ANALISIS EKOTOKSIKOLOGI

Oleh

Sudrajat

FMIPA UNMUL

2010

Pencemaran air: sumber, tipe dan efeknya

• Pencemaran air adalah perubahan kualitas komponen kimia, biologis atau fisika di dalam perairan yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan terhadap kehidupan organisme atau perairan menjadi tidak sesuai dengan peruntukkannya.

- Point source: specific location (drain pipes, ditches,

sewer lines).

- Nonpoint source: cannot be traced to a single site of discharge (atmospheric deposition, agricultural / industrial / residential runoff)

Types and Sources of Water Types and Sources of Water PollutionPollution

Point sourcesPoint sources

Nonpoint sourcesNonpoint sources

Biological oxygen demand

Biological oxygen demandWater qualityWater qualityWater qualityWater quality

WaterWaterQualityQuality

GoodGood 8-98-9

Do (ppm) at 20˚CDo (ppm) at 20˚C

SlightlySlightlypollutedpolluted

ModeratelyModeratelypollutedpolluted

HeavilyHeavilypollutedpolluted

GravelyGravelypollutedpolluted

6.7-86.7-8

4.5-6.74.5-6.7

Below 4.5Below 4.5

Below 4Below 4Pg. 535

Water pollutionWater pollution

Bacteria,Viruses,Protozoa, Parasitic wormsBacteria,Viruses,Protozoa, Parasitic worms Oxygen demanding substancesOxygen demanding substances Inorganic plant nutrientsInorganic plant nutrients Organic chemicalsOrganic chemicals Sediment or suspended matterSediment or suspended matter Thermal pollutionThermal pollution Genetic pollutionGenetic pollution

Pollution of StreamsPollution of Streams Oxygen sag curveOxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curveOxygen sag curve

Fig. 20-5

Pollution of LakesPollution of Lakes Eutrophication Eutrophication

Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage

(nitrates and phosphates)Nitrogen compounds

produced by carsand factories

Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage

(primary and secondarytreatment:

nitrates and phosphates)

Discharge of detergents

( phosphates)

Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates

Manure runoffFrom feedlots(nitrates andPhosphates,

ammonia)

Dissolving of nitrogen oxides

(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)

Runoff and erosion(from from cultivation,mining, construction,

and poor land use)

Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction

lots (nitrates andphosphates)

Lake ecosystemnutrient overload

and breakdown of chemical cycling

Fig .22.7, p. 499

Coal strip mine runoff

Polluted air

Deicing road salt

Pesticidesand fertilizers

Hazardous waste

injection well

Pumping well

Gasoline station

Water pumping well

LandfillSewer

Buried gasoline and solvent tanks

Cesspool, septic tank

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Accidentalspills

Waste lagoonLeakage from faulty casing

Discharge

Fig. 21-10, p. 505

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-richwaters promote growthof plankton and sea grasses,and support fish.

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses, useup oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae,poisoning fish andmarine mammals.

FarmsRunoff of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus.

Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders.

Construction sitesSediments are washed intowaterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight.

Urban sprawlBacteria and viruses fromsewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds

Oxygen-depletedzone

Closedbeach

CitiesToxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters;

IndustryNitrogen oxidesfrom autos andsmokestacks,toxic chemicals,and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries.

Closedshellfish beds

Fig. 21-17, p. 513

Sludge

Groundwater ContaminationHarmful chemicals and pathogens may leach into groundwater and shallow wells.

OdorsOdors may cause illness or indicate presence of harmful gases.

Livestock PoisoningCows may die after grazing on sludge-treated fields.

Dust ParticlesParticles of dried sludge carry viruses and harmful bacteria that can be inhaled, infect cuts or enter homes.

Surface RunoffHarmful chemicals and pathogens may pollute nearby streams,lakes, ponds, and wetlands.

ExposureChildren may walk or play in fertilized fields.

BUFFER ZONE

Polutan Utama Perairan dan Efeknya

Epidemi Cholera

Hubungan antara suhu perairan dengan outbreaks (KLB) cholera

8 ppm

Biologicaloxygendemand

Dissolvedoxygen(ppm)

Types oforganisms

8 ppm

Recovery

ZoneSeptic ZoneDecomposition

ZoneClean Zone

Fish absent,fungi, sludgeworms,bacteria

(anaerobic)

Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)

Clean Normal clean

water organisms

(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

Normal clean water

organisms

(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

Clean Zone

Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)

Problem Pengendalian Kualitas Air

- Asam tambang - Eutrofikasi perairan

- Microcystins - Keracunan radionuclide dan logam berat dari pertambangan - Cyanobacteria - Turunnya daya dukung perairan - Polutan di atas Baku Mutu Lingkungan Hidup