ANALISIS PERAWATAN TERHADAP KOMPONEN KRITIS PADA SISTEM HIDROLIK MESIN DIE CASTING DENGAN...

8/2/2019 ANALISIS PERAWATAN TERHADAP KOMPONEN KRITIS PADA SISTEM HIDROLIK MESIN DIE CASTING DENGAN MENGGUN

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Oho 8

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whwhfhf b`rkh }hfj ohmb thfjhw u`fwmfj pfwpb i`fdhuhm bphlmwht ghf b`hfghlhf

!r`lmhomlmw}- w`rw`fwp t`rwh b`rkh `n`bwmn ghf `nmtm`f& Tmtwì }hfj ohmb wmghb hbhf

o`b`rkh t`dhrh iìphtbhf b`dphlm gmu`lmahrh g`fjhf ohmb uplh& Tmtwì u`rhzhwhf

i`rpuhbhf tphwp b`jmhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf pfwpb i`fkhimf hjhr tmtwì t`lhlp

ghlhi b`hghhf tmhu uhbhm !T`r~md`hol`- hwhp iìplmabhf bìohlm bcfgmtm tmtwìb` ghlhi bcfgmtm tmhu uhbhm&

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lìhaf}h uì`lmahrhhf ghlhi u`rpthahhf& B`thlhahf mfm i`fjahtmlbhf b`lphrhf

ghf ihtpbhf }hfj r`lhwmn r`fgha& Pfwpb iìhbtmihlbhf ahtml urcgpbtm i`lhlpm

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iì`lmahrh t`kpilha ht`w }hfj i`fkhgm icghl ghthr u`rpthahhf ahrpt gmb`lclh

t`dhrh d`rihw ghf wùhw i`lhlpm ihfhkì`f u`rhzhwhf&

UW& ZMKH]H BH_]H hghlha thlha thwp Ohghf Pthah Imlmb F`jhrh }hfj

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g`fjhf gm~`rmnmbhtm omghfj pthah }hfj lpht, }hmwp i`lmupwm khth bcfwrpbtm, mfgptwrm,

ihfpnhbwpr ghf uhormbhtm, u`rghjhfjhf t`rwh r`hlwm ghf urcu`rwm&

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hfhb u`rpthahhf w`rtòpw hghlha UW& ZMBHMF)W_HG@}hfj w`ro`fwpb hzhl whapf

?555, tòhjhmihfh w`rtòpw ghlhi Hbwh Fcwhrmt Miht Nhwmiha,TA&,fcicr 8>

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3/84

Thhw mfm UW& ZMBH MF)W_HG@iìmlmbm ìuhw omtfmt }hmwp omtfmt pfmw bcf~`rtm

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ahrpt gmimlmbm UW& ZMBH MF)W_HG@ & B`l`fjbhuhf tphwp thrhfh ghf urhthrhfh

u`rpthahhf kpjh ahrpt gmmiohfjm g`fjhf b`jmhwhf uì`lmahrhhf }hfj ohmb& Bhr`fh

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}hfj gmhfjjhu u`fwmfj bò`rhghhf}h ghlhi urct`t urcgpbtm gm UW& ZMBH MF)

W_HG@&

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rpthb ghf u`fjjhfwmhf clm thkh& Ahl mfm w`fwp hbhf iìophw tphwp i`tmf hbhf

ipgha rpthb ghf b`hfghlhf i`tmf wmghb hbhf w`rkhjh g`fjhf ohmb& B`rpthbhf

i`tmf mwp t`fgmrm w`fwp gmtòhobhf ghrm bciucf`f)bciucf`f i`tmf }hfj t`rmfj

hwhp w`rpt)i`f`rpt i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf t`rwh u`f}òhof}h k`lht o`lpi hghf}h

wmfghbhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj ohmb }hfj gmlhbpbhf u`rpthahhf pfwpb i`fhfjhfm

ihthlha w`rtòpw&


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tu`tmnmbhtm ghrm WC]C 405)155 Wcf hfwhrh lhmf; GD58, GD5?, GD54, GD5>,

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g`fjhf twhfghr u`rhzhwhf }hfj w`lha gm w`fwpbhf&

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u`rhlhwhf hwhp bciucf`f i`tmf w`rpt i`f`rpt i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf, ahl mfm

bhr`fh o`lpi hghf}h urct`gpr uì`lmahrhhf hwhp u`rhzhwhf }hfj ohmb hwhp dpbpu

ghlhi i`fdhuhm b`hfghlhf i`tmf hwhp u`rhlhwhf w`rtòpw&

NI@DH ! Nhmlpr` Ihmfw`fhfd` @nn`dwt Drmwmdhl Hfhl}tmt - hghlha i`wcg` }hfj

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hbmohw ucw`ftmhl }hfj gmwmioplbhf t`rwh `n`b oprpb lhmff}h ghf kpjh ghuhw

i`lhbpbhf wmfghbhf }hfj tàhrptf}h gmlhbpbhf t`tphm urct`gpr hwhp i`wcg` ghrm

NI@DH mwp t`fgmrm& G`fjhf i`wcg` NI@DH u`rpthahhf ghuhw g`fjhf w`rhwpr

i`lhbpbhf urct`gpr u`rhzhwhf i`tmf, tàmfjjh b`rpthbhf tmtwì hwhp i`tmf

t`dhrh wmoh)wmoh ghuhw t`j`rh gmhwhtm& NI@DH kpjh i`rpuhbhf tphwp i`wcg` pfwpb

i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm ghf i`f`lmwm ohjhmihfh i`fjamfghrm b`rpthbhf hwhp b`jhjhlhf


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uhgh tmtwì, ohmb b`rpthbhf }hfj gmtòhobhf clà cu`rhwcr!ihf-, i`tmf, ihw`rmhl

ghf kpjh lmfjbpfjhf&

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w`rkhgm ihbh u`fplmt i`fjptplbhf hlw`rfhwmn wmfghbhf u`rhzhwhf bciucf`f brmwmt

Tmtwì Amgrclmb i`tmfGm` Dhtwmfjo`rghthrbhf i`wcg` NI@DH !Nhmlpr` Icg`,

@nn`dwt hfg Drmwmdhlmw} Hfhl}tmt-&

O`rghthrbhf prhmhf w`rtòpw gmhwht, ihbh u`fplmt i`fdcoh pfwpb i`lhbpbhf

u`f`lmwmhf }hfj o`rkpgpl Hfhlmtmt U`rhzhwhf W`rahghu Bciucf`f Brmwmt Uhgh

Tmtwì Amgrclmb I`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj G`fjhf I`wcg` NI@DH !Twpgm Bhtpt UW&

ZMBH MF)W_HG@ IHKHL@FJBH-&

8&? Mg`fwmnmbhtm Ihthlha

Ghlhi i`fjahghum u`rihthlhahf mfm, o`lpi hghf}h i`wcg` u`rhzhwhf }hfj

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Dhtwmfj& U`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf w`rahghu i`tmf w`rtòpw ahf}h twhfghr b`rkh

thkh }hmwp ahf}h i`lhbpbhf uìo`rtmahf i`tmf, iìu`rohmbm hwhp i`fjjhfwm

bciucf`f i`tmf uhgh thhw rpthb ghf iìhbhmbhf}h bìohlm& Hbmohwf}h

b`rpthbhf uhgh bciucf`f)bciucf`f i`tmf }hfj tpgha gmhfjjhu brmwmt wmghb omth

lhjm gm mg`fwmnmbhtm g`fjhf ohmb ghf u`rpthahhf kpjh wmghb omth i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm

bhuhf ghf ahrpt ohjhmihfh i`lhbpbhf u`rhzhwhf t`rwh tù`rwm huh u`rhzhwhf

}hfj ahrpt gmlhbpbhf& Ghlhi u`f`lmwmhf mfm, ihthlha }hfj hbhf gmu`dhabhf hghlha

Ohjhmihfh i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm k`fmt b`rpthbhf uhgh bciucf`f brmwmt Tmtwì

Amgrclmb i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfjtàmfjjh u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf u`rpthahhf omth

cuwmihl&

8&4 Wpkphf U`f`lmwmhf

Wpkphf ghrm u`f`lmwmhf mfm }hmwp;

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?& I`f`fwpbhf prpwhf urmcrmwht u`rohmbhf ghrm bciucf`f Tmtwì Amgrclmb i`tmfGm` Dhtwmfj}hfj gmhfjjhu brmwmt o`rghthrbhf i`wcg` NI@DH !Nhmlpr` Icg`,

@nn`dwt hfg Drmwmdhlmw} Hfhl}tmt-&

4& Iìo`rmbhf ptplhf wmfghbhf u`rhzhwhf ohjm u`rpthahhf w`rahghu bciucf`fTmtwì Amgrclmb i`tmfGm` Dhtwmfj}hfj gmhfjjhu brmwmt&

8&7 Uìohwhthf IhthlhaHghupf }hfj i`fkhgm uìohwht ihthlha ghlhi u`f`lmwmhf mfm hghlha;

8& U`f`lmwmhf gmlhbpbhf gm UW&ZMBHMF)W_HG@Ihkhl`fjbh?& K`fmt i`tmf }hfj gmw`lmwm hghlha k`fmt i`tmf WC]C)155 Wcf GD5:&4& Ghlhi u`f`lmwmhf mfm, i`wcg` }hfj gmjpfhbhf hghlhaNhmlpr` Icg`, `nn`dwt hfg

Drmwmdhlmw} Hfhl}tmt !NI@DH-&7& Ghlhi u`lhbthfhhf wmghb gmlhbpbhf miulì`fwhtm gmlhuhfjhf, u`f`lmwmhf ahf}h

gmohwhtm thiuhm u`fjhkphf ptplhf&

8&0Htpitm)HtpitmGhlhi u`f`lmwmhf mfm w`rghuhw oò`rhuh htpitm }hfj gmjpfhbhf gmhfwhrhf}h;

8& B`w`rhiumlhf ghf bìhiuphf w`fhjh b`rkh uhgh ohjmhf ihmfw`fhfd`gmhfjjhu thih !rhwh-&

?& Ghwh whiohahf gm lphr ghwh }hfj gmbpiuplbhf t`dhrh lhfjtpfj uhgh thhwu`f`lmwmhf ahf}h tòhjhm ohahf whiohahf hwhp u`fpfkhfj pfwpb i`lhbpbhf

u`fjclhahf ghwh&

4& Bciucf`f i`tmf }hfj gmw`lmwm hghlha bciucf`f)bciucf`f }hfj gmhfjjhubrmwmt t`ghfjbhf bciucf`f }hfj gmhfjjhu brmwmt hghlha bciucf`f }hfj t`rmfj

i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf&


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Oho ?

Wmfkhphf Uptwhbh

?&8& U`fj`rwmhf ghf _phfj Lmfjbpu U`rhzhwhfWmfghbhf u`rhzhwhf omhthf}h gmblhtmnmbhtm tòhjhm b`jmhwhf u`fgpbpfj urcgpbtm

}hfj thfjhw gmopwpabhf jpfh i`fd`jha hwhp i`fjprhfjm w`rkhgmf}h b`rpthbhf

uhgh tphwp hlhw urcgpbtm& Bprhfjf}h u`fj`whaphf i`fmioplbhf b`thlhauhahihf

t`rwh i`fmioplbhf lìhaf}h uì`lmahrhhf ghlhi u`rpthahhf& B`thlhahf mfm

i`fjahtmlbhf b`lphrhf ghf ihtpbhf }hfj r`lhwm~` r`fgha&

Pfwpb iìhbtmihlbhf ahtml urcgpbtm i`lhlpm `nmtm`ftm ghf `n`bwmnmwht b`rkh,iìu`rwhahfbhf b`lhfjtpfjhf urcgpbtm g`fjhf iì`lmahrh t`kpilha htt`w }hfj

i`fkhgm icghl ghthr u`rpthahhf ahrpt gmb`lclh t`dhrh d`rihw ghf wùhw i`lhlpm

ihfhkì`f u`rhzhwhf&

?&?& U`fj`rwmhf U`rhzhwhfU`rhzhwhf !ihmfw`fhfd`- ghuhw gmhrwmbhf tòhjm tphwp b`jmhwhf i`rhzhw nhtmlmwht

tàmfjjh nhtmlmwht w`rtòpw o`rhgh uhgh bcfgmtm tmhu uhbhm t`tphm bòpwpahf&

Ghlhi ahl mfm gmpthahbhf w`fjjhfj zhbwp b`rpthbhf !or`hb gczf u`rmcg- tphwp

nhtmlmwht ghuhw gmw`bhf tìmfmihl ipfjbmf o`rghthrbhf u`ramwpfjhf }hfj ihwhfj&

U`rhzhwhf hghlha tphwp bcftùtm ghrm tìph hbwmnmwht }hfj gmu`rlpbhf pfwpb

i`fkhjh hwhp iìu`rwhahfbhf bphlmwht u`rhlhwhf hjhr w`whu ghuhw o`rnpfjtm

g`fjhf ohmb tù`rwm ghlhi bcfgmtm tò`lpif}h& !Tpuhfgm, 8===; ?0)?>-

U`rhfhf u`rhzhwhf ohrp hbhf thfjhw w`rhth huhomlh tmtwì iplhm i`fjhlhim

jhfjjphf hwhp wmghb ghuhw gmcu`rhtmbhf lhjm& Ihthlha u`rhzhwhf mfm t`rmfj

gmhohmbhf bhr`fh hlhthf ihahl hwhp ohf}hbf}h cfjbct }hfj gmb`lphrbhf ghlhi

u`lhbthfhhff}h, uhghahl huhomlh gmohfgmfjbhf g`fjhf b`rpjmhf zhbwp

i`fjhfjjpr hbmohw hghf}h tphwp b`rpthbhf i`tmf khpa lòma o`thr ghrm uhgh

cfjbct u`rhzhwhf ghf ohrp hbhf gmrhthbhf huhomlh tmtwì iplhm i`fjhlhim


8/84

jhfjjphf ghlhi u`fjcu`rhtmhff}h, tàmfjjh b`lhfdhrhf ghf b`tmfhiopfjhf

urcgpbtm hbhf w`rjhfjjp&

U`rhzhwhf kpjh ghuhw gmg`nmfmtmbhf tòhjhm tphwp b`jmhwhf i`rhzhw nhtmlmwht

tàmfjjh nhtmlmwht w`rtòpw o`rhgh ghlhi bcfgmtm tmhu uhbhm t`tphm g`fjhf

bòpwpahf& G`fjhf bhwh lhmf, u`rhzhwhf hghlha tòpha b`jmhwhf ghlhi rhfjbh

i`fjpuh}hbhf nhtmlmwht urcgpbtm o`rhgh uhgh bcfgmtm hwhp bìhiuphf }hfj

gmbà`fghbm& T`lhmf mwp kpjh u`rhzhwhf i`rpuhbhf tphwp bciomfhtm ghrm o`rohjhm

wmfghbhf }hfj gmwpkpbhf pfwpb iìu`rwhahfbhf tphwp tmtwì w`rtòpw uhgh

bcfgmtm }hfj gmbà`fghbm& Ihthlha u`rhzhwhf iìupf}hm bhmwhf }hfj thfjhw `rhw

g`fjhf wmfghbhf u`fd`jhahf b`rpthbhf !ur`~`fwm~`- ghf u`rohmbhf b`rpthbhf

!dcrr`dwm~`-& Wmfghbhf w`rtòpw ghuhw o`rpuh;8& Mftu`dwmcf !Uì`rmbthhf-

]hmwp wmfghbhf }hfj gmwpkpbhf w`rahghu tmtwì hwhp i`tmf pfwpb i`fj`whapm

huhbha tmtwì o`rhgh uhgh bcfgmtm }hfj gmmfjmfbhf&

?& T`r~md` !T`r~mt-]hmwp wmfghbhf }hfj o`rwpkphf pfwpb i`fkhjh bcfgmtm tphwp tmtwì }hfj

omhthf}h w`lha gmhwpr ghlhi opbp u`wpfkpb uìhbhmhf tmtwì&

4& _ùlhdì`fw!U`rjhfwmhf Bciucf`f-]hmwp wmfghbhf u`rjhfwmhf bciucf`f }hfj gmhfjjhu rpthb hwhp wmghb

iì`fpam bcfgmtm }hfj gmmfjmfbhf& Wmfghbhf u`fjjhfwmhf mfm ipfjbmf

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ghaplp&

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b`dml&

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u`rmcg` w`rw`fwp&

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w`rkhgzhl hwhp w`rhwpr ghuhw i`fkhimf b`lhfjtpfjhf hwhp b`lhfdhrhf urct`t


9/84

urcgpbtm uhgh thhw hbwm~mwht urcgpbtm t`ghfj o`rkhlhf ghuhw gmamfghrm& Uhgh

pipif}h, u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf iìmlmbm wpkphf tòhjhm o`rmbpw;

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t`lhlp o`rhgh uhgh bcfgmtm w`whu tmhu pfwpb cu`rhtm&

0& Iìmfmihlbhf omh}h urcgpbtm wcwhl }hfj t`dhrh lhfjtpfj ghuhw gmapopfjbhfg`fjhft`r~md` ghf u`rohmbhf&

>& Iìmfmihlbhf nr`bp`ftm ghf bphwf}h jhfjjphf)jhfjjphf w`rahghu urct`tcu`rhtm&

:& Iìhbtmihlbhf urcgpbtm ghf tpio`r)tpio`r tmtwì }hfj hgh&1& I`f}mhubhf u`rtcfml, nhtmlmwht ghf i`wcg`f}h hjhr ihiup i`fj`rkhbhf

wpjht)wpjht u`rhzhwhf&

?&?&8& Bhmgha U`rhzhwhf

Bhmgha u`rhzhwhf i`rpuhbhf uhwcbhf ghlhi i`lhbthfhbhf b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf,

}hmwp tòhjhm ohahf pfwpb i`lhbpbhf hfhlmth hzhl w`rahghu i`tmf hwhp tmtwì

}hfj hbhf gmrhzhw& Uhwcbhf)uhwcbhf w`rtòpw i`lmupwm uhwcbhf w`fwhfj huh }hfj

gmihbtpg g`fjhf u`rhzhwhf i`tmf, b`lh}hbhf tmtwì, bìhiuphf cu`rhtmcfhl,

b`tmhuhf tmtwì !H~hmlhomlmw}-, b`hfghlhf tmtwì !_`lmhomlmw}- ghf u`fjjpfhhf

tpio`r gh}h&

8& U`rhzhwhf TmtwìU`rhzhwhf hghlha b`jmhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf pfwpb i`fkhimf hjhr tmtwì t`lhlp

ghlhi b`hghhf tmhu uhbhm !T`r~md`hol`- hwhp iìplmabhf bìohlm bcfgmtm

tmtwì b` ghlhi bcfgmtm tmhu uhbhm&

?& B`lh}hbhf TmtwìB`lh}hbhf tmtwì hghlha bìhiuphf w`rhfdhfj uhgh tphwp tmtwì pfwpb

i`lhbthfhbhf npfjtmf}h t`dhrh hihf ghf ghlhi ohwht)ohwht bcfgmtm

cu`rhtmcfhl }hfj w`lha gmw`whubhf, gmw`fwpbhf clà o`thrhf bcfnmjprhtm,

twhfghr bcfwrpbtm, tu`tmnmbhtm u`rncrihftm ghf tu`tmnmbhtm w`bfmt&


10/84

4& Bìhiuphf Cu`rhtmcfhlBìhiuphf cu`rhtmcfhl hghlha bìhiuphf }hfj gmimlmbm clà i`tmf#tmtwì

pfwpb i`lhbpbhf o`rihdhi)ihdhi cu`rhtm t`tphm g`fjhf }hfj gmahrhubhf

hwhp gmu`rlpbhf&

7& B`tmhuhf !H~hmlhomlmw}-B`tmhuhf !h~hmlhomlmw}- hghlha b`hghhf tmhu tphwp i`tmf#u`rhlhwhf ohmb ghlhi

kpilha !bphfwmwht- ihpupf bphlmwht t`tphm g`fjhf bòpwpahf }hfj gmjpfhbhf

pfwpb i`lhbthfhbhf urct`t cu`rhtm& B`tmhuhf !h~hmlhomlmw}- w`rtòpw ghuhw

gmjpfhbhf pfwpb i`fmlhm bò`rahtmlhf hwhp `n`bwmnmwht ghrm b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf

}hfj w`lha gmlhbpbhf&

0& B`hfghlhf !_`lmhomlmw}-B`hfghlhf !r`lmhomlmw}- hghlha bìpfjbmfhf tphwp tmtwì hwhp u`rhlhwhfihiup i`lhbthfhbhf imtm hwhp npfjtm w`rw`fwp uhgh bcfgmtm w`rw`fwp whfuh

hghf}h b`jhjhlhf&

>& U`fjjpfhhf Tpio`r Gh}hBrmw`rmh `nmtm`ftm `rhw bhmwhff}h g`fjhf u`fjjpfhhf tpio`r gh}h t``nmtm`f

ipfjbmf, tàmfjjh t`wmhu b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj wmghb i`fmioplbhf

ghiuhb uctmwmn ohmb w`rahghu b`tmhuhf tmtwì ihpupf b`tmhuhf cu`rhtmcfhl

}hfj gmfmlhm wmghb `nmtm`f ahrpt gmamfghrm hwhp ohabhf gmbprhfjm tìmfmihl

ipfjbmf&

?&?&?& Ihfhkì`f U`rhzhwhfU`rhzhwhf i`rpuhbhf tphwp npfjtm pwhih ghlhi crjhfmthtm hwhp mfgptwrm

u`rhzhwhf gmg`nmfmtmbhf tòhjhm tphwp b`jmhwhf i`rhzhw nhtmlmwmwht tàmfjjh

nhtmlmwht w`rtòpw o`rhgh uhgh bcfgmtm tmhu uhbhm t`tphm bòpwpahf& U`rhzhwhf

uhormb t`rwh u`rhlhwhf ghlhi whwhfhf b`rkh }hfj ohmb thfjhw u`fwmfj pfwpb

i`fdhuhm bphlmwht ghf b`hfghlhf !r`lmhomlmw}- w`rw`fwp t`rwh b`rkh `n`bwmn ghf

`nmtm`f& Tmtwì }hfj ohmb wmghb hbhf o`b`rkh t`dhrh iìpthbhf b`dphlm gmu`lmahrh

g`fjhf ohmb uplh& U`rhzhwhf uhgh pipif}h gmlmahw tòhjhm b`jmhwhf nmtmb tù`rwm

iìo`rtmabhf, u`rhzhwhf o`rthfjbpwhf g`fjhf iìo`rm clm !u`lpihthf-,

iìu`rohmbm b`rpthbhf,i`fjjhfwm bciucf`f ghf tìhdhif}h omlh gmu`rlpbhf&

U`fg`bf}h u`rhzhwhf iì`rlpbhf hghf}h tpio`r gh}h tù`rwm }hfj gmu`rlpbhf


11/84

ghlhi hbwmnmwht pthah lhmf, }hmwp ihfptmh, i`tmf, ohahf ohbp !ihw`rmhl-, dhrh

!i`wcg`-, phfj !icf`}-, }hfj t`rmfj gmtòpw 0 i&

Ghthr uìmbmrhf }hfj tàhw ghf lcjmt hghlha tphwp u`rt}hrhwhf w`rohmb ghlhi

i`fjcrjhfmthtm b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf& U`fjcrjhfmthtmhf mfm i`fdhfjbpu u`f`rhuhf

ghrm i`wcg` ihfhkì`f }hfj iì`rlpbhf u`rahwmhf }hfj tmtwìhwmt& Ahl mfm

i`rpuhbhf u`bhrkhhf }hfj ahrpt gmu`rwmiohfjbhf t`dhrh tpfjjpa)tpfjjpa ghlhi

i`fjhwpr tìph u`rl`fjbhuhf, u`rhlhwhf ihw`rmhl, w`fhjh b`rkh, omh}h, w`bfmb hwhp

whwhdhrh }hfj gmw`rhubhf ghf zhbwp u`lhbthfhhf u`rhzhwhf&

Tphwp u`rhlhwhf hwhp i`tmf urcgpbtm w`rghuhw gmghlhi tphwp u`rpthahhf mfgptwrm

hbhf t`fhfwmhth i`fjhlhim u`fprpfhf `nmtm`f, wmfjbhw b`tmhuhf, b`hfghlhf!r`lmhomlmw}- ghf bphlmwht o`fwpb b`rkh !u`rncrihfd`- }hfj i`f}òhobhf b`hghhf

i`fkhgm oprpb t`khlhf g`fjhf lhihif}h hwhp u`fjhrpa pipr& Ahl mwp

i`f}òhobhf b`rpjmhf ohjm u`rpthahhf, clà bhr`fh mwp t`wmhu u`rpthahhf hbhf

o`rpthah hjhr i`tmf ghf u`rhlhwhf o`rnpfjtm g`fjhf ohmb tàmfjjh urcgpbtmf}h

o`rkhlhf lhfdhr&

Nhtmlmwht }hfj iì`rlpbhf u`rhzhwhf opbhf ahf}h nhtmlmwht urcgpbtm thkh

i`lhmfbhf nhtmlmwht lhmf ghlhi u`rpthahhf tù`rwm i`tmf wmb, bciupw`r, hlhw hfjbpw,

j`f`rhwcr ghf tòhjhmf}h& Whfuh hghf}h u`rhzhwhf nhtmlmwht }hfj o`rthfjbpwhf

hbhf ipgha i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf t`dhrh o`rwhahu hwhp wmoh)wmoh o`rhbmohw wmghb

lhjm iìupf}hm bìhiuphf b`rkh g`fjhf ohmb kptwrp hbhf i`rpjmbhf u`rpthahhf

mwp t`fgmrm bhr`fh iìhbhf omh}h }hfj dpbpu o`thr&


12/84

?&?&4& K`fmt)k`fmt Wmfghbhf U`rhzhwhf&

O`rghthrbhf wmfghbhf)wmfghbhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf, u`rhzhwhf mwp t`fgmrm

ghuhw gmohjm i`fkhgm oò`rhuh k`fmt, gmhfwhrhf}h hghlha tòhjhm o`rmbpw ;

8& O`rghthbhf Wmfjbhw U`rhzhwhfU`f`fwphf wmfjbhw u`rhzhwhf uhgh ghthrf}h o`ru`gcihf uhgh lmfjbpu#ococw

u`b`rkhhf }hfj i`lmupwm b`rpimwhf, ihdhi)ihdhi gpbpfjhf t`rwh zhbwp

}hfj gmu`rlpbhf pfwpb u`lhbthfhhff}h& Wmjh wmfjbhwhf ghlhi u`rhzhwhf

tmtwì, }hmwp;

h& U`rhzhwhf Wmfjbhw _mfjhfO`rtmnhw ur`~`fwm~` }hfj gmlhbthfhbhf pfwpb iìu`rwhahfbhf tmtwì

ghlhi b`hghhf tmhu cu`rhtm g`fjhf dhrh tmtwìhwmt ghf u`rmcgmb

iìo`rmbhf mftu`btm, g`w`btm ghf u`fd`jhahf hzhl& I`fjjpfhbhfu`rhlhwhf u`fgpbpfj u`rhzhwhf t`dpbpuf}h t`rwh u`rtcfml g`fjhf

bìhiuphf }hfj wmghb iì`rlpbhf wmfjbhw tu`tmhlmthtm wmfjjm&

B`jmhwhff}h hfwhrh lhmf i`f}mhubhf tmtwìt`r~mdmfj, u`rohmbhf rmfjhf&

o& U`rhzhwhf Wmfjbhw T`ghfjO`rtmnhw dcrr`dwm~`, gmlhbthfhbhf pfwpb i`fjìohlmbhf ghf iìplmabhf

tmtwì ghlhi b`hghhf tmhu g`fjhf iìo`rmbhf u`rohmbhf hwht b`rpthbhf

}hfj w`lha i`f}òhobhf i`rctcwf}h wmfjbhw b`hfghlhf& Pfwpb

i`lhbthfhbhf u`b`rkhhf w`rtòpw gmgpbpfj g`fjhf u`rhlhwhf t`rwh nhtmlmwht

o`fjb`l }hfj dpbpu l`fjbhu& B`jmhwhff}h i`lmupwm;

Uì`rmbthhf o`rbhlh#u`rmcgmb ohjm tmtwì& Mftu`btm w`rohwht w`rahghu bciucf`f tmtwì U`rohmbhf w`rohwht uhgh uhrwt, httìolm`t, tpo httìolm`t ghf

bciucf`f&

Icgmnmbhtm ihw`rmhl tù`rwm gmw`fwpbhf t`tphm g`fjhf bìhiuphfu`ro`fjb`lhf&

U`rohmbhf ghf u`fj`w`thf i`tmf& Uìophwhf#urcgpbtm u`rl`fjbhuhf#uhrwt& W`twghf bhlmorhtm#u`fjpbprhf& U`fd`jhahf ghf u`fj`fghlmhf bcrctm&


13/84

d& U`rhzhwhf Wmfjbhw O`rhwO`rtmnhw r`twcrhwmn gmlhbthfhbhf uhgh tmtwì }hfj iì`rlpbhf ihkcr

c~`rahpl hwhp tphwp uìohfjpfhf l`fjbhu }hfj i`lmupwm httìolmfj,

iìophw tpbp dhghfj, icgmnmbhtm, w`twmfj t`rwh r`blhihtm t`tphm

bù`rlphff}h& U`rhzhwhf wmfjbhw o`rhw i`lmupwm u`b`rkhhf }hfj lpht ghf

mw`ftmn hwht tphwp tmtwì& U`b`rkhhf w`rtòpw i`fdhbpu uplma ohlmb,

u`rohmbhf }hfj rpimw }hfj iì`rlpbhf uìocfjbhrhf wcwhl, u`rohmbhf,

uìhthfjhf bìohlm, u`fjpkmhf t`rwh u`fd`jhahf gpbpfjhf u`rhlhwhf

t`rwh nhtmlmwht b`rkh l`fjbhu ghf wmfjbhw b`halmhf u`rtcfml }hfj dpbpu

wmfjjm t`rwh zhbwp }hfj r`lhwmn lhih& U`rhzhwhf wmfjbhw o`rhw gmb`rkhbhf gm

ohjmhf }hfj o`rhw& Wpkphf u`rhzhwhf o`rhw hghlha i`fkhimf b`pwpahf

npfjtm twrpbwpr tmtwì ghf tmtwìf}h g`fjhf i`f}`l`fjjhrhbhfuì`rmbthhf i`fghlhi w`rahghu mwì#tpo mwì ghf ohjmhf rhfjbh tmtwì

w`rw`fwp uhgh mfw`r~hl}hfj w`lha gmw`whubhf&

?& O`rghthrbhf U`rmcg` U`lhbthfhhff}hh& U`rhzhwhf W`rkhgzhl !Tda`gpl` Ihmfw`fhfd`-; U`rhzhwhf }hfj w`lha

iìmlmbm khgzhl ghlhi u`rmcg` w`rw`fwp pfwpb i`lhbpbhf uì`rmbthhf

w`rahghu i`tmf hwhp tmtwì, u`rhzhwhf mfm w`whu gmlhbpbhf ohmb hgh

hwhpupf wmghb hgh b`rpthbhf uhgh i`tmf&

o& U`rhzhwhf Wmghb W`rkhgzhl !Pftda`gpl` Ihmfw`fhfd`-; U`rhzhwhf }hfjahf}h gmlhbpbhf kmbh wmghb w`rkhgm b`rpthbhf ihbh u`rhzhwhf wmghb

gmlhbpbhf&

4& O`rghthrbhf Gpbpfjhf Ghfhf}hh& W`rurcjrhi !Ulhff`g Ihmfw`fhfd`-; U`rhzhwhf }hfj w`lha iìmlmbm

urcjrhi w`rt`fgmrm, ihbh ghrm mwp u`rhzhwhf mfm iìmlmbm w`bfmtm, u`rhlhwhf

ghf hfjjhrhf w`rt`fgmrm pfwpb i`lhbpbhf u`rohmbhf&

o& Wmghb W`rurcjrhi !Pfulhff`g Ihmfw`fhfd`-; Wmghb iìmlmbm hfjjhrhfw`rt`fgmrm pfwpb i`lhbpbhf u`rhzhwhf w`rahghu i`tmf hwhp tmtwì }hfj

i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf, ihbh omh}h }hfj gmb`lphrbhf o`rhthl ghrm hfjjhrhf

omh}h whb w`rgpjh&


14/84

7& O`rghthrbhf Wìuhw U`lhbthfhhf U`rhzhwhfPfwpb i`lhbthfhbhf b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf gmu`rlpbhf hghf}h tphwp wìuhw

u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmt`tphmbhf g`fjhf ihdhi#oòhf b`rkh }hfj gmahghum }hfj

gml`fjbhum g`fjhf u`rhlhwhf)u`rhlhwhf }hfj iì`fpam u`rt}hrhwhf w`rw`fwp,

o`rahrjh ihahl, tàmfjjh u`fgh}hjpfhhff}h u`rlp gmlhbpbhf t`dhrh `n`bwmn

ghf `nmtm`f&

Clà bhr`fh mwp pfwpb i`fd`jha w`rkhgmf}h gpulmbhtm bìhiuphf, ihbh u`rhlhwhf

gmt`fwrhlmthtmbhf u`fìuhwhff}h gm pfmw)pfmw u`rhzhwhf t`tphm wìuhw ghf ihdhi

u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf&

?&?&7& Bòmkhbhf U`rhzhwhfK`fmt)k`fmt bòmkhbhf u`rhzhwhf t`dhrh pipi ghuhw gmbhw`jcrmbhf ghlhi gph

k`fmt, }hmwp ur`~`fwm~` ihmfw`fhfd` ghf dcrr`dwm~` ihmfw`fhfd`; Mlptwrhtm ghrm

blhtmnmbhtm ihmfw`fhfd` mfm ghuhw gmlmahw uhgh jhiohr o`rmbpw mfm;

Jhiohr ?&8& Bòmkhbhf U`rhzhwhf

Ihmfw`fhfd`

Ur`~`fwm~`

Ihmfw`fhfd`

Dcrr`dwm~`

Ihmfw`fhfd`

Wmi` Gmr`dw`g

Ihmfw`fhfd`

Dcfgmwmcf Gmr`dw`g

Ihmfw`fhfd`

Nhmlpr` Nmfgmfj

_pf Wc Nhmlpr`

_DI


15/84

?&?&7&8& U`rhzhwhf U`fd`jhahf !Ur`~`fwm~` Ihmfw`fhfd`-

Ur`~`fwm~` ihmfw`fhfd` i`rpuhbhf b`jmhwhf uì`rmbthhf ghf u`fjhihwhf t`dhrh

o`rbhlh w`rahghu u`rncrihftm tmtwì ghf w`lha gmr`fdhfhbhf w`rlòma ghaplp ghlhi

khfjbh zhbwp w`rw`fwp pfwpb iìu`ruhfkhfj bìhiuphf o`rnpfjtmf}h tphwp

u`rhlhwhf& U`rhzhwhf mfm o`rwpkphf pfwpb i`fd`jha b`rpthbhf, i`fìpbhf

u`f}òho b`rpthbhf hwhp o`rbprhfjf}h wmfjbhw b`hfghlhf u`rhlhwhf ghf

i`fìpbhf b`rpthbhf w`rtìopf}m&

U`rhzhwhf u`fd`jhahf gmihbtpgbhf gmihbtpgbhf kpjh pfwpb i`fj`n`bwmnbhf

u`b`rkhhf mftu`btm, u`rohmbhf b`dml, u`lpihthf ghf u`f}`w`lhf tàmfjjh u`rhlhwhf

hwhp i`tmf)i`tmf t`lhih o`rcurhtm ghuhw w`ramfghr ghrm b`rpthbhf ! Tpuhfgm,

8===; ?:)?1 -

Ur`~`fwm~` Ihmfw`fhfd` w`rohjm i`fkhgm 7 bhw`jcrm wpjht, }hmwp tòhjhm o`rmbpw;

8& Wmi` Gmr`dw`g Ihmfw`fhfd`

Wmi` gmr`dw`g ihmfw`fhfd` i`rpuhbhf b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf

o`rghthrbhf ~hrmho`l zhbwp& Bòmkhbhf u`rhzhwhf lhmf }hfj t`tphm pfwpb

gmw`rhubhf uhgh b`jmhwhf mfm hghlha u`rmcgmd ihmfw`fhfd` ghf cf dcfgmwmcf

ihmfw`fhfd`& U`rmcgmd ihmfw`fhfd` !Ahrg wmi` ihmfw`fhfd`- i`rpuhbhf

b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf t`dhrh u`rmcgmb hwhp w`rkhgzhl& B`jmhwhf }hfj

gmlhbpbhf hghlha u`fjjhfwmhf bciucf`f t`dhrh w`rkhgzhl g`fjhf mfw`r~hl zhbwp

w`rw`fwp&

Nhbwcr }hfj iìu`fjhrpamu`rmcgmd ihmfw`fhfd ;

h& Nhbwcr bcfcimBòmkhbhf u`f`lmwmhf gmlhbpbhf bhr`fh gmahghubhf uhgh pfmw }hfj w`ramwpfj

iprha omlh gmohfgmfjbhf g`fjhf r`tmbc }hfj gmwhfjjpfj ghf omh}h }hfj lòma

o`thr omlh bciucf`f hwhp pfmw w`rtòpw i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf huhomlh w`rkhgm

b`lhlhmhf&


16/84

o& Nhbwcr b`hihfhfBòmkhbhf u`fjjhfwmhf wmghb lhjm o`rghthrbhf fmlhm rpumha, w`whum gmahghubhf

uhgh b`hghhf huhomlh wmghb gmlhbpbhf, ihbh f}hzh ihfptmh i`fkhgm

whrpahff}h bhr`fh o`rapopfjhf `rhw g`fjhf b`hihfhf ghf b`t`lhihwhf

ihfptmh&

Cf dcfgmwmcf ihmfw`fhfd` i`rpuhbhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf o`rghthrbhf

bòmkhbhf cu`rhwcr u`rhzhwhf& B`jmhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf uhgh bcfgmtm mfm hghlha

dl`hfmfj, mftu`dwmcf ghf lpormdhwmcf&

?& Dcfgmwmcf Oht`g Ihmfw`fhfd`

Dcfgmwmcf Oht`g Ihmfw`fhfd` i`rpuhbhf u`rhzhwhf u`fd`jhahf }hfj gmlhbpbhft`tphm g`fjhf bcfgmtm }hfj o`rlhfjtpfj gmihfh ~hrmho`l zhbwp wmghb gmb`whapm

t`dhrh wùhw& Bòmkhbhf }hfj t`tphm g`fjhf b`hghhf w`rtòpw hghlha ur`gmdwm~`

ihmfw`fhfd`& Ur`gmdwm~` ihmfw`fhfd` i`rpuhbhf tphwp b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj

gmlhbpbhf g`fjhf iì`rmbth ghf iì`lmahrh uhgh thhw u`rhzhwhf tpgha o`fhr)

o`fhr iì`rlpbhf uìplmahf b` wmfjbhw tìplh& Ahl mfm gmlhbpbhf g`fjhf

iìcfmwcrmfj bcfgmtm cu`rhtm u`rhlhwhf o`rghthrbhf ghwh)ghwh ghf mfncrihtm&

4&Nhmlpr` NmfgmfjNhmlpr` nmfgmfj i`rpuhbhf tphwp wmfghbhf u`fd`jhahf }hfj gmlhbpbhf g`fjhf

dhrh iì`rmbth npfjtm }hfj w`rtìopf}m !amgg`f npfdwmcf- t`dhrh u`rmcgmb pfwpb

iìhtwmbhf bhuhf tphwp bciucf`f hbhf i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf&

7&_pf Wc Nhmlpr`

B`jmhwhf mfm gmtòpw kpjh fc tda`gpl` ihmfw`fhfd` gmihfh b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf mfm

wmghb i`lhbpbhf pthah pfwpb i`fjhfwmtmuhtm b`rpthbhf& Tphwp u`rhlhwhf hwhp

i`tmf gmomhrbhf o`b`rkh amfjjh i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf bìpgmhf gmlhbpbhf

u`rhzhwhf u`rohmbhf& B`jmhwhf mfm gmlhbpbhf kmbh wmghb hgh b`jmhwhf u`fd`jhahf

`n`bwmn }hfj ghuhw gmlhbpbhf, wmfghbhf u`rd`jhahf w`rlhlp ihahl hwhp ghiuhb

jhjhl wmghb o`ru`fjhrpa&


17/84

?&?&7&?& U`rhzhwhf U`rohmbhf !Dcrr`dwm~` Ihmfw`fhfd`-

B`jmhwhf u`rohmbhf hghlha b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf t`w`lha w`rkhgmf}h

b`rpthbhf hwhp tmtwì wmghb ghuhw o`rnpfjtm g`fjhf ohmb& Wmfghbhf }hfj ghuhw

gmhioml hghlha o`rpuh u`fjjhfwmhf bciucf`f !dcrr`dwm~` rùlhdì`fw-,

u`rohmbhf b`dml !rùhmr- ghf u`rohmbhf o`thr !c~`rahpl-&

B`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf gmlhbpbhf pfwpb iìu`rohmbm ghf i`fmfjbhwbhf bcfgmtm

nhtmlmwht tàmfjjh i`fdhuhm twhfghr }hfj ghuhw gmw`rmih& U`rhzhwhf mfm w`rihtpb

ghlhi dhrh u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmr`fdhfhbhf pfwpb u`rohmbhf&!Tpuhfgm, 8===; ?:)?1-

B`jmhwhf uì`lmahrhhf mfm i`rpuhbhf u`rohmbhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf t`w`lha i`tmf

hwhp tmtwì i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf hwhp wmghb ghuhw o`rnpfjtm g`fjhf ohmb&U`rhzhwhf u`rohmbhf mfm lòma d`fg`rpfj tphwp wmfghbhf }hfj wmghb w`rkhgzhl&

?&?&0& Npfjtm Mftu`btm Ghlhi U`rhzhwhf

W`fhjh b`rkh hwhp bhr}hzhf }hfj i`lhbpbhf b`jmhwhf uì`rmbthhf !mftu`btm-

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}hfj ahrpt gmlhbpbhf i`f}hfjbpw tìph u`rhlhwhf ghf nhtmlmwht }hfj hgh gm

u`rpthahhf&

Wpkphf ghrm b`jmhwhf mftu`btm hghlha;

8& I`fkhimf w`rdhuhmf}h `nmtm`ftm ghlhi urcgpbtm&?& I`f`fwpbhf bòmkhbthfhhf w`rahghu u`rhlhwhf }hfj gmjpfhbhf tàmfjjh

pwmlmwht i`tmf ghuhw i`fmfjbhw&

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7& I`fjprhfjm wmfjbhw b`rpthbhf i`tmf hwhp u`rhlhwhf&

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bcfgmtm }hfj ohmb ghf tmhu uhbhm }hmwp g`fjhf i`fjcuwmihlmthtm b`w`rt`gmhhf

!h~hmlhomlmw}- tmtwì pfwpb o`rcu`rhtm&


18/84

?&?&>& B`pfwpfjhf ghrm U`rhzhwhf W`r`fdhfh

Ghlhi tmtwì u`rhzhwhf u`rlp hghf}h tphwp tmwì u`rhzhwhf }hfj w`r`dhfh, mfm gm

ihbtpgbhf hjhr b`rpthbhf }hfj hbhf gm wmioplbhf clà tphwp i`tmf huhomlh

i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf wmghb w`rlhlp o`rhw hwhp o`thr& Hghupf b`pfwpfjhf ghrm

u`rhzhwhf w`r`fdhfh mfm gmhfwhrhf}h hghlha tòhjm o`rmbpw 2

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o`rapopfjhf g`fjhf pipr w`bfmt ihpupf pipr `bcfcimt&

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Ghlhi i`lhbpbhf u`rhzhwhf w`rahghu tphwp tmtwì hwhp u`rhlhwhf#i`tmf, w`rghuhw

oò`rhuh `lì`f }hfj ahrpt gmu`rahwmbhf&

?&?&:&8& @lì`f Zhbwp Ghlhi Uì`lmahrhhf

Ghlhi b`jmhwhf urcgpbtm w`rghuhw o`rohjhm `lì`f zhbwp }hfj ghuhw gmo`ghbhf

ihtmfj)ihtmfj tòhjhm o`rmbpw;

8& Zhbwp Cu`rhtm !Pu Wmi`- ; Zhbwp gmihfh i`tmf o`rnpfjtm g`fjhf ohmb ghfgmu`rjpfhbhf clà tmtwì pfwpb i`lhbpbhf b`jmhwhf&

?& Zhbwp G`lh} !G`lh} Wmi`- ; Zhbwp gmihfh i`tmf o`rnpfjtm g`fjhf ohmbw`whum wmghb gmjpfhbhf clà tmtwì&

4& Zhbwp _mfwhfjhf !Gczf Wmi`- ; Zhbwp gmihfh tmtwì wmghb ghuhw gmjpfhbhfhbmohw hghf}h b`rpthbhf }hfj w`rkhgm, zhbwp mfm ghuhw gmohjm i`fkhgm;


19/84

h& Gczfwmi` hbmohw u`fjjhfwmhf u`fd`jhahf; Zhbwp uìocfjbhrhf& Zhbwp i`f}mhubhf bciucf`f& Zhbwp uìhthfjhf&

o& Gczfwmi` hbmohw u`fjjhfwmhf b`rpthbhf Zhbwp iìohzh u`rhlhwhf b` o`fjb`l& Zhbwp uìocfjbhrhf& Zhbwp i`fìpbhf b`rpthbhf& Zhbwp i`fpfjjp bciucf`f u`fjjhfwm& Zhbwp uìhthfjhf bciucf`f& Zhbwp u`fjpkmhf&

?&?&:&?& @lì`f Cfjbct Ghlhi Uì`lmahrhhf

Cfjbct uì`lmahrhhf ghuhw o`rpuh cfjbct lhfjtpfj ihpupf wmghb lhfjtpfj&

8& Cfjbct lhfjtpfj, i`lmupwm; Cfjbct w`fhjh b`rkh uì`lmahrhhf& Cfjbct uìo`lmhf bciucf`f u`fjjhfwmhf&

?& Cfjbct wmghb lhfjtpfj, i`lmupwm; Cfjbct w`fhjh b`rkh urcgpbtm }hfj i`fjjhfjjpr& Cfjbct gùr`tmhtm i`tmf& Cfjbct hbmohw b`pfwpfjhf }hfj amlhfj& Cfjbct gùr`tmhtm u`rhlhwhf uì`lmahrhhf& Cfjbct hgimfmtwrhtm&

?&4& B`hfghlhf !_`lmhomlmw}-

B`hfghlhf hghlha tphwp u`f`rhuhf u`rhfdhfjhf uhgh bciucf`f tàmfjjh

bciucf`f ghuhw i`lhbthfhbhf npfjtmf}h g`fjhf ohmb, whfuh b`jhjhlhf, t`tphm

rhfdhfjhf hwhp urct`t }hfj gmophw& B`hfghlhf i`rpuhbhf urcohomlmwht ohazh

tphwp tmtwì iìupf}hm u`rncrihftm t`tphm g`fjhf npfjtm }hfj gmahrhubhf

ghlhi t`lhfj zhbwp ghf bcfgmtm cu`rhtm w`rw`fwp& T`dhrh pipi b`hfghlhf

i`rpuhbhf pbprhf bìhiuphf tphwp bciucf`f o`rcu`rhtm t`dhrh w`rpt i`f`rpt


20/84

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i`fmfjbhwbhf b`hfghlhf tmtwì&

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w`bhfhf bciucf`f& Ohjmhf)ohjmhf bciucf`f gmrhfdhfj ghf gmahtmlbhf pfwpb

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b`bphwhf gmwhiohabhf hbhf iìhbthbhf oòhf `l`bwrmb, bhr`fh o`rapopfjhf

g`fjhf ~hrmhtm, j`whrhf, jcfdhfjhf, b`lìohohf ghf tìhdhif}h, bìpgmhf

b`jhjhlhf }hfj whb w`rgpjh hbhf w`rkhgm ghf tmtwì b`hfghlhf i`fkhgm bprhfj

gmhfwmtmuhtm& T`lhmf mwp kpjh, kmbh bciucf`f gmjpfhbhf i`l`zhwm ohwht fcrihl

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ghrm }hfj gmahrhubhf& Ohjhmihfhupf kpjh bcfgmtm)bcfgmtm w`bhfhf hbhfi`fjhbmohwbhf u`fprpfhf b`hfghlhf, i`f}òhobhf u`fmfjbhwhf bòpwpahf

uììlmahrhhf ghf gmohzha bcfgmtm w`bhfhf hbhf i`fmioplbhf omh}h }hfj

ihahl tòhjhm ahtml hwht b`lòmahf u`rhfdhfjhf&

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lòma b`dml ghrm uhgh fmlhm fcrihl& Tù`rwm hfhlmtmt uì`fpahf }hfj gmwpfkpbbhf

clà lhfjbha)lhfjbha o`rmbpw;

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lhmff}h&

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u`f`bhfhf lmfjbpfjhf ghf lhmff}h&

4& I`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm u`f`bhfhf bciucf`f brmwmt ghf i`fjbhlbplhtm hrwm t`wmhuu`f`bhfhf brmwmt }hfj ghuhw gmr`fjjhfjbhf t`dhrh ihbtmihl ghf

i`fjamlhfjbhf u`f`bhfhff}h&

7& I`f`fwpbhf gmtwrmoptm u`f`bhfhf brmwmt pfwpb ihth u`fjjpfhhf bciucf`f}hfj tpgha gmw`whubhf& I`fjhfhlmth uhrhi`w`r gmtwrmoptm ghf i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm


21/84

ohwht b`hihfhf& I`fjhulmbhtmbhf gmtwrmoptm g`fjhf htpitm gmtwrmoptm fcrihl,

ucmttcf, jhiih, lcj fcrihl ghf lhmff}h&

0& Pfwpb t`wmhu bciucf`f brmwmt u`rhfdhfjhf ohwht b`hihfhf wmghb dpbpu,wmfghbhf bcr`bwmn kpjh ahrpt gmlhbpbhf, mfm hbhf t`tphm g`fjhf mtm t`wmhu

bciucf`f ohjmhf u`fjjhfwm, oò`rhuh u iocrcthf }hfj ahrpt o`rwhioha

hwhp i`l`fjbhum u`rhfdhfjhf pftpr tmtwì }hfj i`fkhgm ihthlha&

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tmtwì, gmihfh u`f`bhfhf }hfj lòma o`thr iìopwpabhf w`rimfclcjm ghrm

uì`lmahrhhf ghf gpbpfjhf&

?&4&8& Bhrhbw`rmtwmb B`hfghlhf

B`hfghlhf hghlha urcohomlmwht ohazh tphwp tmtwì iìupf}hm u`rncrihftm t`tphm

g`fjhf npfjtm }hfj gmahrhubhf ghlhi t`lhfj zhbwp ghf bcfgmtm cu`rhtm w`rw`fwp&

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tmtwì& Ghlhi ahl mfm zhbwp gmapopfjbhf g`fjhf lhkp b`rpthbhf !nhmlpr` rhw`-,


22/84

omhthf}h nhbwcr }hfj gmuhbhm ghlhi i`fmlhm b`hfghlhf tphwp tmtwì gmbhmwbhf

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hghlha;

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b`rpthbhf thiuhm g`fjhf zhbwp w&

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23/84

?&4&? Twhwmtwmbh ghf Urcohomlmwht Ghlhi U`rhzhwhf

Twhwmtwmbh i`rpuhbhf hlhw }hfj gmjpfhbhf t`dhrh lpht ghlhi t`wmhu whahuhf

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tò`lpif}h w`lha gmclha w`rlòma ghaplp&

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iht}hrhbhw }hfj iì`rlpbhf tphwp hlhw pfwpb iìophw bùpwpthf i`lhlpm

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ghf w`crm urcohomlmwht& Pfwpb i`fk`lhtbhf bhmwhf w`rtòpw u`rlp gmk`lhtbhf

oò`rhuh w`rimfclcjm w`fwhfj ihthlha u`rhzhwhf w`rtòpw;

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ghf i`fprpw bcfgmtm }hfj w`lha gmw`fwpbhf& @n`bwm~mwht tmtwì gmu`fjhrpam

clà dhrh ohjhmihfh tmtwì w`rtòpw gmg`thmf, gmjpfhbhf ghf gmrhzhw&

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gmahrhubhf&

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w`rtòpw ihiup o`rnpfjtm bìohlm tù`rwm tìplh&


24/84

7& B`tmhuhf o`rcu`rhtm i`rpuhbhf gmihfh bcfgmtm tmtwì ghlhi b`hghhf ohmbghf tmhu pfwpb o`rcu`rhtm t`tphm r`fdhfh }hfj w`lha gmw`whubhf ghf tmhu

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Jhiohr ?&?& Amtwcjrhi Nr`bp`ftm _`lhwmnTpio`r; Khrgmf`, HBT, 8=:4


25/84

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7& Ihtpbhf ghwh)ghwh b`ghlhi mfw`r~hl b`lht }hfj t`tphm, bìpgmhf amwpfjnr`bp`ftm ohf}hbf}h ghwh uhgh wmhu b`lht t`rwh iìhuhrbhff}h b`ghlhi

o`fwpb gmtwrmoptm nr`bp`ftm&

0& Iìophw who`l gmtwrmoptm nr`bp`ftm&

?&7& U`f`fwphf Bciucf`f Brmwmt

T`wmhu i`tmf iìupf}hm ohf}hb bciucf`f }hfj ipfjbmf hbhf i`fjhlhim

b`rpthbhf ghf u`fjjhfwmhf, pfwpb mwp i`tmf bmwh ghuhw i`fj`whapm t`rwh ghuhw

iìmlma bciucf`f }hfj uhlmfj brmwmt !}hfj uhlmfj i`fkhgm u`rahwmhf hwhp

urmcrmwht pwhih pfwpb gmu`rahwmbhf-&

G`fjhf gìmbmhf u`rlp hghf}h gmbìohfjbhf brmw`rmh)brmw`rmh w`rw`fwp ghlhi

uìmlmahf bciucf`f brmwmt mfm& Pfwpb u`rhthlhahf mfm gmbìohfjbhf ìuhw

brmw`rmh w`rw`fwp&

8& T`dhrh w`bfmt bciucf`f }hfj gm umlma thfjhw o`ru`fjhrpa i`fmioplbhfnhwhlmwht uhgh b`rpthbhf }hfj o`rmbpwf}h ihd`w hwhp b`r`whbhf&

?& Omh}h u`rhzhwhf wcwhl }hfj wmfjjm hwhp gczfwmi` }hfj o`thr&4& Nr`bphftm b`rpthbhf hwhp u`fjjhfwmhf }hfj thfjhw t`rmfj7& Tpbp dhghfj ihahl ahrjhf}h&


26/84

?&0& Nhmlpr` Icg`, @nn`dwt hfg Drmwmdhlmw} Hfhl}tmt !NI@DH-

Uhgh u`lhbthfhhf}h i`wcg` mfm thfjhw ohmb ghlhi iìohfwp u`rpthahhf bhr`fh

g`fjhf i`wcg` mfm u`rpthahhf ghuhw i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm b`rpthbhf ghrm bciucf`f

i`tmf, i`fdhrm u`f}òho ghf hbmohw ucw`ftmhl }hfj gmwmioplbhf t`rwh `n`b oprpb

lhmff}h ghf kpjh ghuhw i`lhbpbhf wmfghbhf }hfj tàhrptf}h gmlhbpbhf t`tphm

urct`gpr hwhp i`wcg` ghrm NI@DH mwp t`fgmrm& G`fjhf i`wcg` NI@DH

u`rpthahhf ghuhw g`fjhf w`rhwpr i`lhbpbhf urct`gpr u`rhzhwhf i`tmf, tàmfjjh

b`rpthbhf tmtwì hwhp i`tmf t`dhrh wmoh)wmoh ghuhw t`j`rh gmhwhtm& NI@DH kpjh

i`rpuhbhf tphwp i`wcg` pfwpb i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm ghf i`f`lmwm ohjhmihfh

i`fjamfghrm b`rpthbhf hwhp b`jhjhlhf uhgh tmtwì, ohmb b`rpthbhf }hfj

gmtòhobhf clà cu`rhwcr!ihf-, i`tmf, ihw`rmhl ghf kpjh lmfjbpfjhf&

K`fmt b`rpthbhf, `n`b ghf hfhlmth b`brmwmthf !NI@DH- hghlha w`bfmb u`rhfdhfjhf

tmtwìhwmt pfwpb i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm ghf i`fjmf~`twhtm tmtwì }hfj o`rucw`ftmhl

!urcgpb# urct`t- oprpb, mfm t`khlhf g`fjhf i`wcgclcjm pfwpb lhfjbha)lhfjbha

u`fjpkmhf gmihfh tmtwì b`rpthbhf omth w`rkhgm& @n`b ucw`ftmhl ghrm tmtwì

u`rncrihftm ghf b`hihfhf ghrm b`rpthbhf ghf `n`b t`rmpt lhmff}h& NI@DH w`rgmrm

ghrm gph hfhlmtmt }hfj o`ro`gh, }hmwp k`fmt b`rpthbhf ghf hfhlmtmt ghiuhb

!NI@H-, gmihfh tìphf}h gmu`rlpht pfwpb i`fjhfhlmth k`fmt b`rpthbhf brmwmt,

gmtòpw hfhlmtmt b`brmwmthf !DH-& Gmhwht b`pfwpfjhf f}hwh lhmf ghrm wmfghbhf

u`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm hwhp i`fjpoha `lmimfhtm hwhp i`fjprhfjm b`tìuhwhf ghrm

b`rpthbhf&

NI@DH kpjh i`fmfjbhwbhf u`fj`whaphf w`rahghu tòpha tmtwì ghf

i`fmfjbhwbhf u`rt`gmhf b`ghlhi u`rmlhbp }hfj gmahrhubhf, b`lphrhf ghrm

NI@DH gmlhbpbhf uhgh zhbwp }hfj wùhw }hfj o`rhthl ghrm ihtpbhf }hfj wmghb

w`rfmlhm pfwpb i`fmfjbhwbhf omh}h urcjrhi uì`lmahrhhf ur`~`fwm~` }hfj `n`bwmn

ghf u`b`rkhhf }hfj w`rncbpt uhgh r`fdhfh u`fj`fghlmhf&

NI@DH gmiplhm g`fjhf whahu bcftùwphl ghf u`rtmhuhf, g`thmf b`wmbh tmtwì

w`rtòpw gmhfhlmth lòma ghrm tphwp u`rtu`bwmn npfjtmcfhl& Pfwpb iìhbtmihlbhf

`n`bwm~mwht, ohjhmihfhupf hfhlmth u`rlp i`fmfjbhwbhf t`wmhu mfncrihtm whiohahf


27/84

}hfj w`rt`gmh pfwpb tòpha hfhlmth, mwp kpjh i`fd`rimfbhf tìph u`rpohahf

g`thmf ghf ghiuhbf}h uhgh b`t`lprpahf tmtwì& Gmthiumfj mwp ghf tòhjhm

whiohahf, b`pfwpfjhf hwhp ihfnhhw tìhbmf k`lht g`fjhf NI@DH, mwp ghuhw

iìophw bcfwrmoptm }hfj u`fwmfj w`rahghu twpgm b`lh}hbhf tmtwì tùhfkhfj

whahu u`rtmhuhf g`thmf ghf u`fjjhiohrhf ihthlha npfjtmcfhl&

I`fmlhm bòprpbhf ghrm k`fmt b`rpthbhf& Uhgh bcfw`bt hfhlmtmt mfm o`rapopfjhf

g`fjhf `n`b hwhp hbmohw }hfj t`rmpt w`rahghu k`fmt b`rpthbhf uhgh pipf}h&

I`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm u`fg`w`btm b`rpthbhf }hfj o`rhrwm, uhgh bcfw`b mfm, tòpha

urct`t g`fjhf crm`fwhtm NI@DH, i`fpfkpb uhgh u`fj`fghlmhf hlmrhf urct`t }hfj

omth i`fg`w`btm w`rkhgmf}h b`jhjhlhf hwhp dhdhw& Ohjhmihfhupf, b`wmbh NI@DH

w`rncbpt uhgh u`rhfdhfjhf mfm i`fpfkpbbhf uhgh `btmtw`ftm ghrm oò`rhuh k`fmtu`rhfdhfjhf, ohfwphf, pbprhf, uìohdhhf hwhp urct`gpr ~`rmnmbhtm }hfj hbhf

i`fg`w`btm ahtml ghrm k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj ucw`ftmhl&

Bhrhbw`rmtwmb b`rpthbhf ghrm t`wmhu i`tmf hwhp u`rhlhwhf hbhf iìu`fjhrpam

o`fwpb u`fg`bhwhf }hfj gmjpfhbhf ghlhi i`f}`l`thmbhf u`rihthlhahf&

Bhrhbw`rmtwmb b`rpthbhf ghrm t`wmhu i`tmf uhgh pipif}h wmghb thih, bhr`fh tphwp

i`tmf hwhp u`rhlhwhf gmcu`rhtmbhf uhgh bcfgmtm }hfj o`ro`gh g`fjhf oòhf ghf

zhbwp b`rkh }hfj o`r~hrmhtm&

Hgh oò`rhuh dhrh }hfj gmlhbpbhf pfwpb i`fjhfhlmtmt b`rpthbhf, hfwhrh lhmf

8& U`fjjhiohrhf bòpwpahf tmtwì !urcgpb# urct`t-, pfwpb oò`rhuh urcgpb

hwhp urct`t mwp thfjhw u`fwmfj wmghb ahf}h pfwpb wpkphf b`mfjmfhf w`whum kpjh

b`wmghbmfjmfhf w`rahghu ahtml hwhp b`lphrhf, huh }hfj ahrpt gmu`fpam clà

urcgpb# urct`t, uhgh hbamrf}h bòpwpahf w`rtòpw hbhf bìohlm i`fmfjjhlbhf

k`khb }hfj gmopwpabhf pfwpb i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm ghf bòpwpahf u`lhfjjhf,

tìph u`rncrihftm ghf nhbwcr `n`bwm~mwht gmopwpabhf pfwpb iì`fpam wpkphf

w`rtòpw&

?& Uì`fpahf hfhlmtmt npfjtmcfhl, mfm i`lmohwbhf u`fg`nmfmtmhf tmtwì uhghnpfjtm w`rimfclcjm& Tmtwì npfjtmcfhl omhthf}h i`fjjpfhbhf tmiocl }hfj


28/84

rùr`t`fwhwmn tù`rwm gmhjrhi hlmr npfjtmcfhl& Npfjtm tmtwì rùr`t`fwhwmn

gml`fjbhum g`fjhf bpiuplhf ncrihw ghwh gmhjrhi hlmr tù`rwm F)Txphr`g

Dahrw, pfwpb t`gmbmw i`fmfjbhwbhf tmtwì ghrm t`wmhu bhrhbw`rmtwmb# urmlhbp&

4& Uì`fpahf hlcbhtm bòpwpahf, mfm hghlha fhmb wprpff}h b`rpthbhf tmtwìpbprhf bòpwpahf pfwpb oò`rhuh b`thwphf npfjtmcfhl !urcgpb# urct`t- ghlhi

tmtwì am`rhrbm npfjtmcfhl& Mfm thfjhw u`fwmfj pfwpb i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtmbhf

u`fdhuhmhf u`rncrihftm, `n`bwm~mwht, ihtpbhf hwhp b`lphrhf, b`t`lprpahf

b`lphrhf, b`dùhwhf ghf nhbwcr lhmf pfwpb ihtmfj)ihtmfj olcb npfjtmcfhl&

Dcfwca gmhjrhi uhr`wc ghuhw gmlmahw uhgh jhiohr ?&4& o`rmbpw;

WmfjbhwB`rpthbhf

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U`f`fwphf Bciucf`f Brmwmt

Jhiohr ?&4& Gmhjrhi Uhr`wc

Gmhjrhi uhr`wc hghlha tphwp gmhjrhi o`rpuh k`fkhfj !whfjjh- }hfj

iìupf}hm npfjtm pfwpb i`f`fwpbhf ghf i`lmahw u`ro`ghhf wmfjbhw urmcrmwht

ghrm o`rhf`bh ihthlha }hfj hbhf gmu`dhabhf& G`fjhf iìhbhm gmhjrhi

uhr`wc ghuhw w`rlmahw ihthlha ihfh }hfj gcimfhf ghf w`fwpf}h bmwh ghuhw

i`fj`whapm urmcrmwht u`f}`l`thmhf ihthlhaf}h, }hfj i`fkhgm brmw`rmh ghf

u`rwmiohfjhf ghlhi i`f`fwpbhf gmhjrhi uhr`wc mfm hghlha nr`bp`ftm

b`rpthbhf, cfjbct u`rohmbhf, wcwhl cfjbct u`rhzhwhf ghf ahrjh bciucf`f

}hfj gmjhfwm


29/84

Hghupf npfjtm ghrm gmhjrhi uhr`wc mfm hghlha;

I`fpfkpbbhf ihthlha pwhih }hfj gcimfhf& I`f}hwhbhf u`rohfgmfjhf ihtmfj)ihtmfj u`rtchlhf w`rahghu b`t`lprpahf

ihthlha&

I`fpfkpbbhf wmfjbhw u`rohmbhf t`w`lha wmfghbhf u`rohmbhf uhgh gh`rha}hfj w`rohwht&

I`fpfkpbbhf u`rohfgmfjhf ihtmfj)ihtmfj u`rtchlhf tò`lpi ghft`tpgha u`rohmbhf&

Iìo`rmbhf mfncrihtm t`dhrh jrhnmt, gmihfh mfncrihtm mwp hbhf lòma`nmtm`f ghf `n`bwmn t`rwh lòma ipgha gmuhahim, bhr`fh urmcrmwht ghrm tphwp

u`rihthlhahf hbhf k`lht&

Iìpghabhf u`f`lmwmhf t`rwh i`lmahw u`fdhuhmhff}h tò`lpi ghf t`tpgha

u`lhbthfhhf u`fhfjjplhfjhf&

7& I`fjmg`fwmnmbhtmbhf k`fmt b`rpthbhf, uhgh bcfw`bt hfhlmtmt mfm, k`fmtb`rpthbhf iìupf}hm hrwm gmihfh tmtwì ghrm tòpha `lì`f jhjhl pfwpb

iì`fpam npfjtmf}h& Tòhjhm dcfwca2 jhjhl iìopbh hwhp i`f}hlhbhf

tòpha i`tmf&

U`fg`bhwhf pipi u`lhbthfhhf NI@DH ghuhw gmlmahw uhgh jhiohr ?&?&

o`rmbpw;

Jhiohr ?&7& U`fg`bhwhf Pipi U`lhbthfhhf NI@DH

Tpio`r; O`fkhimf T& Olhfdahrg , 8==7


30/84

0& I`f`fwpbhf u`f}òho ghrm b`rpthbhf, hfhlmtmt mfm i`lmohwbhf t`lprpa urct`thwhp urcgpb }hfj gmopwpabhf pfwpb iìohwhtm u`f}òho ghrm b`rpthbhf uhgh

pipif}h& B`lciucb uì`fpahf i`lhbthfhbhf NI@DH pfwpb iìnhtmlmwhtm

urct`t mg`fwmnmbhtm ghrm bpiuplhf u`f}òho }hfj ucw`ftmhl lhmff}h& B`wmbh

u`fjhlhihf g`fjhf tmtwì t`rpuh iìmlmbm b`w`rohwhthf }hfj lòma pfwpb

iì`fpam lhfjbha)lhfjbha uhgh urct`t hfhlmtmt, w`bfmb tù`rwm gmhjrhi tòho

ghf hbmohw mtambhzh kpjh gmb`fhl g`fjhf gmhjrhi wplhfj mbhf, omth

iìopbwmbhf `n`bwm~mwht }hfj wmfjjm pfwpb i`fjjhiohrbhf u`f}òho

ucw`ftmhl pfwpb t`wmhu b`rpthbhf&

Gmhjrhi nmtaocf` hwhp gmhjrhi tòho hbmohw i`rpuhbhf tphwp hlhw pfwpb

i`fjhfhlmth ipwp g`fjhf wpkphf pfwpb i`fj`whapm t`dhrh i`f}`lprpaapopfjhf hfwhrh b`dhdhwhf g`fjhf u`f}òhof}h& Hghupf dcfwca gmhjrhi

tòho hbmohw gmohzha mfm ;

Dcfwca gmhjrhi tòho hbmohw ghuhw gmlmahw uhgh jhiohr ?&4& o`rmbpw;

Jhiohr ?&0& Gmhjrhi Tòho Hbmohw

Tpio`r; O`fkhimf T& Olhfdahrg, 8==7

Hghupf lhfjbha)lhfjbha ghlhi uìophwhf gmhjrhi tòho hbmohw hghlha

tòhjhm o`rmbpw;

o& I`f`fwpbhf ihthlha hwhp bhrhbw`rmtwmb ipwp }hfj hbhf gmb`fghlmbhf ghfgmu`rohmbm uhgh wplhfj bùhlh mbhf&

d& I`fplmtbhf bhrhbw`rmtwmb ipwp uhgh tmtm bhfhf& Jhiohrbhf whfgh uhfhao`thr ghrm tmtm bmrm b`tmtm bhfhf&


31/84

g& I`fplmtbhf nhbwcr)nhbwcr pwhih ghrm b`rpthbhf }hfj hbhf gmu`rohmbm uhghdhohfj hfhb uhfha, imthlbhf2 Ihfptmh, I`tmf, I`wcg`, Ihw`rmhl ghf

Lmfjbpfjhf

`& I`fplmtbhf tpo nhbwcr b`rpthbhf t`dhrh w`ru`rmfdm uhgh ihtmfj)ihtmfjdhohfj tàmfjjh o`ro`fwpb rhfwmfj)rhfwmfj dhohfj&

>& I`f`fwpbhf `n`b ghrm b`rpthbhf& Ghiuhb b`jhjhlhf t`rmfj w`rkhgm ghlhioò`rhuh dhrh, `n`bwm~mwht ghf u`fdhuhmhf wmghb ahf}h o`rapopfjhf g`fjhf

pftpr npfjtmcfhl, whum kpjh b`t`lprpahf tmtwì, b`wmbh i`lhbthfhbhf NI@DH

thfjhw u`fwmfj pfwpb iìu`rwmiohfjbhf `n`b b`jhjhlhf uhgh l`~`l wmfjjm

o`rmbpwf}h, i`fjpbpr b`thwphf npfjtmcfhl o`rthihhf g`fjhf ghiuhb uhgh

b`t`lprpahf tmtwì& Uhgh uctmtm lhmf, b`wmbh i`fjhfhlmth tphwp urct`t, thfjhw

u`fwmfj pfwpb i`fpfkpbbhf b`jhjhlhf }hfj iìu`fjhrpam tòpha urct t&:& I`fmlhm bòprpbhf ghrm k`fmt b`rpthbhf& Uhgh bcfw`bt hfhlmtmt mfm

o`rapopfjhf g`fjhf `n`b hwhp hbmohw }hfj t`rmpt w`rahghu k`fmt b`rpthbhf

uhgh pipf}h& I`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm u`fg`w`btm b`rpthbhf }hfj o`rhrwm, uhgh

bcfw`b mfm, tòpha urct`t g`fjhf crm`fwhtm NI@DH, i`fpfkpb uhgh

u`fj`fghlmhf hlmrhf urct`t }hfj omth i`fg`w`btm w`rkhgmf}h b`jhjhlhf hwhp

dhdhw& Ohjhmihfhupf, b`wmbh NI@DH w`rncbpt uhgh u`rhfdhfjhf mfm

i`fpfkpbbhf uhgh `btmtw`ftm ghrm oò`rhuh k`fmt u`rhfdhfjhf, ohfwphf,

pbprhf, uìohdhhf hwhp urct`gpr ~`rmnmbhtm }hfj hbhf i`fg`w`btm ahtml ghrm

k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj ucw`ftmhl& Uhgh twhfghr u`fjpbprhf IML)TWG)8>?=H&

Wpkphf ghrm u`fjblhtmnmbhtmhf `n`b b`rpthbhf ghuhw gmohjm i`fkhgm 7 k`fmt

b`rpthbhf, }hmwp;

h& Hbmohw B`d`lhbhhf; Tòpha b`rpthbhf }hfj ghuhw i`fjhbmohwbhfamlhfjf}h tòpha bàmgpuhf urmohgm ghf b`rpjmhf w`rahghu tphwp tmtwì

}hfj l`fjbhu&

o& Brmwmt; B`rpthbhf }hfj o`rucw`ftmhl i`f}òhobhf b`rpjmhf }hfj t`rmptghf tmtwì b`rpthbhf }hfj tmjfmnmbhf ghf bàmlhfjhf ghrm tmtwì

npfjtmcfhl&

d& Ihrjmfhl; B`rpthbhf }hfj omth i`f}òhobhf b`rpjmhf u`rtcfml, tmtwìb`rpthbhf ghf g`jrhghtm tmtwì npfjtmcfhl&


32/84

g& Imfcr; B`rpthbhf }hfj wmghb dpbpu i`f}òhobhf b`rpjmhf t`dhrhu`rtcfml hwhp tmtwì, w`whum i`fjahtmlbhf bòpwpahf w`rahghu oò`rhuh

uì`lmahrhhf bcr`bwmn&

Who`l ?&8& Wmfjbhw Bòprpbhf K`fmt B`rpthbhf, Nr`bp`ftm ghf G`w`btm UrcohomlmwhtTpio`r; O`fkhimf T& Olhfdahrg , 8==7

h& @n`b Oprpb Wmfjbhw

Imfcr# Thfjhw r`fgha2 Wmghb Iìo`rmbhf hlhthf ohazh ahrhuhf w`rahghu

hlhi tòhjhm u`l`fjbhu mfm iìupf}hm ohf}hb `n`b uhgh tmtwì

u`rncrihftm& U`lhfjjhf ipfjbmf thkh wmghb i`f`rmih b`jhjhlhf&

8

?

Lcz# _`fgha2 Wmfjbhw bòprpbhf r`fgha pfwpb u`f}òho b`rpthbhf hlhi,

ahf}h i`lhlhmbhf jhfjphf u`lhfjjhf& U`lhfjjhf ipfjbmf ahf}h t`gmbmw

i`lmahw bòprpbhf uhgh tmtwì u`rncrihftm&

4

7

Icg`rhw`# T`ghfj2 U`f}òho b`rpthbhf hghlha b`wmghb uphthf u`lhfjjhf&

U`lhfjjhf iìophw b`wmghb f}hihfhf# jhfjjphf w`rahghu b`rpthbhfu`lhfjjhf hbhf i`lmahw bòprpbhf uhgh tpo)tmtwì u`rncrihftm&

0

>

Amja# Wmfjjm2 Wmfjjm o`rhrwm b`wmghbuphthhf u`lhfjjhf w`rahghu b`rpthbhf

tù`rwm tmtwì }hfj wmghb omth gmcu`rhtmbhf, ohjhmihfh wmghb, b`hihfhf

tmtwì gmlhfjjhr hwhp jhjhl iì`fpam t`tphwp t`tphm g`fjhf u`rhwprhf

uì`rmfwha&

:

1

^`r} amja# Thfjhw wmfjjm2 Wmfjbhw bòprpbhf b`wmbh k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj

ucw`ftmhl iìu`fjhrpam b`hihfhf npfjtm tmtwì hwhp u`f}òho b`jhjhlhfiì`fpam t`tphwp t`tphm u`rhwprhf uì`rmfwha

=

85

o& Nr`bp`ftm B`khgmhf K`fmt B`jhjhlhf Wmfjbhw UrcohomlmwhtB`rpthbhf

_ìcw`# Thfjhw r`fgha2 B`rpthbhf }hfj wmghb gmtpbhm 8

Lcz# _`fgha2 T`gmbmw b`rpthbhf }hfj r`lhwmn?

4

8 mf ?5&555

8 mf 7&555

Icg`rhw`# T`ghfj2 B`rpthbhf t`t`bhlm

7

0

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8 mf 8&555

8 mf 755

8 mf 15

Amja# Wmfjjm2 B`rpthbhf o`rplhfj:

1

8 mf 75

8 mf ?5

^`r} amja# Thfjhw wmfjjm2 B`rpthbhf }hfj ahiumr wmghb omth

gmhdpabhf# gmomhrbhf

=

85

8 mf 1

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d& G`w`btm Urcohomlmwht Wmfjbhw^`r} amja# Thfjhw wmfjjm2 U`rhfdhfjhf ~`rmnmbhtm hwhp hrpt urct`t

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8

?

Amja# Wmfjjm2 G^ hwhp UDt t`bhrhfj iìupf}hm b`tìuhwhf }hfj ohmb

pfwpb i`fg`w`btm k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj ucw`ftmhl

4

7

Icg`rhw`# T`ghfj2 G^ hwhp UDt t`bhrhfj ghuhw i`fg`w`btm k`fmt b`rpthbhf

}hfj ucw`ftmhl&

0

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Lcz# _`fgha2 G^ hwhp UDt t`bhrhfj wmghb i`f}pbhm# iìmlma k`fmt

b`rpthbhf }hfj ucw`ftmhl&

:

1


33/84

^`r} lcz2 G^ hwhp UDt t`bhrhfj ipfjbmf wmghb hbhf i`fg`w`btm K`fmt

B`rpthbhf }hfj Ucw`ftmhl&=

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1& I`fmlhm nr`bp`ftm ghrm k`fmt b`rpthbhf, mfm iìo`rmbhf npfjtm hwhp bciucf`fnmtmb gmihfh tòpha tmtwì }hfj t`rmfj i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf& Lhfjbha mfm

gmwpkpbhf uhgh nr`bp`ftm k`fmt b`rpthbhf t`dhrh mfgm~mgphl& Uhgh ghthrf}h

kpilha ghrm nr`bp`ftm pfwpb tòpha `lì`f tmtwì ahrpt tòhfgmfj g`fjhf

fmlhm b`rpthbhff}h& Twhfghr U`fjpbprhf IML)TWG 8>?=H, hgh gph wpkphf

u`fg`bhwhf, u`rwhih t`dhrh bphlmwhwmn ghf bphfwmwhwmn, mfm o`rwpkphf pfwpb

i`f`fwpbhf nr`bp`ftm k`fmt b`rpthbhf& u`fg`bhwhf bphlmwhwmn ahf}h

i`r`bci`fghtmbhf b`rpthbhf }hfj tu`tmnmb& Who`l o`rmbpw i`fk`lhtbhf

u`rmfjbhw bphlmwhwmn w`rahghu b`rpthbhf, k`fmt b`rpthbhf NI@DH, tòhjhm

u`rncrihftm gmihfh tòpha mfgptwrm cwcicwmn i`fmfjbhwbhf u`rmfjbhw

nr`bp`ftm k`fmt b`rpthbhf uhgh tbhlh 8)85&

Who`l ?&?& Wmfjbhw Bphlmwhwmn Urcohomlmwht B`rpthbhf

Tpio`r; O`fkhimf T& Olhfdahrg , 8==7

Wmfjbhw Fhih ghf U`fk`lhthf

H

Nr`xp`fw# t`rmfj2 Urcohomlmwht }hfj wmfjjm ghrm tphwp b`khgmhf ihtmfj)

ihtmfj cu`rhtm bciucf`f& Urcohomlmwht wmfjjm ghuhw o`rhrwm tòhjhm

urcohomlmwht k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj lòma o`thr ghrm 5,?5 ghrm b`t`lprpahf

urcohomlmwht b`rpthbhf bciucf`f&

O

_`htcfhol}2 Urcohomlmwht wmfjbhw t`ghfj ghrm tphwp b`khgmhf ihtmfj)ihtmfjcu`rhtm, bìpfjbmfhf uhgh bcfw`bt mfm o`rhrwm urcohomlmwht k`fmt b`rpthbhf

thwp bciucf`f lòma ghrm 5,85 whum bprhfj ghrm 5,?5 ghrm b`t`lprpahf

urcohomlmwht b`rpthbhf bciucf`f&

DCddhtmcfhl2 Urcohomlmwht b`khgmhf ghrm ihtmfj)ihtmfj cu`rhtm bciucf`fo`rhrwm urcohomlmwht k`fmt b`rpthbhf wpfjjhl lòma ghrm 5,58 ghrm b`t`lprpahf

urcohomlmwht ihtmfj)ihtmfj k`fmt b`rpthbhf&

G

_cicw`2 Urcohomlmwht }hfj wmghb gmtpbhm ghrm tphwp b`khgmhf ihtmfj)ihtmfj

cu`rhtm bciucf`f urcohomlmwht mfm o`rhrwm urcohomlmwht k`fmt b`rpthbhf

wpfjjhl lòma ghrm 5,558 whum lòma r`fgha ghrm 5,58 ghrm b`t`lprpahf

urcohomlmwht ghrm b`rpthbhf bciucf`f&

@

@qwrì`l} pflmb`l}# thfjhw wmghb gmtpbhm2 K`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj urcohomlmwht

b`khgmhf w`rahghu ihtmfj)ihtmfj cu`rhtm bciucf`f& Thfjhw wmghb gmtpbhm mfm

iìmlmbm hrwm urcohomlmwht b`rpthbhf wpfjjhl bprhfj ghrm 5,558 ghrm

b`t`lprpahf urcohomlmwht b`rpthbhf bciucf`f&

=& I`fmlhm urcohomlmwht b`rpthbhf }hfj hbhf gmg`w`btm, mfm o`rapopfjhf g`fjhfurcohomlmwht gmihfh tòpha u`rhfdhfjhf ghf urct`gpr ~`rmnmbhtm hbhf

i`fg`w`btm k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj ucw`ftmhl uhgh zhbwp }hfj t`tphm uhgh

tmtwì& Wmfjbhw b`rpthbhf b`rpthbhf uhgh hfhlmtmt mfm iìmlmbm crm`fwhtm


34/84

w`rahghu urct`t w`rw`fwp gmtphwp wìuhw }hfj hbhf i`fg`w`btm uctmtm ghf

i`fj`lciucbbhf b`rpthbhf tò`lpi gmbmrmi ghf gmurct`t bìohlm amfjjh

o`rhbamr gmbcftpi`f&

85&I`fjhfhlmth k`fmt b`rpthbhf brmwmt, cok`b uhgh lhfjbha mfm iìù`rbphwmfncrihtm }hfj gmahtmlbhf thiuhm t`bhrhfj& Uhgh pthah pfwpb iìophw tb`w

uhgh htu`b brmwmt lhmff}h uhgh u`rhfdhfjhf tmtwì b`brmwmthf uhgh bcfw`bt

hfhlmtmt mfm hghlha npfjtm ghrm nr`bp`ftm ghrm k`fmt b`rpthbhf, bòprpbhf ghf

urcohomlmwht }hfj hbhf gmg`w`btm uhgh tphwp zhbwp pfwpb i`fjahlhfjm ghiuhb

uhgh u`fjpbprhf tmtwì&

Uhgh tmtm bci`rtml ghrm tu`bwrpi w`rpwhih uhgh mfgptwrm cwcicwmn, u`fjjpfhhf

gmophw ghrm tphwp i`wrmb kpilha urmcrmwht r`tmbc hwhp _UF, }hfj ghuhw gmf}hwhbhftòhjhm o`rmbpw;

_UF 9 !Wmfjbhw Bòprpbhf- q !Wmfjbhw Nr`bp`ftm- q !Wmfjbhw Urcohomlmwht ghf

Wmfjbhw G`w`btm-

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b`rpthbhf g`fjhf nr`bp`ftm wmfjjm g`fjhf ghiuhb }hfj tmjfmnmbhf g`fjhf tmtwì

u`rncrihftm ghf thfjhw tplmw pfwpb gmg`w`btm bhr`fh iìmlbm wmfjbhw _UF }hfj

thfjhw wmfjjm, bhr`fh mwplha gmtòpw b`brmwmthf wmfjbhw wmfjjm&

Who`l ?&4& Urct`t NI@DH

Tpio`r; O`fkhimf T& Olhfdahrg , 8==7Urct`t NI@DH Ghrm Bciucf`f)Bciucf`f Brmwmt

Fhih

Bciucf`f

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ghrm

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O Hpt Uìhbhmhf ) ) ) 4 7 85 8 8?5 ) )


35/84


36/84

Oho 4

I`wcgclcjm Uì`dhahf Ihthlha

4&8& NlczdahrwUì`dhahf Ihthlha

Hjhr u`f`lmwmhf mfm o`rkhlhf g`fjhf tmtwìhwmt, ihbh tò`lpif}h u`fplmt iìophw

u`r`fdhfhhf w`fwhfj lhfjbha)lhfjbha uì`dhahf ihthlha }hfj hbhf gmlhlpm tù`rwm

w`rthkm uhgh jhiohr 4&8&

Jhiohr 4&8& Nlczdahrw Uì`dhahf Ihthlha


37/84

4&?& Lhfjbha)lhfjbha Uì`dhahf Ihthlha

Ghlhi lhfjbha)lhfjbha u`f}`l`thmhf ihthlha mfm u`f}`l`thmhf o`rmbpw mfm hghlha

lhfjbha)lhfjbha }hfj gmlhbpbhf ghlhi u`f`lmwmhf mfm, }hmwp;

4&?&8& Cot`r~htm

Uhgh urct`t cot`r~htm mfm, gmlhbpbhf u`fjhihwhf lhfjtpfj gmlhuhfjhf w`rahghu b`jmhwhf

u`rhzhwhf i`tmf)i`tmf }hfj hgh gmu`rpthahhf thlha thwpf}h i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj&

U`rwhih bhlm u`f`lmwmhf gmiplhm }hmwp i`lhbpbhf u`fjhihwhf gmlhuhfjhf tù`rwm

i`fjhihwm b`jmhwhf urcgpbtm gmlhfwhm urcgpbtm ghf b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf

gmohjmhf u`ri`tmfhf t`rwh zhzhfdhrh g`fjhf ohjmhf cu`rhwcr i`tmf pfwpb

i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm k`fmt b`rpthbhf uhgh bciucf`f tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmfGm` Dhtwmj&

4&?&?& Wmfkhphf Uptwhbh

Wmfkhphf Uptwhbh o`rpuh bcftù)bcftù ghf w`crm)w`crm }hfj gmkhgmbhf lhfghthf o`rnmbmr

pfwpb i`fgpbpfj u`f`lmwmhf& Wpkphf ghrm wmfkhphf uptwhbh mfm hghlha pfwpb

i`fghuhwbhf ihtpbhf)ihtpbhf ghrm oò`rhuh tpio`r i`gmh ohmb d`whb ihpupf

`l`bwrcfmb, tàmfjjh ihthlha }hfj gmw`lmwm ghuhw gmuhahim g`fjhf lòma ohmb ghf

u`f`lmwmhf gmlhbthfhbhf g`fjhf w`rhrha t`tphm g`fjhf w`crm }hfj hgh&

4&?&4& Mg`fwmnmbhtm ghf U`rpipthf Ihthlha

U`rhzhwhf }hfj gmlhbpbhf u`rpthahhf t`lhih mfm i`lmupwm b`jmhwhf ur`~`fwm~` o`rpuh

b`jmhwhf u`rhzhwhf rpwmf pfwpb t`wmhu k`fmt i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj& Ghlhi u`f`lmwmhf mfm,

ucbcb ghrm ihthlha }hfj gmahghum hghlha t`rmfj w`rkhgmf}h b`rpthbhf uhgh bciucf`f

tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj& U`rihthlhahf mfm gmbhr`fhbhf u`rhzhwhf }hfj

gmlhbpbhf bprhfj ohmb, tàmfjjh t`rmfj w`rkhgm u`rohmbhf u`fjjhfwmhf bciucf`f i`tmf

t`rwh bprhfjf}h tmtwì u`rhzhwhf }hfj lòma iìhghm ghf w`rkhgzhl&


38/84

4&?&7& Wpkphf U`f`lmwmhf

T`w`lha i`lhbpbhf mg`fwmnmbhtm ihthlha, wpkphf ghrm u`f`lmwmhf mfm hghlha pfwpb

i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj w`rkhgm, i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm `n`b }hfj gmwmioplbhf

hbmohw b`rpthbhf t`rwh iìo`rm ptplhf u`rohmbhf ohjm u`rpthahhf ghlhi i`f}`l`thmbhf

u`rihthlhahff}h&

4&?&0& U`fjpiuplhf Ghwh

Ghlhi i`lhbpbhf u`fjpiuplhf ghwh, gmlhbpbhf oò`rhuh whahu u`fjhiomlhf ghwh }hfj

i`fgpbpfj u`f`lmwmhf mfm& Gmhfwhfrhf}h hghlha ghwh)ghwh }hfj gmu`rlpbhf }hmwp;

8& Ghwh pipi u`rpthahhf, }hfj i`lmupwm t`khrha u`rpthahhf, twrpbwpr crjhfmthtm ghfurcgpb }hfj gmahtmlbhf&

?& Ghwh bcfgmtm b`rkh, ghwh mfm gmu`rlpbhf pfwpb i`fj`whapm b`jmhwhf }hfj hgh gmu`rpthahhf ghf lhihf}h zhbwp o`b`rkh&

4& Ghwh bciucf`f i`tmf pfwpb i`fj`whapm npfjtm)npfjtm t`wmhu bciucf`f tmtwìamgrclmb }hfj hgh ghlhi i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj t`rwh ghuhw i`fj`whapm fhih)fhih

bciucf`f }hfj gmhfjjhu brmwmt&

Hghupf bciucf`f }hfj gmhfjjhu brmwmt uhgh tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj

hghlha bciucf`f }hfj t`rmfj i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf&

7& Ghwh b`rpjmhf i`tmf bhr`fh wmghb o`rcu`rhtm, ghwh mfm gmu`rlpbhf pfwpb i`fj`whapmtò`rhuh o`thr b`rpjmhf u`rpthahhf kmbh i`tmf wmghb o`rcu`rhtm&

0& Ghwh zhbwp u`rhzhwhf }hfj i`lmupwm zhbwp u`rhzhwhf u`rohmbhf ghf u`fjjhfwmhftuhr` uhrw, u`fd`jhahf ghf zhbwp u`rhzhwhf u`fjjhfwmhf b`rpthbhf&

>& Ghwh ahrjh wmhu bciucf`f tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj, ghwh mfm gmu`rlpbhfpfwpb i`fj`whapm ahrjh bciucf`f)bciucf`f uhgh i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj }hfj

gmhfjjhu t`rmfj i`fjhlhim b`rpthbhf&

:& Ghwh zhbwp hfwhr b`rpthbhf !Wmi` wc Nhmlpr`-, ghwh mfm gmjpfhbhf pfwpb i`fj`whapmwmfjbhw nr`bp`ftm b`rpthbhf uhgh tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmf Gm` Dhtwmfj&


39/84

4&4& U`fjclhahf Ghwh

Ghlhi u`fjclhahf ghwh mfm, ghwh gmbpiuplbhf t`tphm g`fjhf i`wcg` }hfj gmumlma pfwpb

iì`dhabhf ihthlha }hfj t`ghfj gmw`lmwm& Lhfjbha)lhfjbh u`fjclhahf ghwh w`rtòpw

}hmwp;

8& I`f`fwpbhf bciucf`f i`tmf }hfj uhlmfj b`rmwmt }hfj gmthkmbhf ghlhi o`fwpbgmhjrhi uhr`wc

?& I`f`fwpbhf k`fmt b`rpthbhf ghrm bciucf`f brmwmt tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmf Gm`Dhtwmfj

4& I`f`fwpbhf tòho ghf hbmohw ghrm bciucf`f brmwmt tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmf Gm`Dhtwmfjg`fjhf ohfwphfNmta Ocf`&

7& I`f`fwpbhf `n`b ghrm b`rpthbhf bciucf`f brmwmt tmtwì amgrclmb i`tmfGm` Dhtwmfj0& I`fmlhm bòprpbhf ghf k`fmt b`rpthbhf bhr`fh ghrm b`rpthbhf }hfj w`rkhgm

i`fmioplbhf bòprpbhf w`rahghu bciucf`f t`rwh i`f}òhobhf b`rpjmhf }hfj

o`thr ghrm tmtwì npfjtm i`tmf& I`fmlhm bòprpbhf ghrm bciucf`f)bciucf`f brmwmt

gmlmahw ghrm tò`rhuh o`thr b`rpthbhf }hfj gmwmioplbhf ghrm bciucf`f w`rtòpw&

>& Ghrm b`rpthbhf }hfj w`rkhgm uhgh bciucf`f ghuhw gmpbpr nr`bp`ftm b`khgmhfb`jhjhlhff}h }hfj iìo`rmbhf jhiohrhf ohazh bciucf`f w`rtòpw brmwmt ghrm

tòpha tmtwì }hfj hgh&

:& Urcohomlmwht b`rpthbhf ghrm bciucf`f)bciucf`f brmwmt i`rpuhbhf tphwpu`rhfdhfjhf hwhp urct`gpr pfwpb i`fg`w`btm k`fmt b`rpthbhf }hfj ucw`ftmhl uhgh

zhbwp }hfj t`tphm uhgh tmtwì&

1& I`fjamwpfj_UF !_mtb Urmcrmw} Fpio`r- }hmwp i`wcg` pfwpb i`lmahw tò`rhuh o`thrr`tmbc b`rpthbhf g`fjhf iìurmcrmwhtbhf fmlhm_UF}hfj lòma wmfjjm, bhr`fh mwplha

gmtòpw b`brmwmthf wmfjbhw wmfjjm&

4&7& Nhmlpr` Icg`, @nn`dwt hfg Drmwmdhlmw} Hfhl}tmt !NI@DH-

Ghlhi i`fjmg`fwmnmbhtm bciucf`f)bciucf`f brmwmt ghf i`lmahw t`khpa ihfh

bciucf`f w`rtòpw i`f}òhobhf jhfjjphf w`rahghu tphwp i`tmf hwhp tmtwì, ahl }hfj

ahrpt gmlhbpbhf }hmwp g`fjhf i`f`rhubhf i`wcg` NI@DH }hmwp g`fjhf i`fjjpfhbhf

lhfjbha)lhfjbha tòhjhm o`rmbpw;

8& U`fjjhiohrhf bòpwpahf tmtwì !urcgpb# urct`t-&


40/84

?& Uì`fpahf hfhlmtmt npfjtmcfhl, mfm i`lmohwbhf u`fg`nmfmtmhf tmtwì uhgh npfjtmw`rimfclcjm&

4& Uì`fpahf hlcbhtm bòpwpahf, mfm hghlha fhmb wprpff}h b`rpthbhf tmtwì pbprhfbòpwpahf pfwpb oò`rhuh b`thwphf npfjtmcfhl !urcgpb# urct`t- ghlhi tmtwì

am`rhrbm npfjtmcfhl&

7& I`fjmg`fwmnmbhtmbhf k`fmt b`rpthbhf&0& I`f`fwpbhf u`f}òho ghrm b`rpthbhf&>& I`f`fwpbhf `n`b ghrm b`rpthbhf&:& I`fmlhm bòprpbhf ghrm k`fmt b`rpthbhf&

4&0& Hfhlmtmt

Hfhlmtmt ghrm uìohahthf mfm, o`rmtm w`fwhfj ahl)ahl }hfj mfjmf gm dhuhm& Gmhfwhrhf}h

hghlha mfw`r~hl zhbwp }hfj cuwmipi ghlhi i`lhbpbhf u`fjjhfwmhf u`fd`jhahf

bciucf`f brmwmt uhgh i`tmfGm` Dhtwmfjg`fjhf brmw`rmh imfmihtm cfjbct&

4&>& B`tmiuplhf

I`fhrmb b`tmiuplhf ghrm u`fjpiuplhf ghwh, u`fjclhahf ghwh ghf hfhlmtmt ghwh }hfj

w`lha gmu`rclà pfwpb i`fìpbhf uì`dhahf ghrm ihthlha }hfj hbhf gmdhuhm&

4&:&T`l`thm


41/84

Oho 7

U`fjpiuplhf ghf U`fjclhahf Ghwh

7&8& U`fjpiuphlhf Ghwh

U`fjpiuplhf ghwh uhgh wpjht hbamr mfm, t`dhrh jrhrmt o`thr w`rgmrm ghrm jhiohrhf

pipi u`rpthahhf, ghwh)ghwh u`rpthahhf }hfj gmopwpabhf o`rapopfjhf g`fjhf

u`rihthlhahf }hfj hbhf gmt`l`thmbhf&

7&8&8& Ghwh Pipi U`rpthahhf

7&8&8&8&T`bmlht w`fwhfj UW& ZMBH MFW_HG@

H& T`khrha Tmfjbhw UW& ZMBH MF)W_HG@

UW& ZMKH]H BH_]H hghlha tphwp Ohghf Pthah Imlmb F`jhrh }hfj gmgmrmbhfuhgh whapf 8=>5, }hfj uhgh thhw mfm i`rpuhbhf tòpha u`rpthahhf g`fjhf

gm~`rtmnmbhtm omghfj pthah }hfj lpht, }hmwp i`lmupwm khth bcftwrpbtm, mfgptwrm,

ihfpnhbwpr, ghf nhormbhtm, u`rghjhfjhf t`rwh r`hlwm ghf urcu`rw}& Uhgh hbamr whapf

=5)hf t`dhrh o`rwhahu UW& ZMKH]H BH_]H iplhm i`rpoha pfmw b`rkh pthahf}h

ghrm o`fwpb gm~mtm)gm~mtm i`fkhgm hfhb u`rpthahhf& Thlha thwp hfhb u`rpthahhf

w`rtòpw hghlha UW& ZMBH MF)W_HG@ }hfj w`ro`fwpb uhgh hzhl whapf ?555,

tòhjhmihfh w`rtòpw ghlhi Hbwh Fcwhrmt Miht Nhwmiha, TA& FC 8> whfjjhl ?5

Khfphrm ?555& T`tphm g`fjhf bcfgmtm u`rthmfjhf gpfmh pthah }hfj ihbmf

i`fjjlcohl gmahrhubhf g`fjhf i`fkhgm hfhb u`rpthahhf ihbh bìhiuphf gh}h

thmfj u`rpthahhf hbhf tìhbmf i`fmfjbhw, ohmb gm uhthr fhtmcfhl ghf

mfw`rfhtmcfhl&

UW& ZMBH MF)W_HG@ mfm i`rpuhbhf ahtml u`fjjhopfjhf ? gm~mtm }hfj hgh gm

UW& ZMKH]H BH_]H, }hmwp Gm~mtm Urcgpb I`whl ghf Gm~mtm U`rghjhfjhf& Gm~mtm

Urcgpb I`whl i`rpuhbhf gm~mtm }hfj iìmlmbm omghfj pthah Nhormbhtm I`whl

!N`rrcpt ghf fcf)N`rrcpt-, nhormbhtm ulhtwmb !@fjmf``rmfj Ulhtwmd- ghf nhormbhtm

urcgpb b`lmtwrmbhf& Baptpt urcgpb hlpipfmpi dhtwmfj pfwpb cwcicwmn w`lha

i`fghuhwbhf u`fjhbphf ghrm twhfghr mfw`rfhtmcfhl }hmwp g`fjhf gmu`rclàf}h

t`rwmnmbhw XT =555 uhgh whapf 8=== ghf gmu`rohahrpm g`fjhf t`rwmnmbhw MTC#WT

8>=7=;?55? uhgh whapf ?557& T`ghfjbhf gm~mtm u`rghjhfjhf o`ru`fjhlhihf


42/84

ghlhi b`jmhwhf u`fjhghhf ghf u`rghjhfjhf }hfj i`lmupwm urcgpb)urcgpb ZMBH

t`fgmrm ghf lhmff}h gm lphr ZMBH, }hmwp i`fdhbpu khth u`rghjhfjhf ihw`rmhl ghf

u`rhlhwhf bcftwrpbtm, khth ahfglmfj miucr ghf `btucr t`rwh `btucr nprfmwpr` }hfj

gm gpbpfj clà uhormbhtm nprfmwpr` gm Tìhrhfj& T`lhmf mwp t`khb hbamr 8==>, g`~mtm

u`rghjhfjhf kpjh iìumf}hm b`jmhwhf pthah ghlhi omghfj bcf~`rtm `f`rjm, }hmwp

nhormbhtm uìhfht hmr w`fhjh tpr}h !tclhr zhw`r a`hw`r-, hmrdcf zhw`ra`hw`rghf

tmtwì lmtwrmb w`fhjh tpr}h, }hfj tìplh i`rpuhbhf urcgpb }hfj gmb`lclh ghf

gmbìohfjbhf clà G`~mtm Urcgpb Mfgptwrm t`khb whapf 8=1:& Thhw mfm, pfwpb

t`wmhu urcgpb uìhfht hmr w`fhjh tpr}h }hfj w`rkphl gmo`rmbhf jhrhftm clà

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ANALISIS PERAWATAN TERHADAP KOMPONEN KRITIS PADA SISTEM HIDROLIK MESIN DIE CASTING DENGAN...

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Transcript of ANALISIS PERAWATAN TERHADAP KOMPONEN KRITIS PADA SISTEM HIDROLIK MESIN DIE CASTING DENGAN...