ramesh Babu, V., Subhash Ram Sundararajan, N., (2007), "Modeling and
inversion of magnetic and VLF-EM data with an application to basement
fractures: a case study from Raigarh, India:. Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 3-4,
hal. 133–140
Rehman, N, Mandic, D.P, (2010), "Multivariate empirical mode decomposition",
Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 446, 1291–1302.
Rifai, R., Kuswara, E., School, G.M.U.G., (2009), "Spatial Modeling and
Elements at Risk Assessment of Sidoarjo Mud Volcanic Flow". Graduate
School, Gadjah Mada University.
Sawolo, N., Sutriono, E., Istadi, B.P., Darmoyo, A.B., (2009)" The LUSI mud
volcano triggering controversy: Was it caused by drilling?" Marine and
Petroleum Geology 26, 1766–1784.
Sawolo, N., Sutriono, E., Istadi, B.P., Darmoyo, A.B., (2010), "Was LUSI caused
by drilling? – Authors reply to discussion", Marine and Petroleum
Geology 27, 1658–1675.
Sumintadireja, P,. (2007), "Geology And Geophysics Study In Revealing
Subsurface Condition Of Banjarpanji Mud Extrusion, Sidoarjo, East Java,
Indonesia", Proceedings of International Association of Volcanology and
Chemistry, Perugia Italia.
61
Sophian, R. I., (2010). Penurunan Muka Air Tanah di Kota - Kota Besar Pesisir
Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah (Studi Kasus : Kota Semarang). Bulletin of
Scientific Contribution, 4 1-60 8 Nomor 1.
Stephen J. Matthews, P.J.E.B., (1995), "Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectono-
stratigraphic development of the East Java Sea Basin, Indonesia". Marine
and Petroleum Geology 12, 499–500, IN1, 501–502, IN3, 503–504, IN5,
505–510.
Stingelin, R.W., Baker, E.T., Cousin, S.B., Appalachian Regional Commission,
Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources, 1975. Overview
of subsidence potential in Pennsylvania coal fields. HRB-Singer, State
College, Pa.
Sungkono, Ayi S.Bahri, Dwa D. Warnana, Fernando A.Monteiro Santos, Bagus
J.Santosa, (2014), " Fast, simultaneous and robust VLF-EM data denoising
and reconstruction via multivariate empirical mode decomposition",
Computers & Geosciences 67, 125–138.
Tingay, M., Heidbach, O., Davies, R., Swarbrick, R., (2008).,"Triggering of the
Lusi mud eruption: Earthquake versus drilling initiation", Geology 36,
639–642.
Wolf, Paul R., dan Ghilani, (1997), Adjustment Computations: Statistics and
Least Squares in Surveying and GIS, 3rd
edition, John Willey and Sons,
Inc, New York:
Yalcinkaya, Mualla, Bayrak, Ternel, (2003), A Dynamic Analysis Method
Regarding Groundwater Level Changes As Causative Force For
Landslides. Presented at the Proceedins 11th FIG Symposium on
Deformation Measurements, Santorini, Greece.
Yih Jeng, Chu-Lin Huang, Lun-Tao Tong, Ming-Juin Lin, Chih-Sung Chen, Hsin-
Han Huang, (2012), "Mapping possible subsurface granitic bodies in the
northeastern Taiwan mountain belt using the VLF-EM method", Journal
of Applied Geophysics 85, 25–36.