aplikasi fisika INti.docx

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http://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benets_of_nuclear_science/food_and_

agriculture

Teknik Serangga Mandul (ST!

"alat buah invasi ke daerah bebas dari hama mengganggu # $%%.%%%.%%% &ustralia

perdagangan tahun 'eruk stonefruit buah pome anggur dan tanaman lainn)a.

&*ST+ menggunakan iradiasi untuk mengendalikan infestasi lalat buah di &ustralia.

Se'ak tahun ,- ST iradiasi telah digunakan oleh *S 0epartment of 1rimar)

ndustries (01! di &*ST+ untuk mensterilkan 'utaan buah laboratorium dipelihara

lalat per minggu. 2etika lalat disterilkan dilepaskan di wila)ah target dan kawin

dengan lalat liar dari populasi hama mereka menciptakan keturunan. Secara

bertahap populasi berkurang. ST adalah mana'emen program hama utama untuk

pen)impanan dan pemberantasan lalat buah 3ueensland (345)! wabah dan

merupakan satu4satun)a alternatif untuk men)emprot aplikasi pestisida beracunketika pemberantasan diperlukan.

&*ST+ terus men)inari serangga untuk program ST Tri4State (*S 67 dan

pemerintah S& industri dan dana 7ommonwealth pencocokan! setiap minggu

hingga sembilan bulan tahun ini dan di waktu lain ketika penelitian meningkatkan

ST adalah sedang dilakukan oleh 01 dan lain4lain.

ST 'uga digunakan di luar negeri. Sebagai contoh teknik serangga steril digunakan

untuk membasmi lalat buah Mediterania dari 7hili.

1en)inaran

radiasi 'uga digunakan untuk membuat varietas tanaman )ang lebih tahan

pen)akit dan tumbuh baik di tanah )ang miskin manfaat besar untuk negara4

negara di seluruh rawan kekeringan &frika di mana para petani miskin mencoba

untuk bertahan hidup di lahan mar'inal.

radiasi digunakan sebagai pengobatan pasca4panen untuk produk hortikultura 'uga

bermanfaat bagi lingkungan. ni memberikan alternatif )ang lebih aman untuk metil

bromida dimana sebagian besar negara telah sepakat untuk phase out tahun 8%,%

karena dampak )ang membaha)akan terhadap lapisan o9on.

Melindungi tanah dan sumber da)a

sotop tanah ukuran air dan pen)impanan hara erosi tanah dan pupuk dan limbah

pestisida memungkinkan petani untuk men)impan trek lebih dekat dari operasi

mereka dan menggunakan sumber da)a vital lebih hemat dan efektif. Sebagai
http://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/food_and_agriculturehttp://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/food_and_agriculturehttp://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/food_and_agriculturehttp://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/food_and_agriculture


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contoh teknik nuklir dapat mendeteksi pestisida berlebihan atau residu obat hewan

dalam makanan dan memonitor pelaksanaan praktek pertanian dan hewan )ang

baik.

1eningkatan produksi ternak

1ara ilmuwan menggunakan isotop untuk mempela'ari hormon dan mempela'ari

lebih lan'ut tentang siklus reproduksi )ang membantu dalam bidang4bidang seperti

waktu4buatan inseminasi program. Sebagai contoh di angladesh ;&+ / &


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therapeutic procedure (to treat illnesses*, they are different in that, )ith nuclear medicine,

radioisotopes are introduced into the "ody internally, )hereas in radiology +&rays penetrate the

"ody from outside the "ody.

Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radiation to provide information a"out a person's "ody

and the functioning of specific organs. The information is used "y physicians to mae anaccurate diagnosis of the patient's illness via nuclear imaging. Nuclear medicine can also "e used

to directly treat disease or to relieve pain.

Bone and equipment sterilisation

-rradiation is the "est method for destroying any residual "acteria in human "ones and tendons

that are used for transplants and grafting in surgery. The "ones and tendons are processed to

ensure they are completely sterile "efore the transplant taes place so they do not transmitinfections.

-rradiation is also used to sterilise medical products including "andages, cotton tips, eye pads,catheters and medical devices such as nee implants. ANSTO's expertise includes the accurate

and relia"le measurement of these doses of radiation. anufacturers must then test thoseproducts to assure sterility "efore use in hospitals.

ANSTO's/AT0- faciliy is one of the leading irradiation facilities in Australia.

Bone Imaging

1one imaging through nuclear scintigraphy can "e used to diagnose stress fractures of "ones as

)ell as osteoarthritis and "one infections.

A radioactive isotope is com"ined )ith a "one&seeing molecule and is then in2ected into the

"ody of the patient. The "one&seeing molecule carries the radioactive flag into the sites )here

natural "one re"uilding is taing place. This is detected and a computer enhanced image is

created to effectively highlight the smallest of a"normalities, including stress fractures.

Stress fractures of "ones are a common, expensive and dangerous pro"lem for racehorses.

3eterinarians and thorough"red trainers are no) using nuclear scintigraphy to successfully

diagnose and treat their horses "efore costly or fatal in2uries can occur. The discovery of cancer

can occur up to t)o years earlier using such nuclear diagnostic techniues.

In the home
http://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/irradiation_serviceshttp://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/irradiation_serviceshttp://www.ansto.gov.au/nuclear_information/benefits_of_nuclear_science/irradiation_services


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4ranium glass & used until the 567%s

any people are surprised to learn that a num"er of common consumer and household products

are created "y the nuclear industry. One, in particular, is designed to save lives and property.

!hile natural radiation surrounds us every day, scientists have spent decades refining the use of

man&made radiation for the "enefit of society. !hile nuclear medicine is the most o"vious ofthese, radiation produced in nuclear reactors or cyclotrons has many other "enefits that are

integrated into common consumer and household items.

Smoke detectors

The most common of these is smoe detectors )hich are compulsory in Australia, saving livesand property. The most )idely&used smoe detectors contain minute amounts of Americium&

78599 a transuranic element )ith an extremely useful property & its half&life. This produces alpha

particles at a rate )hich creates an easily monitored steady voltage in the air "et)een a pair ofelectrodes enclosed )ithin an inexpensive plastic housing euipped )ith a simple circuit.

!hen the voltage changes significantly, it triggers an audi"le alarm. The main cause of such a

voltage change is variation in the composition of air & smoe "eing one pro"a"le cause. This is

)hy modern smoe detectors may also register steam, dust, hair spray and other householdaerosol pacs.

-n the case of smoe detectors, the nuclear industry has utilised Americium&785's half&life in a

clever )ay for the "enefit of society.

Watches, clocks, ceramics and glassware

odern )atches and clocs sometimes use a small uantity of hydrogen&: or promethium&58;isotopes as a source of light. Older )atches and clocs used radium&77< as a source of light,

hence those dials that light up in the dar. They )ere originally designed for pilots flying at night

during !orld !ar --.


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Ceramic materials such as tiles or pottery often contain elevated levels of naturally occurring

uranium, thorium, and=or potassium concentrated in the gla>e. /lass)are, especially antiue

glass)are )ith a yello) or greenish colour, can contain uranium. -n fact, uranium glass (uranium)as added to the mix prior to melting* )as sold )idely up until the 567%s and is no)

collectecta"le.

Other items that could "e radioactive in the home include gemstones that have "een irradiated in

a reactor to improve their appearance? glass lenses in eyeglasses or sunglasses containinguranium and thorium? thorium mantles used in gas lanterns? magnetrons containing thorium used

in micro)ave ovens? electric lamps containing thorium in the filament? television faceplates and

automotive glass containing thorium? and uranium coated teeth and older dental products.

** According to the World Nuclear Organisation, Americium (atomic number 95) was firstproduced at the Uniersit! of "hicago in #9$5, during the %anhattan &ro'ect he stable

isotope, A%+$# has a halflife of $+ !ears and deca!s b! emitting alpha particles and intense

gamma radiation to become neptunium+-

*** Also seeWi.ipediafor an e/planation of transuranic elements

ndustrial applications

The penetrating nature of radiation means it has many "eneficial applications in industry, and

common consumer products.

A vast array of industries & from agriculture to manufacturing to computers & use radionuclide's to

assess the efficiency of materials, products and processes. -rradiated silicon is also common inmany household goods. @ollo)ing is a "rief snapshot of the )ays in )hich nuclear technology is

used "y industry.

Measuring materials

0adionuclide gauges are used in industrial processes to measure thicness, density or levels of

materials during production, for example, paper, plastic film, steel sheet or surface coatings. The

material passes "et)een a radioactive source and a detector. As the intensity of the radiation is

diminished "y passing through the material, the strength of the detector signal can "e used to

measure the thicness, density or level of the material.

Measuring the level of li=uid in soft drinks

0adionuclide gauges are also used to measure the level of liuid in cans of soft drin on a

conveyor "elt, at a rate of thousands of cans per minute.

Steel manufacturing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_element


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odern steel rolling mills could not manufacture steel plate )ithout accurate, continuous

measurement of thicness "y radionuclide devices at every stage of production.


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-n Australia, "oth civil and military aircraft are inspected "y radiography during their regular

maintenance schedules. et engines are checed for correct functioning "y remotely exposing a

radioactive source inside the engine and creating an image on a film. The exposed film can then

"e examined to identify any faults in the engine.

Aircraft manufacturers reuire radiographic inspection of all )ing structure components on

commercial aircraft. Similarly, ship"uilding firms reuire radiographic inspection of up to 5%,%%%

)elds on a single hull.

nspecting welds in pipelines

The most freuent application of gamma radiography is the inspection of the )elds in high&

pressure, large diameter pipelines. A radioactive source is placed inside the pipe and the film is

attached to the outside of the )eld.

@or examining pipelines that are hundreds of ilometres long, sophisticated, self&propelledcra)lers )hich actually travel in and along the pipe are used. 3irtually all ne) natural gas or oil

pipeline systems are checed )ith this ind of radiographic inspection euipment.

0adiographic techniues are used extensively in inspecting petroleum and gas pipeline )elding.

The petroleum industry also uses density and liuid level radioactive gauges.

Mineral anal)sis

Neutrons and gamma ray techniues can "e used for mineral analysis. Neutrons can interact )ith

atoms in a sample causing the emission of gamma rays )hich, )hen analysed for characteristicenergies and intensity, )ill identify the types and uantities of elements present. These

techniues are used for online analysis in cement, mineral and coal industries. Another

application is to esta"lish the density of )ater in soil, such as in "orehole logging, )here a

neutron source can "e contained in a pro"e that can "e lo)ered into the hole.

/amma ray transmission or scattering can "e used to determine the ash content of coal online on

a conveyor "elt. +&ray fluorescence is used to determine element concentrations, for example, in

process streams of mineral concentrators. Pro"es containing radioisotopes and a detector can "e

immersed directly into slurry streams.

+il petrol and gas

0adionuclides have "een used in a variety of )ays in oil exploration for many years. They

provide the only convenient means of locating and evaluating underground flo) patterns.

0adioactive material measurement can help determine the "est location for an oil )ell and is

important in reducing the costs of oil exploration.


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!hen testing motor oils and lu"ricants, oil companies use radioactive tracers to measure friction

)ear in a petrol engine )ithout dismantling the engine, or even stopping it. This method of

measuring )ear and tear is much uicer than other methods and more can "e learned in a fe)

hours than used to "e possi"le "y running an engine for a monthB

Silicon chips in computers

The computer and electronic industries have high demand for high uality, precisely dopedD

silicon. -rradiation of silicon ingots in a reactor accurately changes its semi&conducting

properties "y "om"arding it )ith neutrons for precise periods and converting some atoms to

phosphorus. The electronic properties of the silicon change )ith decreased resistively, mae it

valua"le to use in high uality electronic euipment.

;ood and agriculture

Nuclear techniues are used in farming and agricultural communities to com"at disease and and

provide other "enefits.

;ood safet)

The process of treating food )ith radiant energy isn't ne). The sun's energy, for example, has

"een used for centuries to preserve meat, fruits, vegeta"les and fish. ately, infrared and

micro)ave radiation have "een used to heat food. icro)ave ovens are commonplace in "oth

domestic and commercial itchens.

@ood irradiation is a process in )hich ionising radiation is used to eep food fresh longer and ill

germs. @ood irradiation is similar to pasteurising "ecause the radiation destroys the disease&

producing microorganisms )ith radiation energy instead of heat energy. -rradiation is also used

as a uarantine measure for such items as tropical fruits.

An advantage of irradiating food over traditional preserving techniues is that irradiation only

causes minimal changes to the taste, appearance, texture and nutritional value of food. -t is also

safe. -rradiated food does not "ecome radioactive "ecause energy from the radiation source is too

lo) to induce radioactivity in any material. The food also does not come into contact )ith the

energy source, so it cannot "ecome contaminated "y radioactive material.

;ood science

ANSTO scientists are investigating the impact of processes such as heating, mixing and

fermenting on the molecular structure of various foods. The food science pro2ect, launched in
http://www.ansto.gov.au/research/bragg_institute/current_research/scientific_projects/foodsciencehttp://www.ansto.gov.au/research/bragg_institute/current_research/scientific_projects/foodscience


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uly 7%%

aplikasi fisika INti.docx

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