BAB 11 Incoterms

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    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 1

    INCOTERMS= InternationalCommercial Terms

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    TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN

    1. Mengetahui tujuan dari incoterms yang berupa seperangkatperaturan internasional untuk keseragaman istilah-istilahyang dipergunakan dalan perdagangan internasional..

    2. Mengetahui alasan perubahan incoterms tahun 1990

    3. Menyebutkan jenis-jenis incoterms yang terbaru sejaktahun 1990

    4. Mengetahui petunjuk umum dalam penggunaan incoterms.

    5. Mengetahui tentang pemilihan kondisi (terms) yang tepat

    dari setiap transasksi eksim.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 2

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    TUJUAN INCOTERMS

    Menyusun seperangkat peraturan internasional untuk keseragamanpengertian agar tidak terjadi kesalahan dalam mengartikan istilah-istilah yang umum dipergunakan dalam perdagangan internasional.

    Dimaksudkan juga sebagai acuan yang baku agar tidak terjadi salahinterprestasi di negara-negara yang berbeda, sehingga incoterems ini

    digunakan dengan benar dan dapat diterima oleh Negara dimaksudtanpa adanya kesalah pahaman (dispute).

    Untuk itulah ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) menerbitkanINCOTERMS pertama pada tahun 1936, yang kemudian diadakanpenambahan dan perbaikan pada tahun 1953, 1967, 1980 dan 1990

    yang berlaku sejak 1 juli 1990, sejalan dengan praktek perdaganganInternasional masa kini. Terakhir perbaikan dan penambahanincoterms dilakukan pada tahun 2000.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 3

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    INCOTERMS BE COME SALES CONTRACT (BE

    INFLUENCE)

    CUSTOM OF TRADE

    Kelaziman yang berbeda atas barang yang sama di Negara eksportir denganNegara importer.

    STANDARD FORMS.

    Penggunaan dokumentasi perdagangan yang standar.

    STATUTORY RULES

    Undang-undang yang berlaku dan menjadi sumber hukum bagi istilahperdagangan yang dipergunakan (Sales of Goods Actsdi Inggris danuniform Commercial Code di Amerika).

    IMPLIED TERMS

    Ketentuan-ketentuan lain yang secara hukum berlaku, walaupun tidakdisebut dalam sales contract.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 4

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    Alasan Perubahan Incoterms 1990

    1. Adanya keinginan untuk menyesuaikan istilah dengan makin meningkatnya

    penggunaan EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). Dimana Incoterms 1990memungkinkan hal tersebut pada sat pihak-pihak yang terkait akan menyiapkandokumen sperti, Commercial invoice, dokumen yang diperlukan untuk customclearance dan shipping document.

    2. Adanya perubahan teknik dalam system transportasi, khususnya denganpenggunaan peti kemas/container, multimodal transport, consolidation, roll on

    roll off traffic dengan kereta api atau angkutan darat dan angkutan laut jarakdekat. Contohnya adalah FCA (Free Carrier named point) yang diciptakan untukmemenuhi jenis tranportasi atau kombinasi dari beberapa jenis (moda)angkutan. Konsekuansinya ialah bahwa istilah incoterms yang terdahulu sepertiFOR/FOT dan FOB Airport dihilangkan.

    3. Kecenderungan (trend) terhadap perkembangan system pengangkutan yang

    integrated atau multimodal transportasi yang semakin meningkat terutamadengan hadirnya containerisasi. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan formulasi dankondisi baru seperti Free Carrier and Insurance Paid to (CIP) diperkirakan bahwakondisi tersebut bertahap akan menggantikan kondisi perdagangan secarakonvensional.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 5

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    Jenis Incoterms Yang Baru (1990)

    1. Istilah dibagi dalam 4 kelompok berbeda, dimulai dengan istilah dimana Sellermenyerahkan barangnya ditempatnya sendiri (E Term-EX Works), yang biasadisebut sebagai LOCO CONTRACT.

    2. Kemudian kelompok kedua F-Terms dimana seller menyerahkan barangnyaditempat yang ditunjuk oleh buyer (FCA, FAS dan FOB), biasanya disebutSHIPPMENT CONTRACT.

    3. Selanjutnya kelompok ketiga C-Term dimana seller menandatangani kontrakangkutan tanpa menanggung resiko khilangan atau kerusakan barang atau biayatambahan yang terjadi setelah pengapalan (CFR, CIF,CFT dan CIP), biasnya disebutsebagai SHIPMENT CONTRACT PLUS

    4. Kelompok tarakhir adalah D-Term dimana seller menanggung biaya dan resikoyang timbul selama pengangkutan barang tersebut ke Negara tujuan (DAF, DES,DEQ, DDU dan DDP), biasanya disebut sebagai ARRIVAL CONTRACT.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 6

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    INCOTERMS 1990

    GROUP E

    PEMBERANGKATAN

    EXW EX WORKS

    GROUP F

    ANGKUTAN UTAMA TIDAKDIBAYAR

    FCA

    FASFOB

    FREE CARRIER

    FREE ALONGSIDE SHIPFREE ON BOARD

    GROUP C

    ANGKUTAN UTAMA

    DIBAYAR

    CFR

    CIF

    CPT

    CIP

    COST AND FREIGHT

    COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT

    CARRIEGE PAID TO.

    CARRIEGE AND INSURANCE PAID

    TO..

    GROUP D

    SAMPAI TUJUAN

    DAF

    DES

    DEQ

    DDU

    DDP

    DELIVERED AT FRONTIER

    DELIVERED EX SHIP

    DELIVERED EX QUAY

    DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID

    DELIVERED DUTY PAID

    GROUP E LOCO CONTRACT

    GROUP F SHIPMENT CONTRACT

    GROUP C SHIPMENT CONTRACT PLUS

    GROUP D ARRIVAL CONTRACT

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 7

    PERUBAHAN

    INCOTERMSTAHUN 1990

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    Perubahan Incoterms tahun 2000

    menurut Group

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 8

    PERUBAHAN

    INCOTERM

    TAHUN 2000

    1. Group E , EXW (Ex Works),

    Loco Contract

    2. Group F, Shipment Contract.

    a. FCA (Free Carrier)

    b. FAS (Free Alongside Ship)

    c. FOB (Free on Board)

    3. Group C , Shipment Contract Plus.

    a. CFR (Cost and Freight).

    b. CIF (Cost Insurance Freight).

    c. CPT (Carriage Paid To)(named place of destination)

    d. CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To)

    4. Group D Arrival Contract.

    a. DAF (Deliverd At Frontier).

    b. DES (Delivered Ex Ship)

    c. DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)

    d. DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)

    e. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

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    1. Group E , EXW (Ex Works), Loco Contract.

    Kewajiban utama dari seller adalah hanya menyediakan barang di gudang sendiri.

    Pembeli harus mengatur pengangkutannya, berarti menanggung biaya dan resikosejak barang diambil dari gudang seller sampai tempat di Negara tujuan,pengurusan ijin ekspor dan lainya yang diperlukan.

    Kondisi (terms) ini berarti tanggung jawab seller paling minim karena buyer yang

    mengambil barang dari gudang seller. Hal ini biasanya dilakukan oleh ekportirkecil atau baru yang tidak menguasai seluk-beluk transportasi dan kaitannya.

    Bagi buyer bagaimanpun cara ini tidak menguntungkan karena semua tanggungjawab dan resiko ditanggung oleh buyer termasuk biaya pengangkutan sejakbarang meninggalkan gudang seller. Sering kali terjadi kendala dalammemperkirakan jumlah biaya yang harus dibayar, keran ada kemungkinan terjadi

    fluktuasi biaya angkutan serta biaya-biaya lain yang tidak dapat diramalkan.

    Oleh Karen aitu EX-WORKS umumnya terjadi pada pasaran seller saja. Hal initerjadi biasanya pada bargaining position yang lebih baik.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 9

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    2. Group F, Shipment Contract.

    a. FCA (Free Carrier) :

    Terms ini dibuat untuk memenuhi persyaratan dan Multimodal Transport, yangmenggunakan container atau roll onroll off traffic dengan trailer atau ferry.

    Dasaranya mirip dengan FOB, perbedaannya adalah bahwa kewajiban utam selleradalah menyerahkan barangnya di tempat yang ditunjuk oleh buyer dalam keadaanClearfor Export(named place or point).

    Kalau tempat tersebut tidak disebutkan dengan jelas oleh buyer, Seller dapat memlihtempat atau daerah di dekatnya yang menyebutkan dimana First Carrier akanmengambil barang tersebut dan menjadi tanggung jawabnya.

    Dalam praktek perdagangan (commercial practice), jika buyer menghendaki bantuanseller untuk menghubungi carrier atau menyerahkannya di tempat yang ditunjuk makaseller bertindak atas nama buyer (BuyersAgent) dengan biaya dan resiko buyer.

    Umumnya yang dimaksud dengan tempat atau point disini ialah CFS atau inland depooleh karena itu ada yang menamakan terms ini sebagai FreeCarrier named Point.

    Ditempat penyerahan tersebut, kewajiban atau tanggung jawab seller berakhir dandipindahkan adri seller ke buyer sesuai tanggal dalam kontrak.

    Named place atau named point tadi merupakan batas kritis (Critical Point) antaraseller dengan buyer.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 10

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    2. Group F, Shipment Contract.

    b. FAS (Free Alongside Ship).

    Kewajiban utama seller adalah menyerahkan barang uncleared for exportdisi kapal, dermaga atau tongkang di pelabuhan muat.

    Buyer menanggung semua biaya dan resiko kehilangan dan kerusakan

    yang timbul mulai saat barangnya tiba di sisi kapal (alongside ship)

    Kewajiban seller lainnya memberitahukan kepada buyer atau buyersagent dan menyiapkan dokumen-dokumen penyerahannya yangdiperlukan termasuk dokumen transport sesuia persyaratan yang disebutdalam kontrak.

    FAS mempunyai keuntungan dan kerugian yang sama seperti halnyapada kondisi EX Works.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 11

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    2. Group F, Shipment Contract.

    c. FOB (Free on Board)

    Kewajiban utama seller ialah menyerahkan barangnya sampai diatas kapal,menyiapkan ijin ekspor dan membayar pajak ekspor jika ada, dan membuat Cleanon board receipt.

    Sedangkan kewajiban utama buyer ialan menunjuk pengankut (Carrier)membuatkontrak angkutan dan membayar freight dan menutup pertanggungan asuransi.

    Resiko dari kehilangan atau kerusakan bila ada, berpindah dari seller ke buyer pada

    saat barang meliwati pagar kapal. Kritikal point disini adalah pagar kapal. Meskipun biaya pemuatan menjadi tanggung jawab seller , namun atas

    persetujuan bersama biaya dapat ditanggung bersama sesuai dengan perjanjian.

    Kondisi FOB mempunyai keuntungan tertentu bagi seller. Antara lain : pelabuhan muat berada di Negara seller yang kondisinya sudah dikenal.

    Seller sudah mengetahui seluk beluk peraturan pabean yang berlaku, khususnyadokumen dan prosedur ekspor di negaranya.

    Seller dapat membatasi tanggung jawabnya dan juga menghindari resiko dan fluktuasibiaya angkutan, atas nilai mata uang (currency value) dimana freight dibayar.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 12

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    3. Group C , Shipment Contract Plus.

    a. CFR (Cost and Freight).

    Kewajiban utama seller ialah membayar biaya angkutan (freight) dari pelabuhanmuat sampai ke pelabuhan tujuan yang ditunjuk buyer, dan menyerahkannyadiatas kapal, serta menyipakan ijin ekspor, pajak dan biaya yang diperlukan, danmembayar biaya pemuatan.

    Resiko kehilangan atau kerusakan barang, juga bila terjadi kenaikan biayaberpindah dari seller kepada buyer pada saat barang melewati pagar kapal (whenthe goods passed the ship rail).

    Kewajiban utama bayer adalah menerima barang bila invoice dan b/L telahditerima. Menyiapkan ijin impor yang diperlukan.

    CFR menguntungkan seller bila merupakan eksportir besar yang secara regular danmampu melakukan negosiasi yang lebih baik dengan carrier. Misalnya reducedfreight cost akan mempengaruhi harga jual barang per unit. Sehingga dapat

    menawarkan barang lebih murah/bersaing (competitive selling price). CFR ini dibuat hampir sama dengan CIF, menguntungkan buyer karena buyer tidakperlu ikut menentukan pengangkutan. Dengan demikian buyer dapat menghindariresiko dari fluktuasi freight rate. Buyer dapat menegosiasi sendiri asuransinya.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 13

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    3. Group C , Shipment Contract Plus.

    b. CIF (Cost Insurance Freight).Kondisi CIF hamper sama dengan CFR, perbedaannya adalah seller selainmenanggung biaya pengangkutan juga harus membayar premi asuransi sampai

    pelabuhan tujuan. Seller harus mengapalkan barangnya dalam keadaan clearfor export.

    c. CPT (Carriage Paid To)..(named place of destination)

    kewajiban utama seller ialah seperti C&F, membayar freight sampaiketempat tujuan (named destination) namun resiko hilang atau kerusakanselama

    pengangkutan dan setiap biaya tambahan biaya yang ada berpindah dari sellerkepada buyer, sejak barang diserahkan kepada first carrier dan bukan ships railditempat yang ditentukan (named point)

    CPT mensyaratkan seller untuk menyerahkan barang clear for export kepadacarrier. Carrier dalam hal ini ialah setiap orang yang menanda tangani kontrakangkutan, melaksanakannya dengan sasaran pengangkutan misalnya kereta api,angkutan darat, angkutan laut, angkutan udara dan sungau atau kombinasidari beberapa jenis alat angkutan. Terms ini dapat dipakai untuk setiap jenis alatangkutan yang berbeda misalnya angkutan multimodal transport.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 14

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    3. Group C , Shipment Contract Plus.

    d. CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To)

    Kewajiban seller yang utama adalah menyiapkan

    barang clear for export, menatur pengangkutan,

    membayar freight sampai pelabuhan tujuan diNegara buyer, trermasuk pembayaran premi

    asuransi.

    Kondisi ini hampir sama dengan CPT, bedanya seller

    menanggung biaya asuransi selama pengangkutan.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 15

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    4. Group D Arrival Contract.

    a. DAF (Deliverd At Frontier).

    Terms ini berlaku untuk pengangkutan yang menggunakan kereta api atau truck(land transport).

    Kewajiban utama seller ialah menyerahkan barang clearexport.

    b. DES (Delivered Ex Ship)

    kewajiban utama seller ialah menyerahkan barangnya ke buyer di atas kapal di

    pelabuhan tujuan atas biaya seller dan resiko seller. Kewajiban buyer ialah menerima penyerahan barang dari kapal, menanggung biaya

    pembongkaran, menyiapkan ijin impor dan membayar bea masuk dan pungutanimpor dan biaya lain yang diperlukan.

    Keuntungan dan kerugian terhadap seller dan buyer kurang lebih sama dengandalam C&F, seller tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap asuransinya.

    c. DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) Kewajiaban utama seller mengangkut barang dan menyerahkannya kepada buyer di

    dermaga pelabuhan tujuan yang disebutkan dalam kontrak.

    Seller membayar biaya pengangkutan dan menangung resiko selam pengangkutandari pelabuhan muat hingga ke pelabuhan tujuan.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 16

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    4. Group D Arrival Contract.

    d. DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)

    Term ini mewajibkan seller menyerahkan barang di tempat yang di tunjuk diNegara tujuan, menanggung biaya pengangkutan dan menanggung resiko sampaidi tempat yang ditentukan.

    Menanggung biaya pembongkaran sampai di darat dengan condisi unclearedforimport

    Kewajiban buyer ialah menerima barang dalam keadaan umcleared for import danmembayar semua pungutan import.

    e. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

    Dengan term ini kewajiban seller adalah maksimum, dibandingkan dengan DDU,seller wajib menyerahkan barang di tempat yang ditentukan dalam kontrak,dengan menanggung semua biaya pungutan import di Negara buyer.

    Buyer menerima barang di tempat yang ditentukan dengan kondisi clear forimport.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 17

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    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 18

    SELLER AND BUYERS OBLIGATIONS IN INCOTERMS

    THE SELLER THE BUYER

    S.1 Provision of goods in

    comfirmity with the contract

    Harga barang

    sesuai dengan

    kontrak

    B.1 Payment of the price

    S.2 Licencies, authorizations and

    formalities

    Ijin yang harus

    disiapkan

    B.2 Licencies, authorizations and

    formalities

    S.3 Contract of carriage and

    insurance

    Nominasi

    menunjuk

    pengangkut

    B.3 Contract of carriage and

    insurance

    S.4 Delivery Penyerahan B.4 Takking Delivery

    S.5 Transfer of Risk Batas-batas resiko B.5 Transfer of Risk

    S.6 Division of cost Pembagian biaya B.6 Division of cost

    S.7 Notice to buyer Informasi B.7 Notice to buyer

    S.8 Proof of delivery transport ofdocument or equivqlent

    electronic message

    Bukti penyerahantransport dokumen

    B.8 Proof of delivery transport ofdocument or equivqlent

    electronic message

    S.9 Checking and marking Pemeriksaan B.9 Inspection of goods

    S.10 Other obligations Kewajiban lainnya B.10 Other obligations

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    Petunjuk Umum Dalam Penggunaan

    Incoterms

    1. Incoterms tidak menentukan secara langsung :

    Kapan pembayaran dilaksanakan.

    Tempat dimana pemilikan barang beralih dari seller ke buyer. Hal inidijelaskan dalam salles contract.

    Karena di dalam perdagangan internasional terdapat tiga kontrak tertulis yangterpisah, akan tetapi saling berhubungan satu sama lainnya yaitu :

    kontrak penjualan (salles contract) kontrak angkutan (freight contract)

    kontrak asuransi (insurance contract)

    2. Walaupun salles contract menyebutkan berdasarkan incoterms, tetapi pihak yangterkait dapat mencantumkan kondisi atau tambahan sedemikian rupa sehingga

    sesuai dengan kepentingan perdagangan.Pencantuman atau tambahan khusus dalam salles contract itu merupakansupplement dari yang disebut dalam incoterms.

    Contoh : dalam kontrak disebutkan CIF, kemudian buyer meminta agar sellermenutup Asuransinya lebih dari yang tercantum dalam incoterms, FPA (free fromParticular Average)misalnya buyer minta dicantumkan CIF dengan tambahan kondisiasuransi allRisk.64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 19

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    Petunjuk Umum Dalam Penggunaan

    Incoterms

    3. Referensi pada incoterm, tidak cukup kuat untuk mengikat secara hukumkedua belah pihak yang terkait dalam kontrak penjualan.

    4. Seller dan Buyer tidak mutlak harus menggunakan incoterms dalam salescontract, tetapi incoterms merupakan referensi utama jika terjadi diputedalam transaksi antara seller dengan buyer.

    5. Incoterms hanya berlaku terhadap hubungan antara seller dengan Buyer,serta tidak mempengaruhi secara langsung maupun tidak langsungbhubungan kedua belah pihak dengan carrier yang disebut dalam kontrakangkutan.

    6. Dalam perkembangannya, bukan lagi Seller yang melakukan langsungpenyerahan barang kepada carrier dan pemesan ruangan kapal, tetapipekerjaan ini akan dilakukan oleh Forwarding Agent yang bertindaksebagai Buyer Consolidator.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 20

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    Pemilihan Kondisi (Terms)

    Pemillihan kondisi atau terms yang tepat untuk setiap transasksi ekspor - importergantung dari beberapa faktor seperti : Kemampuan negosiasi.

    Bargaining positiondari jenis barang yang akan ditawarkan.

    Optiondari tiap pihak, yang terkait dalam perdagangan tersebut.

    Strategi eksport seller.

    Sifat perdagangan.kesiapan transport.

    Peraturan perdagangan internasional dan keadaan politik kedua negara.

    Pada kondisi pasar dengan persaingan yang ketat maka seller sebaiknyamenawarkan harga yang sesuai dengan keadaan di negara buyer denganmempertimbangkan kondisi yang ada.

    Dalam beberapa hal seperti ekspor dengan volume besar dan teratur (reguler),biasanya hal ini akan menempatkan seller dalam posisi untuk menentukan kondisiyang lebih baik baigi carrier dan asuransi. Hal ini dikarenakan akan memudahkandalam mengurus pengangkutan di negeri sendiri dengan pelayaran yang ada,sehingga resiko dapat diperkecil.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 21

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    Pemilihan Kondisi (Terms)

    Dalam hal seperti diatas, seller tidak hanya menjual dengan kondisi EXWORKS, FAS, FOB atau FCA, tetapi dapat memperluas kewajibanya untukmengatur pengangkutan dengan kondisi Cost and Freight (CFR) ataumembayar Freight dan Asuransi (CIF), juga dapat memilih Carrieage andPaid to (CPT atau CIP).

    Dalam perdagangan yang normal antara negara-negara diman organisasipelebuhan-pelabuhan peti kemasnya baik dan tidak timbul persoalanperburuhan, tidak ada gangguan politik, maupun Kongesti di pelabuhan,gangguan pemogokan, resiko perdagangan minim. Maka Seller disarankanuntuk memilih kondisi penyerahan sampai barang sampai tiba ditempattujuan.

    Misalnya : Delivered Ex Ship (DES), Delivered at Frontier (DAF) atauDelivered Duty Paid (DDP).

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 22

    JENIS ALAT ANGKUT DAN SYARAT PERDAGANGAN YANG SESUAI DENGAN

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    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 23

    JENIS ALAT ANGKUT DAN SYARAT PERDAGANGAN YANG SESUAI DENGAN

    INCOTERMS TAHUN 2000

    Jenis alat angkut mana saja,

    termasuk alat angkut aneka

    wahana.

    EXW Ex Works (.named plce).

    Penyerahan barang di gudang penjual (..disebut nama

    pelabuhan/tempat)

    Angkutan udara FCA Free Carrier (named place)

    Penyerahan baerang di tempat pengangkut (disebut namatempat)

    CPT Carriage Paid to (named place of detination)

    Penyerahan barang di tempat pengangkut, namun uang tambang

    dibayar sampai ketempat tujuan (disebut nama tujuan)

    CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To (named place of destination)

    Penyerahan barang ditempat pengangkut, namun uang tambangdan premi asuransi dibayar sampai ke tempat tujuan (disebut

    tempat tujuan)

    DAF Delivered At Frontier (named place)

    Penyerahan barang di perbatasan (disebut tempat)

    DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination)

    Penyerahan barang di negara pengimpor, namun bea masukbelum dibayar (..disebut tempat)

    DDP Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)

    Penyerahan barang di negara pengimpor, namun bea masuk

    sudah dibayar (disebut nama tempat tujuan)

    FCA Free Carrier (named place)

    Penyerahan barang di tempat pengangkut (disebut nama

    tempat)

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    Angkutan Kereta api FCA Free Carrier (.named place)

    Penyerahan barang di tempat pengangkut (disebut nama

    tempat)

    Angkutan Laut antar Pulau FAS Free AlongSide Ship (named port of shipment).Penyerahan barang di samping kapal (disebut nama pelabuhan

    pengapalan)

    FOB Free On Board (named port of shipment)

    Penyerahan barang di atas kapal (disebut nama pelabuhan

    pengapalan)

    CFR Cost and Freight (named port of destination)

    Penyerahan barang di atas kapal, namun uang tambang sudahdibayar dsampai ke pelabuhan tujuan (disebut nama

    pelabuhan tujuan)

    CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)

    Penyerahan barang di atas kapal, namun uang tambang dan

    premi asuransi sudah di bayar sampai ke pelabuhan tujuan

    (disebut nama pelabuhan tujuan)

    DES Delivered Ex Ship (named port of destination)

    Penyerahan barang di atas kapal yang berlabuh di pelabuhan

    tujuan (disebut nama pelabuhan tujuan)

    DEQ Delivered Ex Quay (named port of destination)

    Penyerehan barang di atas dermaga di pelabuhan tujuan

    (disebut nama pelabuhan tujuan)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 24

    JENIS ALAT ANGKUT DAN SYARAT PERDAGANGAN YANG SESUAI DENGAN

    INCOTERMS TAHUN 2000

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    Incoterms and Price

    Price is one of the key variables ininternational trade

    An offer consists of a proposal to supply

    products or services:

    In the RIGHT QUANTITY At the right level of QUALITY

    At the right TIME

    And at the right PRICE or COST

    Incoterms are a central factor in the costingprocess and that is why they must be

    understood and clearly indicated on any

    quotation.

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 25

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    Price EX WORKS US$10 000

    IN LAND FREIGHT 800

    CUSTOMS 150

    DOCUMENTATION 100

    FCA PORT OR PLACE OF LOADING

    US$11 050

    MAIN CARRIAGE OF FREIGHT 1 500

    CPT PLACE/PORT OFRECEIPT

    US$12 550

    INSURANCE 100

    CIP PLACE/PORT OF

    RECEIPT US$12 650

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 26

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    EXW - Ex Works

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 27

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Ex Works (EXW)Named place

    Multimodal Incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    The seller makes the goods available, packed and ready for collection at the place of

    receipt(factory). The buyer must bear all the risks and charges in taking the goods to

    the required destination. This term carries the minimum obligation for the seller.

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    FCA - Free Carrier at

    Charge of

    Carrier

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Free carrier (FCA)Named placeMultimodal incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 28

    The seller is responsible for delivering the goods into the custody of the transport carrier

    at the named point, having cleared the goods through Customs in the country of export.

    The responsibility for, and the risks of damage to or loss to the goods is transferred from

    the seller to the buyer at this point. It is based on the same principle as FOB except that

    the seller fulfils his obligations when s/he delivers the goods into the custody of the

    carrier at the named point.

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    FAS - Free Alongside Ship

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 29

    Under this term, it is the sellers responsibility to deliver the goods

    alongside the ship on the quay in the port of loading, having cleared the

    goods through Customs in the country of export. The buyer must bear

    all the costs and risks from that point onwards

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    FOB - Free on BoardINCOTERMS 2000

    Free on board (FOB)Named port of shipmentSea Freight incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 30

    Under this term, the seller is responsible for delivering the goods on board

    the ship at the named port of loading. The responsibility for, and risk of

    damage to or loss of, the goods pass from the seller to the buyer when the

    goods pass a ships rail.

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    CFR - Cost and Freight

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Cost and Freight (CFR)Named port of destination

    Sea Freight incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 31

    The seller is responsible for paying the costs and freight to bring the goods to

    the named port of destination. The risk of loss or damage to the goods is

    transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail at

    the port of loading.

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    CPT - Carriage Paid to..

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Charge of

    Carrier

    Carriage Paid To (CPT)Named place of destination

    Multimodal incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 32

    The seller is responsible for arranging the carriage and paying the freight to

    the named destination, but the risk of loss of, and damage to, the goods,

    passes from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into

    the charge of the carrier in the country of export

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    CIF - Cost, Insurance & FreightINCOTERMS 2000

    Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)Named port of destinationSea freight incoterm

    Exporter procures marine insurance

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 33

    This term is the same as CFR, except the seller has to procure, and pay

    for, marine insurance for the goods during their carriage.

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    CIP - Carriage & Insurance Paid

    Charge of

    Carrier

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Carriage and insurance paid to (CIP)Named place of destination

    Multimodal incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 34

    This term is the same as CPT but the seller also has to procure, and pay for,

    marine insurance for the goods. Similar to CIF, CIP is suitable for multimodal

    transportation.

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    DES - Delivered Ex ShipINCOTERMS 2000

    Delivered ex Ship (DES)Named port of destinationSea freight incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    Goods uncleared

    for Import

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 35

    The seller is responsible for making the goods available to the buyer on

    board the ship not customs cleared at the port of destination, as well as

    bearing the costs and risk in brining the goods there. This is both a

    multimodal and seafreight Incoterm, the last leg of the journey must be a sea

    leg.

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    DEQ- Delivered Ex-shipINCOTERMS 2000

    Delivered ex quay (DEQ)Named port of destination

    Sea freight incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    Goods uncleared

    for Import

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 36

    The seller is responsible for making the goods available to the buyer on the

    quay at the port of destination not cleared through customs, bearing all

    costs and risks in bringing goods there. This is both a multimodal and

    seafreight Incoterm, the last leg of the journey must be a sea leg.

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    DDU - Delivered Duty UnpaidINCOTERMS 2000

    Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU)Named place of destination

    Multimodal incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Named

    Place of

    destination

    Named

    Place of

    destination

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    Goods uncleared

    for Import

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 37

    The seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place of

    receipt. However, the seller is not required to pay duties, taxes or any

    other official charges payable upon importation, those costs are for the

    buyer

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    DDP- Delivered Duty Paid

    Named

    Place of

    destination

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Delivered Duty Paid (DDP)Named place of destination

    Multimodal incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    Goods cleared

    for Import

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 38

    The seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place of

    destination having cleared them for import into the country of

    destination. This term represents the maximum obligation for the seller.

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    DAF - Delivered at Frontier

    Delivered

    at Frontier

    INCOTERMS 2000

    Delivered at frontier (DAF)Named placeOverland incoterm

    Seller Buyer

    Costs

    Risks Risks

    Costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 39

    The seller is responsible for delivering the goods, cleared for export, to

    the buyer at the named place of delivery at the frontier. However, he is

    not responsible for clearing the goods through customs for import into

    country of destination

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    INCOTERMS 2010 clauses

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 40

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    What are Incoterms clauses?

    INCOTERMS= International Commercial Terms First published in 1936 (revisions in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010)

    International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

    Purpose of Incoterms (according to ICC):

    THE PURPOSE OF INCOTERMS IS TO PROVIDE A SET OF INTERNATIONAL RULES

    FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED TRADE TERMS INFOREIGN TRADE.

    2 key aspects of Incoterms 2010:

    Define responsibilities for carriage and clearance of goods

    Define COSTS and RISKS for exporter and importer

    What Incoterms 2010 are NOT:

    Part of the contract for carriage

    Not used to transfer property rights or title of goods

    Not used to name a carrier

    Not used to determine the effect of breach of contract cases64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 41

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    Structure of Incoterms 2010

    2 parts:

    NAME (3-letter abbreviation) + specified place (or carrier)

    CONTENT (rights and responsibilities of both parties)

    2 groups, 11 clauses:

    Rules for any mode or modes of transport (7)

    Rules for sea and inland waterway transport (4)

    Obligations (A-seller, B-buyer):

    A1/B1General obligations of the seller/buyer

    A/B 2Licenses, Authorizations and Formalities

    A/B 3Contracts of carriage and insurance

    A4Delivery / B4Taking DeliveryA/B 5Transfer of risks

    A/B 6Allocation of costs

    A7Notice to the buyer / B7Notice to the seller

    A/B 8Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message

    A9Checkingpackagingmarking / B9Inspection of goods

    A/B 10Assistance with information and related costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 42

    Cl ifi i f I 2010

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    Classification of Incoterms 2010

    rulesRules for any mode or modes of transport:

    EXW - Ex Works (named place of delivery)

    FCA - Free Carrier (named place of delivery)

    CPT - Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)

    CIP - Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)

    DAT - Delivered At Terminal (named terminal at port or place ofdestination)

    DAP - Delivered At Place (named place of destination)

    DDP - Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)

    Rules for sea and inland waterway transport:

    FAS - Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment)

    FOB - Free On Board (named port of shipment)

    CFR - Cost and Freight (named port of destination)

    CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 43

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    Incoterms put simply. Generally speakingif the

    abbreviation begins with

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 44

    All transport charges

    are forward to collect at

    destination from the buyer

    Costs to main port/airport

    of destination are prepaid

    by sellerremainder paid by

    buyer

    E

    C

    Cost to loading are prepaid

    by seller, from that point on

    the main freight charge is

    paid by buyer

    All charges prepaid to named

    destination by sellerthis may

    or may not include taxes

    F

    D

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    E group:

    EXW: Ex Works

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 45

    Cost and risk transfer

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    The sellers obligation is to make the

    goods available at his premises or

    another named place, and to

    inform the buyer in appropriate time.

    Seller not in charge for uploading

    goods or export duty procedures.

    Seller must prepare invoice and

    all documentation / proof from the

    contract.

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer bears all costs and risks

    from the moment that goods are

    made available at the named place.

    He /she has to confirm the dateof pick-up.

    Loading costs and risk, as well as

    export duty procedures are buyers

    responsibility.

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    F group: FCA (free carrier)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 46

    Cost and risk transfer

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    The sellers obligation is to transport

    the goods to the beginning of the

    main transport and carrier specified

    by the buyer, with all appropriate

    export duty procedures.

    If goods are made available in sellerspremises, the seller is also in charge

    of uploading the goods on the buyers

    transport mode.

    Seller must also provide proof of

    delivery.

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer bears all costs and risks from

    the moment the goods are made

    available to his carrier at thedesignated place. He is in charge

    of re-loading the goods!

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    F group: FAS (free alongside ship)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 47

    Cost and risk transfer

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Sellers obligations end, when he

    places the goods alongside the ship

    of the buyer.

    He is not in charge of uploading the

    goods on to the ship!

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer bears all costs and risks from

    the moment the goods are placedalongside the specified ship.

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    F group: FOB (free on board)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 48

    Cost and risk transfer

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Sellers obligations end, when he

    places the goods on board the ship

    of the buyer.

    He is in charge of uploading the

    goods on to the ship and bears all the

    risk during this upload!

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer bears all costs and risks from

    the moment the goods are placedon board the ship.

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    Question?

    Seller Gorenje from Slovenia sells 1.000 washing machines to Tesco in United

    Kingdom.

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is FCA (sellers factory):

    Who bears the costs and risks of uploading the goods on to the buyers truck in Slovenia?

    Who bears the costs and risks on the transport from Slovenia to the UK?

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is FAS (Port of Koper):

    Who bears the costs and risks of transport from factory to the Port of Koper?

    Who bears the costs and risks of uploading the goods on to the ship?

    Who bears the costs and risks during the main transport at sea?

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is FOB (Port of Koper):

    Who bears the costs and risks of transport from factory to the Port of Koper?

    Who bears the costs and risks of uploading the goods on to the ship?

    Who bears the costs and risks during the main transport at sea?

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 49

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    C group: CFR (cost and freight)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 50

    Transfer of costs

    Transfer of risks

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    The seller must place the goods on

    board the ship, and contract and

    pay for the main ship transport.

    As soon as the goods are on board,

    his risks and obligations end.Contract for main ship transport must

    be made and paid under usual

    ship transport terms. Not in charge

    for insurance!

    Must provide B/L to the customer.

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    The main ship transport is paid by

    the seller under usual ship

    transport terms, however the buyer

    bears the risk on the main shiptransport route.

    The buyer is in charge of insurance!

    C CIF ( t i d

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    C group: CIF (cost, insurance and

    freight)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 51

    Transfer of costs

    Transfer of risks

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Same as with CFR + seller in charge

    of ship transport insurance!

    Insurance under usual terms.

    Minimal coverage 110%!

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Same as with CFR +

    buyer NOT in charge of insurance,

    which is on sellers part!

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    C group: CPT (carriage paid to)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 52

    Transfer of costs

    Transfer of risks

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Sellers obligations end, when the

    goods are made available by the

    contracted carrier to the named place

    or destination. No insurance!

    Seller bears all risks until the goods

    have been made available to the

    first carrier.

    Useful for multimodal transport!

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer bears all risk from the time the

    goods are made available to the first

    carrier.

    Buyer in charge of insurance!

    C gro p CIP (cost and

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    C group: CIP (cost and

    insurance paid to

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 53

    Transfer of costs

    Transfer of risks

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Same as with CPT + seller in charge

    of transport insurance!

    Insurance under usual terms.

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Same as with CPT +buyer NOT in charge of insurance!

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    Question?

    Seller Gorenje from Slovenia sells 1.000 washing machines to Tesco in UnitedKingdom.

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is CIF (Port of Blackpool):

    Who bears the costs and risks of uploading the goods on to the ship in Port of Koper?

    Does the ship transport have to be insured?

    If so, by whom does the ship transport have to be insured?

    Who bears the risk on the main ship transport between Koper and Blackpool?

    Who pays for the potential damages, if something happens at sea?

    Who bears the cost and risks of loading the goods from the ship in Port of Blackpool on to the pier?

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 54

    D group: DAT (delivered at

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    D group: DAT (delivered at

    terminal)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 55

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Sellers obligations end, when the

    goods are made available unloaded,

    on the specified means of transport,

    at the named place of delivery

    at the terminal.

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    The buyer must unload and take

    hold of the delivery on thespecified means of transport, at

    the named place of delivery at the

    terminal.

    Transfer of cost and risks

    D group: DAP (delivered at

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    D group: DAP (delivered at

    place)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 56

    Transfer of cost and risks

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Simply put, the seller does everythingand brings the goods to the customers

    door, but he doesnt pay for

    the import duty charges.

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer only has to take care ofimport duty charges.

    D group: DDP (delivered duty

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    D group: DDP (delivered duty

    paid)

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 57

    Transfer of cost and risks

    EXPORTER (SELLER)

    Simply put, the seller does everythingand brings the goods to the customers

    door, and also pays for the import duty

    charges!

    IMPORTER (BUYER)

    Buyer only has to receive theShipment (and of course

    pay the bill).

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    Question?

    Gorenje from Slovenia buys 1.000 tons of steel from Croatia.

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is DAP (Border Pass Bregana)

    Who bears the costs and risks of unloading the goods before the border pass?

    Who pays for the import duty charges?

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is DAT (Port of Koper):

    Who bears the costs and risks of unloading from the ship in Koper?

    Who bears the costs and risks of uploading the goods on to a truck for Ljubljana?

    Who pays for the import duty charges?

    If the arranged Incoterms clause is DDP (Ljubljana) Who bears the costs and risks of unloading from the ship in Koper?

    Who bears the costs and risks of uploading the goods on to a truck for Ljubljana?

    Who pays for the import duty charges?

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 58

    Example 1: shipping the goods by

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    Example 1: shipping the goods by

    air

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 59

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    Example 2: AccidentCar falls into the water, when being uploaded on the ship

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 60

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    Example 3: Build up of sea costs

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 61

    E i

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    Exercise

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 62

    An overview

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    An overview

    64 BAB XI. INCOTERM 63Source: DSV, 2011.

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