Chapter I Introduction

1. Background of the Research

Language is an important thing in our life. We can communicate with other

people through language. Communication has purpose to send message to other

people. In sending the message, the sender does not only use an explicit message or

direct expression. But also uses an implicit message or indirect expression where the

meaning of the message is different from usual message. Literature was thought of as

embodying a static, convoluted kind of the language, far removed from the utterance

of daily communication. Language in literature does not depend on grammatical

order. It is more complex and far removed from daily communication. It means that,

sometimes literature does not follow language’s rules.

Language is essentially a means of communication among the members of a

society. In the expression of culture, language is a fundamental aspect. It is tool that

coveys traditions and values related to group identity. The purpose of writer is to

show that a common language is one of the most important features of a community

and the ceaseless use of the same language is the most certain proof of the historical

continuity of a people community. This function is strongly related to the social

nature of a language, whereas there are interdependency and mutual conditionality

relations between language occurrence and a society with its inherent culture. We are

1

going to take into account several aspects of language such as speaking and writing

while also keeping in mind that the study of language is a multidisciplinary

endeavour. Communication take place not only orally, but also in writing. For

instance, writing, a relatively recent invention has a great importance for a language

whereby it plays an important role in the preservation of language realities. The need

to communicate triggers both the occurrence and the development of a language and

this need arises and becomes stronger when one has someone else to communicate

with. In example, where there is a society. Society acquires self-awareness through

the contact and communication between its members. The significance of

communication between people equates the significance of language would produce

the most important means of communication. In this respect, language is of crucial

importance in the individual development of humans and this is best mirrored by the

development of blind people as opposed to the deaf.

Research has revealed the fact that the blind develop their intellectual

propensities better than the deaf. Although deprived of their sight, they can hear

which enables them to acquire language by means of which they can “see” better than

with their own eyes. The deaf, on the other hand, compelled to silence, hence unable

to access language freely, develop more difficultly on an intellectual level and do not

attain all the instruments of a complex abstract thinking process. Hence, as a means

of communication in a community. As a tool of communication among the members

2

of a society, language is influenced by the very society where it function. Moreover,

being the most significant tool of communications, a particular language which is

mastered only by some people. They have often been the determining factor in

turning these people into a separate group as a people, a nation or a state. The

distinction between people and nations mainly traces the geographical distribution in

space of the pertaining languages while the linguistic community. In example, the

fact that they all use the same language, is the essentially defining element for

economical and political communities. In terms of linguistics which is a

fundamentally theoretical science, it is important to discriminate between the act of

“speaking” and “language”.

Literature is one kind of arts that is expressed human’s mind and feeling. It

contains esthetic language, fine thinking, and deep messages. Of the many literary

forms such as essays, poems, novels, dramas, and short stories. Short stories are the

most read by readers. Classic modern works in literature most of which also contain

novel works. The novel is the most popular form of literature in the world. This form

of literature is most widely circulated. Because of its extensive communication power

in the community. As reading material, novel can be divided into two groups namely

serious work and entertainment. Such opinions are true but there is also a

continuation. That is not all who are able to provide entertainment can be called

serious literary work. A serious novel is not only demanded that it is a beautiful,

3

interesting work and thus also provides entertainment to us. But he was also sued

more than that. The novel is a novel whose main requirement is to bring it to be

interesting, entertaining, and bring satisfaction after people finish reading it. A good

novel to read for self improvement.

A good novel is a novel whose contents can humanize its readers. Conversely,

entertainment novels are only read for casual purposes. The important thing is to give

pre-occupation to the readers to solve it. the novel entertainment tradition is tied to

patterns. Thus, it can be said that novels seriously have social functions while

entertainment novels only function personally. Novel function socially because a

good novel helps foster parents to become human beings. While the entertainment

novel does not care whether the story that is served does not foster humans or not,

what is important is that the novel is charming and people want to read it quickly. The

novel has the elements contained in these elements are intrinsic element. It consists

of: theme, settings, point of view, plot, characterization, language style. Novel has

extrinsic elements, this element includes the background of creation, history, author

biography, etc. The attention to these elements will help the accuracy of the

interpretation of the literary work’s contents. Author usually uses good diction in his

literature products to make readers or listeners feel it by heart, not only in their eyes

or ears such as figurative language. Figurative language is the language that has more

than one meaning. Figurative language has been widely examined by linguist in the

4

study of literature in recent years. It is because figurative language has the essence of

style and beauty. Figurative language often provides a more effective means of saying

what we mean that direct statement. In the specific sense, figurative language may

take the form of figure of speech. Figurative language is used in any form of

communication, such as in daily conversation, articles in newspaper, advertisements,

novels, poems, etc. The effectiveness of figurative language in four main reasons.

The first, figurative language affords readers imaginative pleasure of literary works.

Second, it is a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, making the abstract

concrete, making literary works more sensuous. The third, figurative is a way of

adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and conveying

attitudes along with information.

Figurative language is language which is not real meaning. The figurative

meaning is not fit again with concept in the word. It is transferred from the real

meaning; however there is still relation between them, if we want to understand it

deeply. Language employs various figures of speech; some examples are metaphor,

simile, antithesis, hyperbole, and paradox. In general figurative is that kind of

language which departs from the language employed in the traditional, literal ways of

describing in fresh way. It is usually immediately obvious whether a writer is using

figurative language. Based on the statement above, figurative language is one of the

most important that having a great influence on the development of language

5

including for students or college student. In daily communication, many people use

an implicit message to communicate to other people. It is most conveying desire by

using an implicit message or indirect expression that is figurative language. By using

figurative language, people can be create their feelings and to let the people recall the

positive qualities and achievements of the deceased. Especially for student who learn

about English language or one who get in touch with English language. They can

learn figurative language from novel.

Figurative language enhances people’s fiction if it is used competently and can

be an economical way of getting an image or a point across. But if it is used

incorrectly, figurative language can be confusing or downright silly. It is a true mark

of an amateur writer. Figurative language can also be described as rhetorical figures

or metaphorical language whichever term you use, these are called literary devices.

Figurative language is important to good writing because figurative language can

transform ordinary descriptions into evocative events, enhance the emotional

significance of passages and turn prose into a form of poetry. It can also help the

reader to understand the underlying symbolism of a scene or more fully recognize a

literary theme. Figurative language in the hands of a talented writer is one of the tools

that turn ordinary writing into literature.

There is no one right way to use figurative language. That said, there are

many ways to use figurative language poorly. Bear a few rules in mind when use

6

metaphors, similes, and other literary device, among other things: First, always know

why you are using figurative language. Why say “our love is dead” rather than “I do

not love you anymore?” Does the expression sound right in your character’s mouth?

Does it fit your tone and style? If not, do not use it. Second, Choose your figures of

speech carefully. You can write “her beauty hit me in the eyes like a squirt of juice

from a grapefruit.” But how would such a simile enhance your fiction or expand upon

the meaning of your work? Perhaps you have a character with serious communication

issues for whom it would be appropriate; otherwise, skip it. Third, use figurative

language sparingly. A paragraph that is loaded with similes and metaphors can be

dense and difficult to understand. Select the figure of speech that serve your purpose

(enhancing mood, meaning or theme), but do not use figurative language simply

because you can. Fourth, If you are using figurative language as dialogue, be sure it is

appropriated for that character. Avoid putting flowery phrases into the mouths of

characters who speak plainly.

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by

means of an equivalent target language text. The English language drawn a

terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text)

and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different

languages) under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of

writing within a language community. A translator always risks inadvertently

7

introducing source language words, grammar, or syntax into the target language

rendering. On the other hand, such “spill-overs” have sometimes imported useful

source language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages.

Translator, including early translators of sacred texts have helped shape the very

languages into which they have translated. Because of the laboriousness of the

translation process since the 1940s efforts have been made with varying degrees of

success to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. More

recently, the rise of the internet has fostered a world wide market for translation

service and has facilitated language localization.

The writer concludes that language is a system that consists of the

development, acquisition,maintenance and use of complex system of communication.

Language is a substitute for action, object, thoughts, and states of being. Learning a

language means discovering everything in existence, learning a new language is re-

discovering all those things. Figurative language is language that uses words or

expression with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation, often to

describe something by comparing it to something else or to create mental pictures

with words. Figurative language allows people to express abstract thoughts. It create

tone and communicate emotional content. Figurative language helps reinforce group

identity and may help sell products by bringing certain image or cultural ideas to

mind. In short, it makes language more colorful. Novel is a passage or story that

8

entertains or informs the reader about the main subject. Novel can be realistic, fiction,

or non fiction. A good novel should be able to give the readers a clear perspective of

the person telling the story of character telling it.

After the writer analyzed Great Expectations novel, the writer found many

problems. First problem is the writer is still doubtful about the metaphor’s translation

result, whether its translation result is appropriate with its target language or not.

Second problem is in this novel, the writer find many metaphors whether the

metaphors make this novel interesting or not. The writer wants to analyze more

deeply about translation methods in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations based on

Newmark theory. So, the writer make a paper entitled "An Analysis of Metaphor

Translation Method in Dickens’ Great Expectations Based on Newmark Theory”.

Therefore, it is important to know the strategy of translation to lessen error in

translating, especially not to changing the idea or the meaning and this is not only for

the writer but also for everyone who wants to be a translator to carefully analyze the

translation.

1.2 Identification of the Problem

Based on the background above, the writer can identify problems:

1. The writer is still doubtful about the metaphor’s translation result, whether its

translation result is appropriate with its target language or not.

9

2. In this novel, the writer find many metaphors whether the metaphors make this

novel interesting or not.

1.3 Limitation of the Study

In literary works the authors use a lot of figures of speech in their writing.

Therefore, to limit the discussion about figure of speech, the writer gives the

limitation by only discussing the meaning and features of metaphors in Dicken’s

novel entitled Great Expectations. It is because that both of them are the

important elements in the study of figure of speech.

1.4 Research Question

In this research, the question problems that the researcher would like to analyze

are :

1. How many metaphors appeared in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations?

2. What are the features of metaphor use in the novel?

3. What are the meanings of metaphors in the phrases and sentences?

1.5 Objective of the Study

According to the question problems of the study, the researcher has purposed of

this study as follows:

1.To find out how many metaphors appeared in Charles Dickens’ Great

Expectations.

10

2. To find out the feature of metaphors’ usage in the novel.

3. To find out the meaning of metaphors in the phrases.

1.6 Significances of the Study

As for the benefit of the result of this research is as follows:

1. Theoretical benefit

This analysis is to enrich the reader knowledge about metaphors,

especially the reader can understand the types of metaphors and its meaning in

Charles Dicken’s novel because it can improve their communication indirect

expression or implicit message, and to help the next researcher who analyze

about metaphors. This study can contribute to development of literature

studies, especially for the literature study about some insight of the possible

the relation between figurative language and literary work.

2. Practical benefit

This research is expected to give information to the student, especially the

student who learns about English language that they can not only learn

English language by reading book, but they can also learn English language

by the other fun way and improve their knowledge by reading novel. For the

writer hopefuly, it is expect that study can improve the students or the reader

11

knowledge particularly in figurative language dealing use Charles Dickens’

novel.

12

Chapter IIMetaphor in the Novel

2.1 The Definition of Figure of Speech

The figure of speech are rightly given much attention in traditional textbook, not only

of English but also of classical literature. The fact that language can be used in certain

contrived ways that follow classifiable patterns has been the concern of critics of many

centuries. Metaphor has been seen as feature of rhetoric, the art by which language is used to

produce desired effects or influences on those who respond to it (Chapman, 1982: 47).

Figure of speech or figurative language is one of ways to express something in

analogical meaning. It means that the language is used cannot be taken literally and it needs

comprehend of the readers to get the indirect devices on it. The fact many authors use figures

of speech to express their ideas in writing. Basically the use of figure of speech is based on the

sense, habit, and creativity of the author. The author purposes in the usage of figurative

language are to beautify the language in their writing and also to involve the readers to the

story they read. It is because the figure of speech can guide the thought of the readers by what

were written down in the literature works and the readers can catch the true messages that

were intended by the author. So, figure of speech is an important matter in literature because it

can support an aesthetic target in writing as an art creation.

13

The kinds of figures of speech are many types but some of them are usually used in

literature works. According to Nurgiantoro (2002) that the kind of figure of speech that

usually used by the authors are the figure of comparison. The figure of comparison is the

comparison whereby a matter compared to another to get the similarity characteristic both of

them, such as character, activity, physical, etc. The types of figure of comparison that usually

use by the writers in their literature works are the simile, metaphor, and personification. Many

authors exploit the figure of speech to express their inspiration. Dale in Tarigan (1985) says

that Cicero and Suetonicus, the novelist of Roman, use figure of speech as the medium of

classical rhetoric. They use figura, it means shadow, image, allusion, or symbolic. Figure of

speech is the rhetoric form that is used in conversing and writing to assure or to influence the

readers. The word rhetoric comes from ancient Greek that is rhetor, it means orator. Rhetoric

is an art of using words impressively in speech and writing. At the period of ancient Greek, the

rhetoric is an important thing in education. So, the kinds of figure of speech are very important

by people of Greek and Rome.

In this case, Hawkes (1974) says that figure of speech is one of the various forms of

transference that is turning of language away from literal meanings and towards figurative

meanings. Furman (1995) also says that figure of speech is a term used to describe the devices

employed to add colour, decoration, and imaginative expression to linguistic use. Along the

same line of thought, Kridalaksana (1993) has opinion that figure of speech as one of

assistance on the wealth of language by someone in speaking or writing. Therefore, figure of

14

speech is very important in the affair of idea’s delivery. Meanwhile, Moeliono (1988) has an

opinion that figure of speech is how to describe something by equating with something else.

The writer concludes that all experts above say that figure of speech is language that

uses words or expression with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Figure

of speech makes expression of varied thoughts and feelings. It come to how to compose

sentence effectively and aesthetically, it can give concrete description in mind of the reader.

Figure of speech is not only used to embellish the language, but also cause a moment of

excitement when reading. It is used equally in writing as well as in speech.

2.2 Kinds of Figure of Speech

According to Tarigan (1985) that the kinds of figure of speech as follows:

Figure of Comparison

Figure of Opposition

Figure of Connection

Figure of Repetition

2.2.1 Figure of Comparison

Figure of comparison is classified into five types as follows:

Simile is the comparison of berween things essentially unlike. In simile the

comparison is expressed by the use of some words such as like, as, than, similar to, or

15

resembles. For example: Lately, my mind has been as rough and tempestuous as the

sea.

Metaphor is an implied comparison between two objects without the use of words

“like” or “as”. For example: Keeping the same fire burning after ten years of

marriage seems complete impossibility to me.

Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an

object, or an idea. For example: My mind travels to a secret and unfamiliar place.

Allegory is a narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface

one. For example: Imagine Marriane waiting for me in a corner with a dagger, like in

the days Geneva was a medieval city and in constant battle with the French.

Antithesis is a method of emphasis by the placing of opposed idea or characteristics

in direct contrast with each other. For example: Man proposes, God disposes.

2.2.2 Figure of Opposition

Figure of opposition is divided into seven types as follows:

Hyperbole is an expression in extreme language so as to achieve intensity. For

example: They got tons of money.

Litotes is the figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of

its contrary. For example: He is not the cleverest person I have ever met.

16

Irony is a contrast between what is being said, implied, or suggested and what is

actually the case. For example: A traffic cop gets his license suspended because of

unpaid parking tickets.

Oxymoron is a figure by which two contradictory terms are united in an expression so

as to give it point. For example: No one goes to that restaurant anymore. It’s always

too crowded.

Paronomasia is a play on words in which the repeated words are similar but not

identical. For example: The grammmarian was very logical. He had a lot of comma

sense.

Paralysis is a figure in which pretended omission the words or sentence for rhetorical

effect (Tarigan, 1985:136). For example: No one like you (sorry) hate you.

Zeugma is a figure of speech by which a single word is made to refer to two words in

a sentence, but only one of it which is grammatically or logically applicable. For

example: We must be good person in the earth or in the afterlife.

2.2.3 Figure of Connection

17

Figure of connection is divided into seven types as follows :

Metonymy is the naming of a person, institution, or human characteristic by some

object or attribute with which it is clearly associated. For example: The pen is

mightier than sword.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech by which a part is used to express a whole or a

whole is used to express a part. For example: His eyes met hers as she sat there

paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her.

Allusion is an explicit or implicit reference of events, figures, places, mythologies, or

famous masterpiece. For example: The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box

of crimes.

Euphemism is a mild or vague expression used to conceal a painful or disagreeable

truth. For example: Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths.

Ellipsis is the omission of parts of words or sentences. For example: So...what

happened?

Inverse is the transposition of normal word in the sentence. For example: Powerful

you have become, the dark side I sense in you.

Gradation is a figure that used the last words in the sentence became the first words in

the sentence later. For example: Love creates happiness, happiness creates joy, joy

creates enlightenment

18

2.2.4 Figure of Repetition

Figure of repetition is classified into four types as follows:

Alliteration is the commencement of two or more words in close connection with the

same sound. For example: Up the aisle, the moan and screams merged with the

sickening smell of woolen black clothes worn in summer weather and green leaves

wilting over yellow flowers.

Antanaclasis is a figure that repeats the similar words, but the meaning of words is

dissimilar (Tarigan, 1985:149). For example : I am not businessman, I am a

business, man!

Chiasmus is a figure of speech by which the orther of the words in the first of two

parallel clauses is reversed in the second. For example: Love as if you would one

day hate, and hate as if you would one day love.

Repetition is a figure of speech in which the same words or phrases are used

repeatedly in successive clauses (Tarigan, 1985:152). For example: Let it snow, let it

snow, let it snow.

According to Perrine (1991), figure of speech is anyway of saying something other

than the ordinary way. The usage of figure of speech is the special way to get special

intention of something that said special, it means that the usage of literary work is not

taken literally. The advantages have been widely known that everybody uses it all the

time in attempt to give freshness to what they say. The figure of speech is needed

19

because it attracts attention and more forceful, easier to be remember and encourages

reflection. It is better for illustration, and it also can simplify the complex word.

Perrine (1991) stated figurative language can be categorized into four groups, they

are :

1. Figure of Comparison

Figure of comparison is divided into four types as follows : simile, personification,

metaphor, allegory.

2. Figure of Opposition

Figure of opposition is divided into five types as follows : hyperbole, litotes,

irony, oxymoron, zeugma.

3. Figure of Connection

Figure of connection is divided into five types as follows : metonymy,

synecdoche, allusion, euphemism, ellipsis.

4. Figure of Repetition

Figure of Repetition is divided into three types as follows : alliteration, antanaclasis,

chiasmus.

20

2.2.2.1 Figure of Comparison

Simile is a type of comparison between things or objects by using “as’ or

“like”. For example : My heart is like a singing bird.

Personification is one of the most commonly used and recognized literary

devices. It refers to the practice of attaching human traits and characteristics

with inanimate object, phenomena, and animals. For example : The car

complained as the key was roughly turned in its ignition.

Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or hidden

comparison between two things that are unrelated, but which share some

common characteristics. For example : The skies of his future began to

darken.

Allegory is a figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principle are

described in terms of characters, figures, and events. For example : All

animals are equal but a few are more equal than others

2.2.2.2 Figure of Opposition

Hyperbole is derived from a Greek word meaning “over casting”, It is a figure

of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. For

example : I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

Litotes is derived from a Greek word meaning “simple”, it is a figure of

speech that employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other

21

words. For example : They don’t exactly have an ordinary relationship (Their

relationship is different.)

Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their

intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. For

example : The new manager is as friendly as a rattlesnake.

Oxymoron is a figure of speech containing words that seem to contradict each

other. For example : Modern dancing is so old fashioned.

Zeugma is a literally term for using one word to modify two other words in

two different ways. For example : She broke his car and his heart.

2.2.2.3 Figure of Connection

Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the

name of something else with which it is closely associated. For example : The

Oval office was busy in work. (The Oval Office is a metonymy as it stands for

people who work in the office.)

Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something represents the

whole or it may use a whole to represents a part. For example : Prepared to

scrub the entry and the stairs, the youth with broomy stumps began to trace.

Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of

historical, cultural, literary or political significance. For example : Hey! Guess

22

who the new Newton of our school is? “Newton” means a genius student,

alludes to a famous scientist Isaac Newton.

Euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that might

otherwise be considered harsh or unpleasant.these phrases are used regularly,

and there are many examples of euphemisms in everyday language. For

example : Wearing cement shoes instead of killed.

Ellipsis is the omission of a word or series of words. For example : Beauty

and the beast...Loneliness...Old Grocery House....Brooklyn Bridge....

2.2.2.4 Figure of Connection

Alliteration is a term to describe a literary device in which a series of words

begin with the same consonant sound. For example : She sells seashells by the

sea shore.

Antanaclasis is the term used to refer to the repetition of a word or phrases (or

a similar word or phrase) that means something different each time it is

repeated. For example : Put out the light, and then put out the light.

Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced

against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an

artistic effect. For example : Bad men live that they may eat and drink,

whereas good men eat and drink that they may live.

23

According to Sweneey (2002), Figure of speech is figurative language in the

form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or

omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not

based on the literal meaning of the words. There are many types of figure of speech.

Here are a few of them with detailed descriptions :

1. Personification is the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to

something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

For example : The wind howled in the night.

2. Simile is specific comparison by means of the word “like” or “as” between two

kinds of ideas or objects. Like a metaphor, simile also compares two different

things, but it uses a connotative word. Simile is a figure of speech in which an

explicit comparison is made explicit by the uses of some words or phrases as

“like, as, than, similar, resembles or seems.”

3. Metaphor is usage word or phrase, it is indicate one kind of idea or object to

replace other word or phrase for suggestion of likeness between the two.

4. Metonymy is the use of a word or phrase for another to which it bears an

important relation, as the effect for the cause, the abstract for the concrete and

similar construction.

24

5. Symbol is a figure of speech that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an

abstract or suggestive aspect.

6. Hyperbole is exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

7. Synecdoche is a figure of speech whereby the part is made to stand for the whole,

the whole for a part, the species for the genus, and vice versa.

8. Allegory is a narrative or description that conveying the meaning beneath the

surface. The name and event in Allegory may be abstract but the purpose is

always clear. The meaning of Allegory should be drawn up to the surface in

understanding it. Althrough the surface story or description may have its own

interest, the author’s major interest is in the ulterior meaning.

The writer concludes that Tarigan (1985) explained the kinds of figure of speech as

follows: figure of comparison, figure of opposition, figure of connnection, and figure of

repetition. Figure of comparison is classified into five types as follows: simile,

metaphor, personification, allegory, and antithesis. Figure of opposition is divided into

seven types as follows: hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, paronomasia, paralysis, and

zeugma. Figure of connection is divided into seven types as follows: metonymy,

synecdoche, allusion, euphemism, ellipsis, inverse, and gradation. Figure of repetition is

classified into four types as follows: alliteration, antanaclasis, chiasmus, and repetition.

Perrine (1991) stated figure of speech can be categorized into four groups, they are :

25

figure of comparison, figure of opposition, figure of connection, and figure of repetition.

Figure of comparison is divided into four types as follows: simile, personification,

metaphor, and allegory. Figure of opposition is divided into five types as follows:

hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, and zeugma. Figure of connection is divided into

five types as follows: metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, euphemism, ellipsis. Figure of

repetition is divided into three types as follows: alliteration, antanaclasis, and chiasmus.

Sweneey (2002) stated figure of speech that often appear in the classic novel, namely :

personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy, and symbol. The statement of Tarigan and

Perrine is almost same but the statement of Sweneey is different because he only stated

figure of speech that often appear in the classic novel.

2.3 The Definition of Metaphor

The word metaphor comes from Greek, metaphora derived from meta means ‘over’

and pherein means ‘to carry’. It refers to a particular set of linguistic processes whereby aspects

of one object are “carried over” or transferred to another object, so that the second object is

spoken of as if it was the first. According to Aristotle in Hawkes (1972) that metaphor is the

application to one thing of a name belonging to another thing. The analysis is carried out in

terms of content and the transference involved may be as follows from the genus to the species,

from the species to the genus, from one species to another, and a matter of analogy. In another

side, Quintilian in Hawkes (1972) distinguishes four kinds of metaphorical transference, such as

26

from the inanimate to the animate, from the animate to the inanimate, from the inanimate to

inanimate, and from the animate to the animate.

Aristotle and Quintilian say that the essence of metaphor is language expression by

which one object is trasferred to another object. Aristotle explains the metaphor by genus and

species whereas Quintilian explains the metaphor by animate and inanimate. Along the same

line of thought, Newmark (1982) says that metaphor has some components, such as:

The object is what is described by metaphor.

For example: She has a sunny smile. The object is a smile.

The images (means of comparator) is the picture or thing conjured up by the

metaphor.

For example: She has a sunny smile. The means of comparator is the sun.

The sense (meaning) is the literal meaning of the metaphor.

For example: She has a sunny smile. If the smile is compared with the sun, it gives

an impression that the smile is warm, bright, cheerful, and happy. So, the meaning

of the metaphor is she has a warm, bright, cheerful, and happy smile like the sun.

Keraf (1994) argues that the metaphor is an analogy that compares two matters directly

but in a brief form. Metaphor as direct comparison does not use the words like or as, so that the

object is directly connected to the means of comparator. For example: buah tangan, buaya

darat, kembang desa. Peter Newmark (in Parera (2004)) proposed ways to analyze metaphors.

There are three concepts that are discussed, namely : Objects, it is items of meaning which are

27

described by metaphor. Because objects can be in internal structures or outside structures,

metaphorical analysis also needs to pay attention to internal structure. Imagery, which is an

event, process, thing that wants to be used as a comparison and is a description of the object or

topic. The point of similarity’s sense, between objects and images, it has special aspects that

have similarities that are comparable to topics or objects.

Badudu (1993) says that metafora merupakan majas yang memperbandingkan suatu

benda dengan benda yang lain. Kedua benda yang diperbadingkan itu mempunyai sifat yang

sama. A metaphor according to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary in Murray (1978) is a

word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea used in place of another by way of

suggesting a likeness or analogy between them. Along the same line of thought, Wynne

(1989:521) argues that metaphor is a figure of speech by which unlike objects are identified

with each other for the purpose of emphasizing one or more aspects of resemblance between

them. A simple example is the camel is the ship of the desert. But according to Ullman (1977)

metaphor consists of two main parts: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which

the metaphor is applied. The vehicle is the metaphorical term through which the tenor is

applied. These two parts come together to reach a point of similarity known as a ground. For

example: Life is a yo-yo. it's a series of ups and downs. Here, life is the tenor and yo-yo is the

vehicle. The fact that both life and a yo-yo have ups and downs. According to Keraf (2009:139)

tells that metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly. But in a form that

brief. Metaphor as direct comparisons do not use the words: as, tubs, like, and so on. So that the

28

first principal directly connected with the principal second fact. Process the same as simile but

gradually equations and basic information about the first eliminated.

Abrams (1999:97) said that metaphor is a word or expression that in literal usage denotes

one kind of thing is applied to a distinctly different kind of thing, without asserting a

comparison. Kundera (1984:28) said that metaphors are dangerous. Metaphors are not to be

trifled with. Searle (1979) said that a metaphor is a figure of speech that imaginatively drawn a

comparison between two unlike things. It does this by stating that. This A is This B. Through

this method of equation, metaphors can help explain concepts and ideas by colorfully linking

the unknown to the known, the abstract to the concrete, the incomprehensible to the

comprehensible. Richards (1937) described a metaphor as having two parts: the tenor and the

vehicle. The tenor is subject to which attributes are ascribed. Punter (2007) said that a metaphor

is a kind of figurative language that compares two different things or ideas. Unlike a simile,

metaphor makes this comparison without using the words “like” or “as”. Sometimes, the two

things or ideas in a metaphor will be very much like one another, other times, they will be

different. Using metaphors can allow for beautiful and sometimes fantastical descriptions that

can be quite memorable. Herscberger (1943) said that metaphor is a figure of speech that makes

an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated. But which

share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or

different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

29

Lakoff (1980:45) argued that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life. It is not just in

language, but also in thought and action. A common definition of metaphor can be described as

a comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another

important way. Underwood (2015) said that metaphor is a figure of specch that describes an

object or action in a way that is not literally true but helps explain an idea or make a

comparison. Here are the basic: A metaphor states that one thing is another thing, it equates

those two things not because they actually are the same but for the sake of comparison and

symbolism, and metaphors are used in poetry, literature, and anytime someone want to add

some color to their language. Lakoff and Johnson (2003:5 and 57) defined metaphors as

“understanding and experiencing one kind of things in terms of another”. They also explain that

“every experience takes place within a vast background of cultural presuppositions.” The

English language makes heavy use of metaphorical words and phrases which could prove

problematic for English as a second language (ESL) learners whose conceptual systems may

differ from the typically western culture that English language metaphors reference.

2.4 Kinds of Metaphor

According to Hawkes (1972) and Shipley (1970) that the kinds of metaphor as

follows:

30

Dead metaphor is metaphor in which the sense of a transferred image is not present.

For example: Money. The word money taken from the name of the temple of Juno

Moneta where the first time it is minted.

Live metaphor is metaphor that is relatively new and has not become part of daily

linguistic usage. The readers know that a metaphor has been used.

For example: You are my sun.

Complex metaphor is metaphor that mentioned one identity on another.

For example: That throws some light on the question. Throwing light is a metaphor

and there is no actual light.

Compound metaphor is metaphor that catches the mind with several points of

similarity.

For example: He has a wild stag’s foot. This sentence suggests grace and speed as

well as daring.

Simple metaphor is a metaphor that possess one point of resemblance between the

tenor and the vehicle.

For example: Thou art the grave. The phrase suggests to the death.

Nordquist (2003) stated the kinds of metaphor as follows :

31

Absolute metaphor is a metaphor in which one of the terms (the tenor) can’t be

readily distinguished from the other (the vehicle). For example: We faced a

scallywag of tasks.

Complex metaphor is a metaphor in which the literal meaning is expressed through

more than one figurative term (a combination of primary metaphors). For example:

The ball happily danced into the net.

Conceptual metaphor is a metaphor in which one idea (or conceptual domain) is

understood in term of another. For example: I have invested a lot of time in her.

Conventional metaphor is a metaphor that is commonly used in everyday language in

a culture to give structure to some portion of that culture’s conceptual system. For

example: The time is running out.

Creative metaphor is an original comparison that calls attention to itself as a figure of

speech. For example: Fear is a slinking cat I find.

Visual metaphor is the representation of a person, place, thing, or idea by means of a

visual image that suggests a particular association or point of similarity. For

example : All the world is a stage.

Haser (2005) stated the kinds of metaphor as follows:

32

Absolute metaphor is a metaphor that compare two things that have no obvious

connection in order to make a striking point. For example: She is doing a tightrope

walk with her grades this semester.

Dead metaphor is a metaphor that have lost their punch through over usage. For

example: You light up my life.

Implied metaphor is a metaphor compare two things without using specific terms.

For example: Spending too much time with him is worse than swimming in a sea of

sharks.

Mixed metaphor is a metaphor jumble comparisons together often without any logic.

For example: In the heat of the moment, she turned to ice and danced to the beat of

her own drum.

Root metaphor is a metaphor that rooted in everyday language and assumptions. For

example: Life contains nothing but clear skies up ahead.

Primary metaphor is the most basic of metaphors. For example: Patience is a virtue.

The writer concludes that Hawkes (1972) and Shipley (1970) stated 5 kinds of

metaphor, namely: dead metaphor, live metaphor, complex metaphor, compound

metaphor, and simple metaphor. Nordquist (2002) stated 6 kinds of metaphor,

namely: absolute metaphor, complex metaphor, conceptual metaphor, conventional

metaphor, creative metaphor, and visual metaphor. Haser (2005) stated 6 kinds of

metaphor, namely: absolute metaphor, dead metaphor, implied metaphor, mixed

33

metaphor, root metaphor, and primary metaphor. we can easily infer the function of

metaphors both in our daily lives and in a piece of literature. Using appropriate

metaphors appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their

imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them. Moreover, it

gives a life-like quality to our conversation and the characters of fiction. Metaphors

are also ways to thinking, offering the listeners and the readers fresh ways of

examining ideas and viewing the world.

2.5 The Definition of Translation

Translation is the process of translating from source language to target

language. In this case from English to Indonesian. The message that is translation

result must can be understood by the reader. Because translation must fulfill the rules

of theory in translation. Many translation’s theory which is offered by the experts, but

no all theories can be used in translating specific topics. The writer is still find many

translators who are not following the theories of translation. So that the target

language (TL) is not matching with the message which will be delivered by source

language (SL).

Machalli (2000) defined translation as the activity of changing a message

from source language to target language. Because every language has closed system

34

and structure. So, we are still possible to do translating. Translating is not just

changing a text from source language to target language, but it must be

communication means which has purpose and mean in it. Newmark (1981) said that

translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or

statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.

Wills (1982:3) said Translation is a transfer process which aims at the

transformation of a written source language text into an optimally equivalent target

language text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic

understanding and analytical processing of the source language.

Nida and Taber (1982:12), which is important in translating is switching the

message or source language meaning to target language. Translating consists in

reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source

language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Moentaha

(2006) defined translation is replacing process of the text in source language with the

text in target language without changing level of content of source language. It need

to be emphasized that the meaning of “level of content of source language” must be

comprehended maximally and extensively, it is not only involving material meaning,

conception which is included in level of content, but also lexical meaning, gramatical

meaning, expressive nuance.

35

In the practice of translation, metaphor is an expression of the most hard

transferred from one language to another, because its meaning is difficult to explain.

Metaphor can be defined as an indirect comparison between two or more apparently

unrelated things or subjects. According to Newmark, 1988 : 85, the point of similarity

‘may be physical, but often it is chosen for its connotations’. Some authors use

figurative language in their work to insert aesthetic value and make it interesting. One

of the figurative language that is often used by authors is a metaphor, it plays an

important role in catching a message of an utterance or text. Based on this thought,

the writer intends to analyze and find metaphors in the novel entitled Great

Expectations. The Great Expectations is chosen as the source of data because the

following reasons: first, there are differences in concepts and perspective of

translating metaphors. Second, there are differences between Indonesian and English

culture in expressing meaning.

Translation is replacing procces or message transformation from source language

to target language with regard to the valid rules on target language. Proportional

meaning is important matter in translating proces. For obtaining translation which has

proportional meaning, the translator must comprehend source language, both from

gramatical aspect or expressive aspect. Translation to target language also must be

communicative and expressive. Machalli (2000) assumed that language is a voluntary

symbol system and with this system a social group cooperated. From this definition

36

can be said that language is system which has structure such as other system.

Language has pattern and according to this pattern language is used. Language is

voluntary sound system. Language sounds created voluntarily and this sounds have

no mean, afterward this sound arranged voluntarily. So then it appear the word which

bring certain mean. Language can be enable happen interpersonal communication.

Comunication is main function of language. As communication mean, language has

task for delivering information or as tool for receiving information.

Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) defined translation as the process of transferring a

written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL). In this definition they

do not explicitly express that the object being transferred is meaning or message.

They emphasis on translation as a process. Hatim and Munday (2004: 34) also

suggest that one of the key problems for the analyst was in actually determining

whether the source text meaning had been transferred into the target text.” It is clear

here that meaning is the key problem: whether meaning of the source language text is

accurately transferred into the target language text.

Larson (1984:3) defined translation as the process of transfering the meaning of

the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form

of the first language to the form of a second language by the way of semantic

structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.

37

From the statement above, it means that a process of transferring the source

language into the target language must be done without changing the idea or meaning

of the source language. Hartono (2012: 15) said that translation was kind of activity

which inevitably involved at least two languages and two cultural traditions. Based on

the statement, translating has complexity of language, which means many problems

can come up when people translating something. Thus to deliver the message from

Source Language (SL), it will take a proper translation strategy then the message can

be delivered properly.

2.6 Newmark’s Translation Method

Newmark (1988: 45-47) classifies 8 kinds of translation’s method, namely:

1. Word for Word Translation

In this type of translation, the word order of source language is kept up and the words in

source language is translated one by one in accordance with the general meaning and it

does not consider its context.

Example : (source language) : You bet.

(target language) : Kamu bertaruh.

38

2. Literal Translation

In this type of translation, the grammatical construction of source language is transferred to

the closest grammatical construction of target language. But the lexical words is still being

translated singly and it is out of its context.

Example : (source language) : I know that this is not good.

(target language) : Saya tahu ini tidak baik.

3. Faithful Translation

In this type of translation, contextual meaning is transferred from source language into

target language. Although, within the limitations of target language’s grammatical structure.

The cultural words are transferred and the level of grammatical abnormality and lexical are

still happened.

Example : (source language) : Komedi Aristofen dianggap radikal dalam membantu

ideologi tertentu dan berbeda dengan yang lain. Para

penerjemah Lysistratas yang ingin menyatakan gagasan

mereka sendiri telah bekerja selama satu setengah abad

terakhir.

39

(target language) : Since Aristophanic comedy is rather radical in attacking

certain ideologies and defending others, most of the

translation whose Lysistratas have been published over the

past century and a half have felt the need to state their own

ideology.

4. Semantic Translation

In this type of translation, It put forward the values of beauty from source language. This

translation is more flexible with provide space for the translator’s creativity and intuition. It

respects the target language grammar and culture. The target language is as close as possible

to the source language functionally and pragmatically.

Example : (source language) : Keep off the grass!

(target language) : Jauhi rumput ini!

5. Adapted Translation

This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry. This methods

emphasizes the content of message while its form is adapted to the target language’s reader

needs.

Example : (source language) : What a questioner you are. Ask no questions, and you’ll be told

no lies.

40

(target language) : Kau banyak cakap. Jangan tanya agar kau tidak dibohongi.

6. Free Translation

In this type of translation, the messages is reproduced regardless of the form in the source

language. In other words, this type of translation, its contents are translated without following

the form as in sorce language. According to Pei and Gaynor (1954:77) Free Translation is a

translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text. It may or may not closely

follow the form or organization or the original.

Example : (source language) : Ekspor naik, pembagunan meningkat merupakan dampak

ekonomi yang berkembang pesat.

(target language) : The economy is booming : export is up and construction is

growing.

7. Idiomatic Translation

In this type of translation, the message is reproduced in target language but there is distorted

variation of meaning’s tendency. Because there is actually no idiom’s usage in source

language. It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by

preffering colloquialisms and idioms.

Example : (source language) : Diam!

(target language) : Hold your noise!

8. Communicative Translation

41

In this type of translation, it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original

in such away that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the

readership.

Example : (source language) : Keep off the grass!

(target language) : Dilarang berjalan di atas rumput!

2.7 The Synopsis of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations

A little boy named Phillip Pirrip (nicknamed Pip) lives with his old sister namely

Mrs. Joe Gargery and old brother in law namely Mr. Joe. His father and mother passed away

and they were buried in the church yard near his house. Pip often stays near the grave of his

parents for running away from the pressure which he feel at his old sister’s house. His old

sister is not actually person who can replace his mother position. She is very cruel to Pip. In

contrast to his old brother in law, even though he is common people, but he loves Pip. One

day, Pip sits near his mother’s cemetery. Suddenly, there came a sturdy man in black shirt who

had broken handcuffs in his both hands. He is like a felon who escaped from jail. He

interrogates Pip so that he feel scared. He asked Pip for bringing food and a knife for him. If

not, he would ask for his liver. He also forbid Pip to tell the reason why he is moved. As a

child, Pip is absolutely afraid with the challenges. Tomorrow, he takes his Christmas food and

he gives this food to his felon. When he give it to sturdy felon, he met another man in front of

the church with his hancuffed hand. There are two felons there. In the next day, a group of

42

police came to Mr. Joe’s house and one of the police ask Mr. Joe to borrow the gun. They

have trouble to catch two felons who run away.

Finally, Mr. Joe help them to find those felons with Pip. Actually Pip feel afraid. If

those felons are found, then they saw him, whether those felons will peevish to him and they

think that Pip has shown their existence? But after both felons have been found, Pip is not

threatened at all. Both felons run away to Australia for the action of those felons who had

escaped from jail. In the next day, Mr. Joe come to uncle Pumblecook. He want to sent Pip to

Mrs. Havisham in the city. Mrs. Havisham want a boy who accompany her little daughter to

play. As a result, Pip become a playmate of Mrs. Havisham’s daughter namely Estella. When

Pip comes to Mr. Havisham’s house, Estella opens the door. Afterwards, Pip is invited into her

big dark house. Estella bring a candle to Mrs. Havisham’s room. He see Mrs. Havisham’s

room is full of spider web. He also see old woman sits in a chair with handhold. Seemingly,

the old woman is Mrs. Havisham. She wear long white gown and a half head veil. It seem like

a wedding dress. Her hair is white like his dress. Her skin is pale like she has never been

exposed to sunlight. In front of her, there is a table and Bible that have been wrapped up by

spider web. There is also a intact cake which has been wrapped up by spider web. Afterwards,

Pip see the off clock show twenty to nine. Estella and Pip often play cards. Pip secretly likes

Estella and it will continue until the story is finished but the thing that make Pip sad is Estella

always satirize Pip with harsh word. She often say that Pip is stupid and she feel sorry when

43

she play with Pip. So, Pip feel become poor child. One day, a blond man come to Estella’s

house. Pip suppose that he will take Estella from him. So, they wrestled.

Pip won the wrestling match. Pip hoped Estella would be proud of him, but she did not

seem to. the days continue until Pip moved to 14 years. At that time he said goodbye to Mrs.

Havisham. Mrs. Havisham gave him a handful of gold in return for his work. Since that Pip

felt more weak. He want to be a gentleman. When Pip stated that he want to be a gentleman,

Mrs. Havisham said, “So, you are a boy with a great expectation.” Afterwards, Pip help his

brother in law’s work a lot. While Estella go to school in Paris. Pip’s old sister namely Mrs.

Joe begin to get sick. So, Mr. Joe have to hire a maid namely Biddy to take care of her and

help her household affair. Pip tells a lot to Biddy. Biddy argues that Pip does not have to be

someone else for being a gentleman. He just to be himself. But this seems to be ignored by

Pip. One day in a pub, Pip is drinking with his hold brother in law, Mr. Jagger come to them.

He is a consultant who offer Pip the school to London. There is someone who completes a

donation to stay and school there until it is finished. Pip is absolutely happy because besides

being a distinguished man, he will meet and receive Estella easily. Meanwhile his uncle, Mr.

Joe is also extremely happy. Mr. Joe is Pip’s true friend. He never keep Pip for leaving just

because he had fostered him. Mr. Joe allow Pip go for his good future. But Pip will

underestimate his true friend later. In London Pip live in casual apartment with an auburn hair

man namely Mr. Pocket. Mr. Pocket is known as a man who Pip defeated in wrestling match

on Mrs. Havisham’s home page. Pip undergo prosperous life here. All his need fullfilled even

44

more than enough. He often shop with Mr. Pocket and waste the money. But the thing that has

not being known yet by Pip until now who is his benefactor.

During that period, he thought that Mrs. Havisham is his benefactor. Pip’s life changed

a lot in London. He became a prosperous man. But the change that is happened to him already

made him delirious. He just think to be gentleman and the way to get Estella. One day, Mr. Joe

come to Pip’s apartment unexpectedly. He just want to announce that Mrs. Havisham want to

meet Pip evidently. Finally, Pip go to his hometown afterwards he goes to Mrs. Havisham’s

house. There he does not come to his uncle’s house at all. He instead stay at the hotel. Pip

meets Estella there. She looks who has grown up and more beautiful. When he express love to

Estella, she does not respond. She only say that she also want to go to London for going to

school there. Pip surely is extremely happy because he will possess more opportunities to meet

with Estella in London. His life is happier while his memory and sympathy for his old brother

in law’s family more decreased. Pip and Estella go back to London. One day, Pip’s old brother

pass away and he go to his uncle’s house. He is sad to see his uncle’s situation who have to

spend much money for his old brother funeral while he waste much money when he stay in

London. When Pip go back to London, Pocket get married. They dispart in apartment. He

begin feel lonely because Estella does not make him happy. Estella is still like before. She is

ignorant and often speak hatespeech. But it does not why, he is keeping loving Estella. Even

finally, Estella get married with Bentley Dummle. So, Pip is more missing her. In his

loneliness, a mysterious guest come to Pip’s apartment suddenly. His hair is blonde and his

45

body is muscular. In fact, he is a felon who ever beg a food and threaten Pip to eat Pip’s liver.

His name is Abel Magwitch. He is actually Pip’s benefactor. Pip almost does not believe it.

the person who fund him feel like someone who hate because of his childhood remembrance.

But afterwards, Pip recognize him too.

In fact Estella is Magwitch’s daughter. In his story, when Magwitch was arrested due to

commiting criminal action, he left his wife and his daughter. After his leaving, his wife was

caught due to stealing her daughter’s food. Besides that his mother was executed by death

penalty because she was accused murdering someone even though the police had no evidence.

So, Estella who is Magwitch’s daughter was living alone and she was nurtured by Mrs.

Havisham. Magwitch’s existence in London is big secret which can not be revealed. Magwitch

is a felon which is deported from his country. If he is caught up to come back to his country,

he will be executed by death penalty. Therefore, Pip, Pocket, and Magwitch try to flee for

leaving England. Before they were leaving England, Pip visit Mrs. Havisham’s house. He

want to say goodbye. He say that all this time he assume Mrs. Havisham is his benefactor. But

in the fact, she is not his benefactor. However, he thank to Mrs. Havisham because she already

made him became gentleman. Pip has an opportunity to ask why let him to assume that she is

a benefactor. Mrs. Havisham say that she does not make it. but Pip made his problem by

himself. Moreover, Pip ask to Estella why she will not receive his love? He was still loving

Estella until now. But Estella said that she does not love anyone. Afterwards, Pip ask her why

she get married? Does she love Dummle? Estella say that she is tired with people here. Mrs.

46

Havisham ask to Estella. “If you does not love anyone, does it include me?” Afterwards,

Estella answered that Mrs. Havisham who made me like this. She directly go and ignore Mrs.

Havisham’s calling. Pip get out from Mrs. Havisham’s house. Meanwhile in Mrs. Havisham’s

house, it was heard Mrs. Havisham shout for help. When Pip go back, Many rooms of Mrs.

Havisham’s house has been afire and Mrs. Havisham pass away there.

From Mr. Jagger, Pip know that Mrs. Havisham will get married when her future

husband never come. In her wedding day at 09.40 AM, her future husband report that he will

go. It is the reason that she is still wearing dress and she never get out from her house.

Afterwards, Pip realize why in every her room all the clocks show at 09.40 AM. Then, Pip

continue his plan for leaving England with Magwitch. But unfortunately, in the journey his

ship is caught by English police. Magwitch is caught in injured situation and he pass away

later. While Pip go back to his hometown. He meet Mr. Joe who has got married with Biddy

and he has a son. When he arrive in his house page. He saw Biddy’s son is like himself in the

past. The end of this story. Pip meet Estella who already got divorce with her husband. Now,

she became a widow. She already learned her lesson and she want to receive Pip become her

future husband.

2.8 The Biography of Charles Dickens

Charles John Huffam Dickens (February 7 th,1812 – June 9th 1870) was an English

writer and social critic. He created some of the world’s best known fictional characters and he

47

is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His work enjoyed

unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th century critics and scholars had

recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are still widely read today.

Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated

in debtors’ prison. Despite his lack of formal education. He edited a weekly journal for 20

years, wrote 15 novels, 5 novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured

and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned

vigorously for children’s rights, education, and other social reforms. Dickens’ literary success

began with the 1863 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years, he had

become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation

of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments,

pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction which became the dominant Victorian

mode for novel publication.

First edition publication schedule of Great Expectations : Part 1-5 (1, 8, 15, 22, 29

December 1860) Chapter 1-8. Part 6-9 (5, 12, 19, 26 January 1861) Chapter 9-15. Part 10-12

(2, 9, 23 February 1861) Chapter 16-21. Part 13-17 (2, 9, 16, 23, 30 March 1861) Chapter 22-

29. Part 18-21 (6, 13, 20, 27 April 1861) Chapter 30-37. Part 22-25 (4, 11, 18, 25 May 1861)

Chapter 38-42. Part 26-30 (1. 8, 15, 22, 29 June 1861) Chapter 43-52. Part 31-34 (6,13, 20, 27

July 1861) Chapter 53-57. Part 35 (3 August 1861) Chapter 58-59. Robert L Patten estimates

that All the Year Round sold 100.000 copies of Great Expectations each week and Mudie, the

48

largest circulating library which purchased about 1.400 copies, stated that at least 30 people

read each copy. Aside from the dramatic plot, the Dickensian humour also appealed to readers.

Dickens wrote to Forster in October 1860 that “You will not have to complain of the want of

humour as in the Tale of Two Cities,” an opinion Forster supports to find that Dickens’

humour is not less than his creative power. It was at its best in this book. Moreover, according

to Paul Schlicke, the readers found the best of Dickens’ older and newer writing styles.

Overall, Great Expectations received near universal acclaim. There are not all reviews were

favourable. However, Margaret Oliphant’s review published May 1862 in Blackwood’s

Magazine, it vilified the novel. Critics in the 19th and 20th centuries hailed it as one of Dickens’

greatest successes although often for conflicting reason. G.K Chesterton admired the novel’s

optimism. In 1941, Edmund Wilson emphasized its social context. In 1974, Jerome H Buckley

saw it as a bildungsrowan, writing a chapter on Dickens and two of his major protagonists

(David Copperfield and Pip) in his 1974 book on the Bildungsroman in Victorian writing.

John Hillis Miller wrote in 1958 that Pip is the archetype of all Dickensian heroes. In 1970, Q

D Leavis suggest, “How we must read Great Expectations.” In 1984, Peter Brooks in the wake

of Jaques Derrida offered a deconstructionist reading. The most profound analyst, according to

Paul Schlicke is probably Julian Moynahan who in a 1964 essay surveying the hero’s guilt

made Orlick “Pip’s double, alter ego and dark mirror image.” Schlicke also names Anny

Sadrin’s extensive 1988 study as the “most distinguished.”

49

The narrative structure of Great Expectations is influenced by the fact that it was first

published as weekly episodes in a periodical. This required short chapters centered on a single

subject and an almost mathematical structure. Dickens’ novel has influenced a number of

writers. Sue Roe’s Estella: Her Expectations (1982) for example, it explores the inner life of

an Estella fascinated with a Havisham figure. Miss Havisham is again important in Havisham:

A Novel (2013). It is a book by Ronald Frame that features an imagining of Miss Catherine

Havisham’s life from childhood to adulthood. The second chapter of Rosalind Ashe’s Literary

Houses (1982) paraphrases Miss Havisham’s story with detail about the nature and structure

of Satis House and coloured imaginings of the house within. Miss Havisham is also central to

Lost in a Good Book (2002), Jasper Fforde’s alternate history fantasy novel which features a

parody of Miss Havisham. It won the Independent Mystery Booksellers Association 2004

Dilys Award. Magwitch is the protagonist of Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs which is a

reimagining of Magwitch’s return to England with the addition, among other things of a

fictionalised Dickens character and plot line. Carey’s novel won the Commonwealth Writers

Prize in 1998. Mister Pip (2006) is a novel by Lloyd Jones, a New Zealander author. The

winner of the 2007 Commonwealth Writers’ Prize, Lloyd Jones’s novel is set in a village on

the Papua New Guinea island of Bougainville during a brutal civil war there in the 1990s,

where the young protagonist’s life is impacted in a major way by her reading of Great

Expectations.

50

Chapter IIIResearch Methodology

51

3.1 Research Design

Research design is the explanation about the research to answer and solve the problem.

Research design is the whole process require in a research planning, implementing and reporting.

Planning is the first step that has been done by the writer. Good planning will determine a good

result too in the end of the process. The writer has something to do on this step, such as finding

the metaphorical phrases and sentences in Great Expectations novel. The next step after planning

is implementing. The implementation process is such as reading and learning about translation

procedure itself. Understanding several theories that have learned closely, analyzing of the

metaphors.

The writer uses the qualitative method in his research. The qualitative method is a method

that solves an actual problem by collecting the data, clarifying the data, analysing the data and

interpreting the data. In collecting the data, the writer reads some books that related with the

theories of metaphor and he also learns the content of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations novel

while he is finding and underlining the metaphor existence in the novel. In clarifying the data, the

writer classifies the data according to the metaphor. In analysing the data, the writer investigates

the metaphor based on the theories that existed in chapter II to get the features and the meaning.

In interpreting the data, the writer explains the data that analysed to get the conclusion. It is

because of the ways in collecting data and interpreting the object without using number or

statistics. Commonly, the research design in qualitative method is flexible with unpredictable

previous steps and results.

52

Alwasilah (2002) said that the qualitative result does not find generalization, but looking for

comprehending towards a case by collecting and doing the data analysis. Qualitative approach is

an approach to solve an actual problem by collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data to get

the result research. In supporting the process of finishing the research. The writer also uses

library research. The writer can acquire many references through books from several libraries or

online libraries due to technological advances. The writer will collects the data from various

sources, like books, script, e-journal, and informant for getting accurate information to complete

his paper.

A suitable in finding and understanding description in Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations

metaphorical phrases and sentences are qualitative methods. Qualitative research is the research

that the result does not get from statistic. Qualitative research is primarily exploratory research. It

is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides

insights into the problem or helps to develops ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative

research. Qualitative research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinion, and dive

deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi

structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions),

individual interviews, and observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are

selected to fulfil a given quota. Qualitative research can be done in social, attitude, individual or

personality. Because the writer will describe figurative language in Great Expectations

elaborately.

53

3.2 Technique of Data Collection

The data collection technique in this research the writer have some steps to get the data.

First step, the writer read Great Expectations novel while find many metaphors appeared in the

novel. The writer read the novel from chapter 1 to last chapter. After reading the novel, the writer

found 216 metaphors but the writer chose randomly 53 metaphors as the main data to be

analyzed. Second step, the writer underlines and writing down the sentences or phrases included

the figure of metaphors. Third step, the writer comprehend the use of sentences or phrases in the

novel. For the last, the writer select the data and analyze the data that explain in data analysis.

The writer use Slovin’s formula in finding the sample. Its formula is :

Explanation : n = sample size

N = population size

d = estimation of error (12%)

Calculation : n = 216

216 (0,12× 0,12 )+1

= 216

216 (0,0144 )+1

54

= 2164,11

= 52,55

= being rounded to 53

3.3 Data Analysis

Data analysis are described as follow:

1. Identifying (Reading and Underlining)

The writer read novel from chapter 1 until last chapter profoundly. Afterwards, the writer

underline the metaphorical phrase and sentences with the aim to make it easier when analyzing.

Afterwards, the writer choose 53 metaphors as the main data to be analyzed.

2. Analyzing

In analyzing process, the writer will analyze the meaning of metaphorical sentences and

phrases. Afterwards, the writer classify those metaphorical sentences and phrases translation

result according into Newmark’s translation method. The writer is not only classify those

metaphorical sentences and phrases translation, but also the writer will classify those

metaphorical sentences and phrases into the kinds of metaphor elaborately. After classified them

to the kinds of metaphor, the writer explain the meaning of metaphorical sentences and phrases in

the novel elaborately.

3. Concluding

The last step is concluding the meaning of data that has been obtained and finding the

procedures are used to translate the data.

55

Chapter IVData Analysis, Findings, and Discussion

56

4.1 Data Analysis

After reading the novel, the writer did the procedure of data collection; he found 216

metaphors. But the writer choses randomly 53 metaphors, as the main data to be analyzed. In

analyzing data, the writer uses qualitative method. It means the data that was found are analyzed to

find the features and meaning of the metaphor. Based on the theories that existed in chapter II, the

writer explained and analyzed the data.

Here are the data :

Metaphors from Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations in English and Indonesian version.

1. My Infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. (Chapter 1

page 2)

Saat kecil lidahku tidak bisa melafalkan keduanya lebih jelas dari Pip. (Chapter 1 page 5)

2. I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. (Chapter 1 page 2)

Aku berkesimpulan bahwa ibuku mempunyai bintik-bintik dan sakit-sakitan. (Chapter 1 page 5)

3. I got so smartingly touched up by these moral goads. (Chapter 4 page 42)

Aku begitu jengkel diperbaiki dengan dorongan moral ini. (Chapter 4 page 34)

4. “Keep still you little devil!” (Chapter 1 page 3)

“Jangan bergerak bocah!” (Chapter 1 page 6)

5. “You young dog!” (Chapter 1 page 5)

“Heh bocah!” (Chapter 1 page 7)

6. He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll. (Chapter 1 page 7)

57

Dia membolak balik tubuhku sedemikian rupa. (Chapter 1 page 8)

7. He looked in young eyes it. (Chapter 1 page 8)

Dia jelas melihat itu. (Chapter 1 page 9)

8. Mrs. Joe about with his blue eyes, as his manner always was at squally times. (Chapter 2 page 15)

Nyonya Joe dengan mata birunya, sudah terbiasa dalam keadaan menegangkan.(Chapter 2 page

14)

9. And the mere sight of the torment with his fishy eyes and mouth open. (Chapter 9 page 115)

Dan sekedar pemandangan sang penyiksa dengan mata membelalak dan mulut terbuka (Chapter 9

page 90)

10. The baby was the soul of honour and protested with all its might. (Chapter 23 page 344)

Anak bayinya memiliki standar kesetiaan yang tinngi dan memprotes dengan sekuat tenaga.

(Chapter 23 page 267)

11. He eluding the hands of the dead people.(Chapter 1 page 8)

Dia sedang menghindari tangan-tangan arwah.(Chapter 1 page 9)

12. “...who called her rigidity religion and her liver love.” (Chapter 25 page 360)

“...yang menyebut kelakuannya sebagai dokrin dan cinta matinya”. (Chapter 25 page 280)

13. “Where have you been young monkey?” (Chapter 2 page 13)

“Dari mana saja kau bocah nakal?” (Chapter 2 page 13)

14. “Hah! I have heard that my son is a wonderful hand at his business, sir?” (Chapter 37 page 521)

58

“Hah! Kudengar anakku sangat jago dalam bisnisnya, tuan?” (Chapter 37 page 402)

15. In about a mount after that, the Spider’s time with Mr. Pocket was up for good and to the great

relief of all the house but Mrs. Pocket, he went home to the family hole. (Chapter 26 page 384)

Dalam sekitar satu bulan setelah itu, masa tinggal Spider di rumah Tusn Pocket berakhir untuk

selamanya dan yang melegakan seisi rumah kecuali Nyonya Pocket, dia kembali ke tengah-

tengah keluarga. (Chapter 16 page 298)

16. Joe is examining this iron with a smith’s eye. (Chapter 16 page 213)

Joe menggunakan keahliannya untuk memeriksa borgol besi itu. (Chapter 16 page 165)

17. “Windy donkey as he was, it really amazed me that he could have the face to talk thus to mine.”

(Chapter 58 page 851)

“Dasar penghayal bodoh banyak bacot, takjub aku dibuatnya. Kelancangan untuk berbicara

seperti itu didepanku.” (Chapter 58 page 650)

18. “If there is bad blood between you and them,” said I to soften it off a little. (Chapter 21 page 302)

“Selama ada permusuhan antara kau dan mereka.” kataku untuk memperlunak

pertanyaannya.(Chapter 21 page 235)

19. “You always bear the name of Pip. You will have no objection.” (Chapter 18 page 246)

“Kau wajib memakai nama Pip selamanya. Semoga kau tidak keberatan.” (Chapter 18 page 190)

20. When Joe picked her up was a convict’s leg iron which had been filed asunder. (Chapter 16 page

213)

59

Ketika Joe mengangkat tubuhnya ada borgol besi kaki narapidana yang sudah dikikir hancur.

(Chapter 16 page 165)

21. A handsome mince pie had been made yesterday morning. (Chapter 4 page 36)

Satu pai cincang yang menarik sudah dibuat kemarin pagi.(Chapter 4 page 30)

22. And we took gulps of milk and water with apologetic countenances. (Chapter 4 page 36)

Dan masih meneguk susu dan air dengan roman meminta maaf. (Chapter 4 page 30)

23. And still not a word of the robbery. (Chapter 4 page 39)

Dan masih tak ada kabar pencurian.(Chapter 4 page 32)

24. Had a deep voice which he was uncommonly proud of. (Chapter 4 page 39)

Memiliki suara berat yang menjadi primadonanya. (Chapter 4 page 32)

25. And sandy hair standing upright on his head. (Chapter 4 page 40)

Dan rambut jabrik kuning pucat. (Chapter 4 page 33)

26. I might have been an unfortunate little bull in Spanish arena. (Chapter 4 page 42)

Aku mungkin banteng kecil naas di arena Spanyol. (Chapter 4 page 34)

27. “He was a world of trouble to you.”, said Mrs. Hubble. (Chapter 4 page 45)

“Dia sumber masalah bagimu.”, kata Nyonya Hubble. (Chapter 4 page 36)

28. He would have shed your blood and had your life. (Chapter 4 page 45)

Dia akan menumpahkan darahmu dan mencabut nyawamu. (Chapter 4 page 36)

29. It was a dull evening for Wemmick drew his wine when it came round. (Chapter 48 page 696)

Sunguh malam yang membosankan karena Wemmick menolak tuak. (Chapter 48 page 533)

60

30. “He lies!”, said my convict with fierce energy. (Chapter 5 page 63)

“Dia bohong!” bantah narapidanaku dengan energi sengit. (Chapter 5 page 50)

31. The prison ship seemed in my young eyes. (Chapter 5 page 69)

Kapal penjara itu terlihat di mataku. (Chapter 5 page 54)

32. And through having been fast asleep and through waking in the heat, lights, and noise of tongue.

(Chapter 6 page 72)

Dan terbangun akibat hawa panas, lampu, dan kebisingan obrolan. (Chapter 6 page 56)

33. But I hope it had some dregs of good at the bottom of it. (Chapter 6 page 70)

Tapi kuharap ada sedikit kebaikan yang tersisa. (Chapter 6 page 56)

34. When I was old enough, I was to be apprenticed to Joe (Chapter 7 page 74)

Ketika aku cukup umur, aku akan magang dengan Joe. (Chapter 7 page 58)

35. Herbert received me with open arms. (Chapter 41 page 605)

Herbert menerimaku dengan tangan terbuka. (Chapter 41 page 464)

36. It was the first time that a grave had opened in my road of life. (Chapter 35 page 494)

Seumur umur baru kali ini liang kubur terbuka diantara penentuan nasib hidupku.(Chapter 35

page 383)

37. But it were considered wot the neighbours would look down. (Chapter 35 page 498)

Tapi itu dianggap bisa membuat tetangga memandangnya hina.(Chapter 35 page 385)

38. “Oh! I can’t do so, Mr. Pip.” said Biddy in a tone of regret. (Chapter 35 page 502)

61

“Oh! Aku tidak bisa melakukannya, Tuan Pip.” kata Biddy dengan nada menyesal. (Chapter 35

page 388)

39. Mrs. Joe re-entering the kitchen empty handed to stop short and stare in her wondering lament.

(Chapter 5 page 51)

Nyonya Joe yang kembali ke dapur dengan tangan kosong langsung berhenti dan meratap

bingung. (Chapter 5 page 41)

40. He had asked me if I was a deceiving imp. (Chapter 5 page 58)

Dia sempat bertanya apakah aku anak nakal. (Chapter 5 page 46)

41. Will you throw your eye over them? (Chapter 5 page 52)

Bisakah kau memeriksanya? (Chapter 5 page 42)

42. Mr. Pumblechook with a fat sort of laugh said, “Ay? ay? why?” (Chapter 5 page 55)

Tuan Pumblechook dengan tawa puas berkata,”wah? wah? mengapa bisa begitu?” (Chapter 5

page 44)

43. The sergeant took a polite leave of the ladies and parted from Mr. Pumblechook. (Chapter 5 page

57)

Sersan berpamitan sopan kepada tamu wanita dan berpisah dengan Tuan Pumblechook.

(Chapter 5 page 45)

44. The other always working his dry lips and turning his eyes restlessly (Chapter 5 page 63)

62

Narapidana satunya selalu menjilati bibirnya yang kering dan memutar matanya dengan

gelisah. (Chapter 5 page 50)

45. “I don’t expect it to do me any good. I don’t want it to do me more good than it does now.” said

my convict with a greedy laugh. (Chapter 5 page 61)

“Aku tidak berharap ada gunanya bagiku. Aku tidak butuh situasi yang lebih baik ketimbang

sekarang.” kata narapidanaku sambil tertawa puas. (Chapter 5 page 49)

46. “Now, I ask you, you blundering booby”, said my guardian. (Chapter 20 page 297)

“Nah, aku tanya kau, dungu.” kata waliku. (Chapter 20 page 231)

47. You undutiful little thing. (Chapter 23 page 343)

Kau anak bandel. (Chapter 23 page 267)

48. The distinct shadow of the darkened and unhealthy house in which her life was hidden from

the sun. (Chapter 38 page 539)

Bayangan jelas dari rumah gelap dan tidak sehat yang menyembunyikan hidupnya dari

matahari. (Chapter 38 page 415)

49. Until you are in communication with the fountain head. (Chapter 36 page 512)

Hingga kau berkomunikasi langsung dengan penyokong danamu. (Chapter 36 page 396)

50. For she has a sensitive horror of being talked of by such people. (Chapter 38 page 537)

Karena dia trauma menjadi bahan gunjingan orang-orang. (Chapter 38 page 413)

51. He must have been a green one. (Chapter 28 page 323)

Dia masih bau kencur. (Chapter 28 page 314)

63

52. Estella was the inspiration of it. (Chapter 29 page 327)

Estella menjadi inspirasi. (Chapter 29 page 318)

53. I am an angel. (Chapter 1 page 6)

Aku adalah seorang utusan. (Chapter 1 page 7)

Here are the analysis of each metaphor including the meaning and the type of the translation :

1. Chapter : 1

Page : 2

Data Analysis : My Infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit

than Pip.

Chapter : 1

Page : 5

Data Analysis Translation : Saat kecil lidahku tidak bisa melafalkan keduanya lebih jelas

dari Pip.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “tongue” as the object and

“infant“ as the means of comparator. Infant means in growth period. The translator try to describe

how the infant speaks. Normally, when we are still very young baby, we are still unable to speak

clearly. Sometimes we speak with a lisp. According to this novel, When Pip was at an early age, he

could not speak his name. His pronunciation is rhotic. He could not speak his name “Phirrip”. So, he

64

only can speak his name “Phillip” or “Pip”. Tongue is the part of our body and it is located near teeth

which is used to speak and feel the taste. It will make an impression that sometimes in the infancy,

our tongue is unable to speak “R” clearly. So, infant tongue is included in the feature of metaphor

because it is an analogy that compares two matters directly without using the word as or like. But in a

brief form, it means that the object is directly connected to the means of comparator. The meaning of

metaphor “infant tongue” is slurred speech. The translator use communicative translation method

in translating this sentence. Because the translator rendered the exact contextual meaning of the

original in such way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the

readership.

2. Chapter : 1

Page : 2

Data Analysis : I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly.

Chapter : 1

Page : 5

Data Analysis Translation : Aku berkesimpulan bahwa ibuku mempunyai bintik-bintik dan sakit-

sakitan.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “conclusion” as the object and

“childish“ as the means of comparator. “Childish” means immature and “conclusion” means a

reasoned judgement. The translator analogize it with the characteristic of general child when state the

65

conclusion. Sometimes, child state the conclusion deliriously. So, it produce delirious conclusion.

According to the novel, Pip judge that his mother death hastily without real reason. Because he did

not know the real story about his mother death, so he judge it deliriously. The meaning of metaphor

“childish conclusion” is delirious conclusion. The translator use adapted translation method in

translating this sentence. Because the translator try to emphasized the content message in source

language while its form is adapted to the target language’s reader needs.

3. Chapter : 4

Page : 42

Data Analysis : I got so smartingly touched up by these moral goads.

Chapter : 4

Page : 34

Data Analysis Translation : Aku begitu jengkel diperbaiki dengan dorongan moral ini.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “goads” as the object and “moral”

as the means of comparator. “goads” means a spiked stick used for driving cattle and “moral” means

concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human

character. The translator assume that “moral goads” is anything that acts as a moral incitement. So,

the meaning of metaphor “moral goads” is moral incitement. The translator use idiomatic

translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor

become other metaphor but with same meaning.

66

4. Chapter : 1

Page : 3

Data analysis : “Keep still you little devil!”

Chapter : 1

Page : 6

Data Analysis Translation : “Jangan bergerak bocah!”

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “devil” as the object and “little” as

the means of comparator. “devil” means expressing surprise or annoyance in various question or

exclamations and “little” means small in size, amount, or degree (often used to convey an appealing

diminutiveness or express an affectionate or condescending attitude). The translator explain that “little

devil” is the term which is used to talk about a child who behaves badly. So. the meaning of metaphor

“little devil” is naughty child. The translator use idiomatic translation method in translating this

phrase. Because the translator translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same

meaning.

5. Chapter : 1

Page : 5

Data Analysis : “You young dog!”

Chapter : 1

67

Page : 7

Data Analysis Translation : “Heh bocah!”

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “dog” as the object and “young” as

the means of comparator. According to Farlex Dictionary of idioms, “dog” means a term of address

for ugly child (boy or girl) or a derogatory speech for address someone. “young” means having lived

or existed for only a short time. According to this novel, Pip is called by a felon rudely because he

feel cranky to Pip. So, a felon called Pip “young dog”. The translator explain that “young dog” is

“ugly boy”. So, the meaning of metaphor “young dog” is ugly boy. The translator use idiomatic

translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator translated the metaphor become

other metaphor but with same meaning.

6. Chapter : 1

Page : 7

Data Analysis : He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll.

Chapter : 1

Page : 8

Data Analysis Translation : Dia membolak balik tubuhku sedemikian rupa.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “dip and roll” as the object and

“tremendous” as the means of comparator. “dip and roll” means holding upside down and swing

round. “tremendous” means very great in amount, scale, or intensity. According to the novel, Pip’s

68

body got a most tremendous dip and roll. The translator assume that “tremendous dip and roll” means

holding Pip body upside down and swing him round incessantly. So, the meaning of metaphor

“tremendous dip and roll” is holding the body upside down and swing round incessantly. The

translator use idiomatic translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator

translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

7. Chapter : 1

Page : 8

Data Analysis : He looked in young eyes it.

Chapter : 1

Page : 9

Data Analysis Translation : Dia jelas melihat itu.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “eyes” as the object and “young”

as the means of comparator. “eyes” means each of a pair of globular organs in the head through which

people and vertebrate animal see. The visible part typically appearing almond shaped in animals with

eyelids. “young” means immature. The translator take one of young man’s characteristic as the result

of his translation result. One of young man’s characteristic is having clear outlook. The translator

assume that “young eyes means” clear outlook. So, the meaning of metaphor “young eyes” is clear

outlook. The translator use idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the

translator translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

69

8. Chapter : 2

Page : 15

Data Analysis : Mrs. Joe about with his blue eyes, as his manner always was at squally times.

Chapter : 2

Page : 14

Data Analysis Translation : Nyonya Joe dengan mata birunya, kebiasaannya dalam keadaan

menegangkan.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “times” as the object and

“squally” as the means of comparator. “times” means the part of existence that is measured in

minutes, days, years, moment etc or this process considered as a whole. “squally” means threatening.

The means of comparator “squally” has synonym namely tensed. The translator assume that “squally

times” means tensed moment. So the meaning of metaphor “squally times” is tensed moment. The

translator used adapted translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator

translated source language to target language functionally and pragmatically.

9. Chapter : 9

Page : 115

Data Analysis : And the mere sight of the torment with his fishy eyes and mouth open.

Chapter : 9

70

Page : 90

Data Analysis : Dan sekedar pemandangan sang penyiksa dengan mata membelalak dan mulut

terbuka.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “eyes” as the object and “fishy”

as the means of comparator. “eyes” means each of a pair of globular organs in the head through which

people and verterbrate animals see, the visible part typically appearing almond shaped in animals with

eyelids. “fishy” means produced by a wide angle photographic lens that has a highly curved

protruding front that covers an angle of about 180 degrees, and that gives a circular image or in the

other meaning, fishy eyes is glaring eyes. The translator see and take the fish’s eyes characteristic.

The translator assumed that fish’s eyes shape glaring, curved, and wide. So, the meaning of mataphor

“fishy eyes” is glaring eyes. The translator used adapted translation method in translating this

sentence. Because the translator translated source language to target language functionally and

pragmatically.

10. Chapter : 23

Page : 344

Data Analysis : The baby was the soul of honour and protested with all its might.

Chapter : 23

Page : 267

71

Data Analysis Translation : Anak bayinya memiliki standar kesetiaan yang tinggi dan

memprotes dengan sekuat tenaga.

From sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “honour” as the object and “soul”

as the means of comparator. “honour” means high respect. “soul” means the spiritual or immaterial

part of a human being or animal regarded as immortal. “soul” has synonym namely personality. The

translator assumed that high respect has connection with faith. According to the translator, if we share

big respect to people. So, we can get high loyalty easily. The meaning of “the soul of honour” is loyal

personality. The translator used communicative translation method in translating this sentence.

Because the translator give the acceptable and comprehensible translation’s result to the readership.

11. Chapter : 1

Page : 8

Data Analysis : He eluding the hands of the dead people.

Chapter : 1

Page : 9

Data Analysis Translation : Dia sedang menghindari tangan-tangan arwah.

From sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “hands” as the object and “dead

people” as the means of comparator. “hands” means the end part of a person’s arm beyond the wrist

including the palm, fingers, and thumb. And “dead people” means no longer alive people. The

translator assume that after people died, it is only their spirit which are still alive. So, the translator

72

translated the hands of the dead people become the spirit’s hands. The meaning of metaphor “the

hands of the dead people” is the spirit’s hands. The translator used communicative translator

method in translating this sentence. Because the translator give the acceptable and comprehensible

translation’s result to the readership.

12. Chapter : 25

Page : 360

Data Analysis : “...who called her rigidity religion, and her liver love.”

Chapter : 25

Page : 280

Data Analysis Translation : “...yang menyebut kelakuannya sebagai doktrin dan cinta matinya.

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “religion” as the object and

“rigidity” as the means of comparator. “religion” means the belief in and worship of a superhuman

controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. “rigidity” means inability to be changed or

adapted. The translator translated “rigidity religion” become “doctrine”. Because the translator see the

characteristic of doctrine. The translator explained that doctrin has rigid characteristic. The doctrine

can not be changed and can not be forced. So, the meaning of metaphor “rigidity religion” is

doctrine. The translator used idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the

translator translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

73

13. Chapter : 2

Page : 13

Data Analysis : “Where have you been young monkey?

Chapter : 2

Page : 13

Data Analysis Translation : “Dari mana saja kau bocah nakal?”

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “monkey” as the object and

“young” as the means of comparator. “monkey” means a small to medium sized primate that typically

has a long tail, most kinds of which live in trees in tropical countries or naughty person. “young”

means having lived or existed for only a short time and not old. the translator assume that young

monkey is naughty child. Because the translator explained that young monkey is a term which is used

British people for addressing naughty child. So, the meaning of metaphor “young monkey” is

naughty child. The translator use idiomatic translation method in translating this phrase. Because

the translator translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

14. Chapter : 37

Page : 521

Data Analysis : “Hah! I have heard that my son is a wonderful hand at his business, sir?

Chapter : 37

Page : 402

74

Data Analysis Translation : Hah! Kudengar anakku sangat jago dalam bisnisnya, tuan?

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “hand” as the object and

“wonderful” as the means of comparator. “hand” means the part of the body at the end of the arm that

is used for holding, moving, touching, and feeling things. “wonderful” means inspiring delight,

pleasure, or admiration. The translator translated wonderful hand become capable person. Because the

translator assume that wonderful hand is a idiomatic term for person or people who are able to do

something well. So, the meaning of metaphor “wonderful hand” is capable person. The translator use

idiomatic translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator translated the

metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

15. Chapter : 26

Page : 384

Data Analysis : In about a month after that, the Spider’s time with Mr. Pocket was up for

good and to the great relief of all the house but Mrs. Pocket, he went home

to the family hole.

Chapter : 26

Page : 298

Data Analysis Translation : Dalam sekitar satu bulan setengah itu, masa tinggal Spider di rumah

Tuan Pocket berakhir untuk selamanya, dan yang melegakan seisi

75

rumah kecuali Nyonya Pocket. Dia kembali ke tengah-tengah

keluarga.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “hole” as the object and

“family” as the means of comparator. “hole” means an empty space in an object usually with an

opening to the object’s surface or an opening that goes completely through an object. “family” means

a group of people who are related to each other such as a mother, a father, and their children. The

translator assume that the meaning of family hole is the middle of family. Because the translator see

the shape and characteristic of hole. The translator explained that the shape and characteristic of hole

is circular and narrow. Afterwards, the translator analogizes “hole” as “surroundings” and imagining

when a person live with the family surroundings. So, the translator assume that family hole is in the

middle of family. The meaning of metaphor “family hole” is in the middle of family. The translator

use communicative translator method in translating this sentence. Because the translator give the

acceptable and comprehensible translation’s result to the readership.

16. Chapter : 16

Page : 213

Data Analysis : Joe is examining this iron with a smith’s eye.

Chapter : 16

Page : 165

Data Analysis Translation : Joe menggunakan keahliaanya untuk memeriksa borgol besi itu.

76

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “eye” as the object and “smith”

as the means of comparator. “eye” means each of a pair of globular organs in the head through which

people and vertebrate animals see, the visible part typically appearing almond shaped in animals with

eyelids. “smith” means a worker in medal. The translator assume that the meaning of smith’s eye is

the expertness. Because according to the novel, Joe use his eye’s skill to examine the iron. So, the

meaning of metaphor “a smith’s eye” is expertness. The translator use communicative translation

method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing

meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by

readers.

17. Chapter : 58

Page : 851

Data Analysis : “Windy donkey as he was, it really amazed me that he could have the face to

talk thus to mine.”

Chapter : 58

Page : 650

Data Analysis Transation : “Dasar penghayal bodoh banyak bacot,takjub aku dibuatnya.

Kelancangan untuk berbicara seperti itu didepanku.”

77

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “donkey” as the object and

“windy” as the means of comparator. “donkey” means a domesticated hoofed mammal of the horse

family with long ears and a braying call used as a beast of burden or stupid person. “windy” means

using or expressed in many words that sound impressive but mean little. The translator translated

windy donkey become garrulous, stupid, dreaming person. Because the translator see the

characteristic of stupid person. According to the translator, stupid person has 2 characteristics namely

garrulous and keep fantasizing. Stupid person always talk too much and garrulous person is usually

has no knowledge. So, the meaning of metaphor “windy donkey” is garrulous, stupid, dreaming

person. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this phrase. Because

the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic

target translation in order to can be acceptable by the readers.

18. Chapter : 21

Page : 302

Data Analysis : “If there is bad blood between you and them.” said I to soften it off a little.

Chapter : 21

Page : 235

Data Analysis Translation : “Selama ada permusuhan antara kau dan mereka,” kataku untuk

memperlunak pertanyaannya.

78

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is ‘blood” as the object and “bad”

as the means of comparator. “blood” means the red liquid that circulated in the arteries and veins of

humans and other vertebrates animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the

body. “bad” means (of a person) not able to do a particular thing well, of poor quality or a low

standard, and not appropriate in a particular situation. The translator translated “bad blood” become

hostility. Because the translator assume that bad blood meaning is feelings of hate between people

because of arguments in the past. So, the meaning of metaphor “bad blood” is hostility. The translator

use communicative translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator translated

the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to

can be acceptable by the readers.

19. Chapter : 18

Page : 246

Data Analysis : “You always bear the name of Pip. You will have no objection.”

Chapter : 18

Page : 190

Data Analysis Translation : “Kau wajib memakai nama Pip selamanya. Semoga kau tidak

keberatan.”

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “name” as the object and “bear”

as the means of comparator. “name” means a word or set of words by which a person, animal, place,

79

or thing is known, addressed, or referred to. “bear” means be called by (a name or title). The

translator translated “bear the name” become be named after. Because the translator see the synonym

of bear namely keep using. So, the meaning of metaphor “bear the name” is keep using the name.

The translator used adapted translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator

translated source language into target language functionally and pragmatically.

20. Chapter : 16

Page : 213

Data Analysis : When Joe picked her up, was a convict’s leg iron which had been filed asunder.

Chapter : 16

Page : 165

Data Analysis Translation : Ketika Joe mengangkat tubuhnya, ada borgol besi kaki narapidana

yang sudah dikikir hancur.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “iron” as the object and “leg”

as the means of comparator. “iron” means a strong hard magnetic silvery gray metal, the chemical

element of atomic number 26 much used as a material for construction and manufacturing especially

in the form of steel or a tool or implement now or originally made of iron. “leg” means each of the

limbs on which a person or animal walks and stands. The translator translated “leg iron” become “leg

cuff” because the translator see the character and function of legcuff. The legcuff is physical restraint

which is made from iron. It is used on the legs of a person to allow walking only with a restricted

80

stride. Its function is to prevent the person run away. So, the meaning of metaphor “leg iron” is

legcuff. The translator used adapted translation method in translating this sentence. Because the

translator translated source language into target language functionally and pragmatically.

21. Chapter : 4

Page : 36

Data Analysis : A handsome mince pie had been made yesterday morning.

Chapter : 4

Page : 30

Data Analysis Translation : Satu pai cincang yang menarik sudah dibuat kemarin pagi.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “mince pie” as the object and

“handsome” as the means of comparator. “mince pie” means a small round pie or tart containing

sweet mincemeat typically eaten at Christmas. “handsome” means well made, imposing, and of

obvious quality. The translator translated “handsome mince pie” become an attractive mince pie.

Because the translator see the synonym of handsome namely attractive. The translator assumed that

word of handsome is only for men and this mince pie has no sex. So, the translator changed the word

of handsome become attractive. The meaning of metaphor “handsome mince pie” is attractive mince

pie. The translator used adapted translation method in translating this sentence. Because the

translator translated source language into target language functionally and pragmatically.

81

22. Chapter : 4

Page : 36

Data Analysis : And we took gulps of milk and water with apologetic countenances.

Chapter : 4

Page : 30

Data Analysis Translation : Dan masih meneguk susu dan air dengan roman meminta maaf.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “countenances” as the object

and “apologetic” as the means of comparator. “countenances” means a person’s face or facial

expression. “apologetic” means regretfully acknowledging or excusing an offense or failure. The

translator described that someone who express apologetic countenance to the people can be seen in

his face. His faces is gloomy when he ask for pardon. Because he is regretful due to do the failure.

So, the translator assumed that apologetic countenance means asking for pardon. The meaning of

metaphor “apologetic countenance” is asking for pardon. The translator used adapted translation

method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated source language into target

language functionally and pragmatically.

23. Chapter : 4

Page : 39

Data Analysis : And still not a word of the robbery.

Chapter : 4

82

Page : 32

Data Analysis : Dan masih tak ada kabar pencurian.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “the robbery” as the object and

“a word” as the means of comparator. “the robbery” means the action of taking property unlawfully

from a person or place by force or threat of force. “a word” means a news. the translator translated

“word of the robbery” become robbery information because the translator assumed the definition of

“a word of the robbery” is information about robbery. So, the meaning of metaphor “a word of the

robbery” is robbery information. The translator used adapted translation method in translating

this sentence. Because the translator translated source language into target language functionally and

pragmatically.

24. Chapter : 4

Page : 39

Data Analysis : Had a deep voice which he was uncommonly proud of.

Chapter : 4

Page : 32

Data Analysis Translation : Memiliki suara berat yang menjadi primadonanya.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “proud” as the object and

“uncommonly” as the means of comparator. “proud” means having or showing a high or excessively

high opinion of oneself or one’s importance. Feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of the

83

one’s own achievement, qualities, or possessions or those of someone with whom one is closely

associated. “uncommonly” means used to emphasize that the following description applies without

qualification or emphasizing an extreme point in time or space. The translator translated

“uncommonly proud” become “dominant earmark”. Because according to this novel Mr Wopsle has

dominant earmark namely he has a deep voice. So, after the translator read this novel deeply, the

translator assumed that the term of uncommonly proud refers to dominant earmark. So, the meaning

of metaphor “uncommonly proud” is dominant earmark. The translator used adapted translation

method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated source language into target

language functionally and pragmatically.

25. Chapter : 4

Page : 40

Data Analysis : And sandy hair standing upright on his head.

Chapter : 4

Page : 33

Data Analysis Translation : Dan rambut jabrik kuning pucat.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “hair” as the object and “sandy”

as the means of comparator. “hair” means the mass of thin structures on the head of a person or any of

these structures that grow out of the skin of a person or animal. “sandy” means (in hair) a pale

brownish colour. According to Cambridge Dictionary, sandy hair is a pale brownish orange colour.

84

So, the translator assumed to Cambridge Dictionary that sandy colour is a pale brownish orange

colour which is like a colour of beach sand. The meaning of metaphor “sandy hair” is a pale

brownish hair. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this phrase.

Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make

pleonastic target translation in order to can be acceptable by the readers.

26. Chapter : 4

Page : 42

Data Analysis : I might have been an unfortunate little bull in Spanish arena.

Chapter : 4

Page : 34

Data Analysis Translation : Aku mungkin banteng kecil naas di arena Spanyol.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “little bull” as the object and

“unfortunate” as the means of comparator. “little bull” means little bovine animal. “unfortunate”

means having or marked by bad fortune. The translator imagined Pip situation which is like an

unfortunate little bull in Spanish area. The sentence of “an unfortunate little bull in Spanish area” can

be liked as “unlucky person” in Indonesian language. So, the translator assumed “unfortunate little

bull” is unlucky person. The meaning of metaphor “unfortunate little bull” is unlucky person. The

translator used idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator

translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

85

27. Chapter : 4

Page : 45

Data Analysis : “He was a world of trouble to you.”, said Mrs. Hubble.

Chapter : 4

Page : 36

Data Analysis Translation : “Dia sumber masalah bagimu.”, kata Nyonya Hubble.

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “trouble” as the object and

“world” as the means of comparator. “trouble” means difficulties or a situation in which you

experience problems usually because of something you have done wrong or badly. “world” means all

that relates to a particular sphere of activity or very much of the object. The translator assumed that

the term of “a world of trouble” is “very much trouble”. So, the translator translated “ a world of

trouble” become “very much of trouble”. The meaning of metaphor “a world of trouble” is very

much of trouble. The translator used idiomatic translation method in translating this phrase.

Because the translator translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

28. Chapter : 4

Page : 45

86

Data Analysis : He would have shed your blood and had your life.

Chapter : 4

Page : 36

Data Analysis Translation : Dia akan menumpahkan darahmu dan mencabut nyawamu.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “blood” as the object and “shed”

as the means of comparator. “blood” means the red liquid that circulated in the arteries and veins of

humans and other vertebrates animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the

body. “shed” means a quantity of liquid that has spilled or been spilled. The translator assumed that

“shed your blood” has a meaning namely “kill you”. Because committing killing can cause shed the

blood. So, the meaning of metaphor “shed your blood” is committing killing. The translator used

idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the

metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

29. Chapter : 48

Page : 696

Data Analysis : It was dull evening for Wemmick drew his wine when it came round.

Chapter : 48

Page : 533

Data Analysis Translation : Sungguh malam yang membosankan karena Wemmick menolak

tuak.

87

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “evening” as the object and

“dull” as the means of comparator. “evening” means the period of time at the end of the day, usually

from about 6 p.m to bedtime. “dull” means lacking interest or excitement. The translator translated

“dull evening” means “boring evening”. The translator assumed “dull” means “ boring or not

interesting” So, the meaning of metaphor “dull evening” is boring evening. The translator used

literal translation method. Because the translator transferred grammatical construction of source

language into the closest grammatical construction of target language.

30. Chapter : 5

Page : 63

Data Analysis : “He lies!”, said my convict with fierce energy.

Chapter : 5

Page : 50

Data Analysis Translation : “Dia Bohong!”, bantah narapidanaku dengan energi sengit.

From the phrases above, we get two ideas. The first one is “energy” as the object and

“fierce” as the means of comparator. “energy” means the strenght and vitality required for sustained

physical or mental activity. “fierce” means having or displaying an intense or ferocious

aggressiveness. The translator assumed that the word of “fierce” refers to the bitterness in his speech

style. So, the meaning of metaphor “fierce energy” is bitter speech style. The translator use

88

communicative translator method in translating this phrase. Because the translator give the

acceptable and comprehensible translation’s result to the readership.

31. Chapter : 5

Page : 69

Data Analysis : The prison ship seemed in my young eyes.

Chapter : 5

Page : 54

Data Analysis Translation : Kapal penjara itu terlihat di mataku.

The first one is “eyes” as the object and “young” as the means of comparator. “eyes” means

each of a pair of globular organs in the head through which people and vertebrate animal see. The

visible part typically appearing almond shaped in animals with eyelids. “young” means immature.

The translator take one of young man’s characteristic as the result of his translation result. One of

young man’s characteristic is having clear outlook. The translator assume that “young eyes means”

clear outlook. So, the meaning of metaphor “young eyes” is clear outlook. The translator use

idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the

metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

32. Chapter : 6

89

Page : 72

Data Analysis : And through having been fast asleep and through waking in the heat, lights,

and noise of tongue.

Chapter : 6

Page : 56

Data Analysis Translation : Dan terbangun akibat hawa panas, lampu, dan kebisingan obrolan.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “tongue” as the object and

“noise” as the means of comparator. “tongue” means the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a

mammal, used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and (in humans) articularing speech. “noise” means a

sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that cause disturbance. The translator assumed that

tongue is communication and speaking means for human. Human can not speak without tongue

helping and the tongue can help human in speaking. The translator think that the tongue is means

which can produce a confabulation. So, the translator translated “noise of tongue” become chat sound.

The meaning of metaphor “noise of tongue” is chat sound. The translator use communicative

translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor by

removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted

by readers.

33. Chapter : 6

Page : 70

90

Data Analysis : But I hope it had some dregs of good at the bottom of it.

Chapter : 6

Page : 56

Data Analysis Translation : Tapi kuharap ada sedikit kebaikan yang tersisa.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “good” as the object and “dregs”

as the means of comparator. “good” means benefit or advantage to someone or something. “dregs”

means the remnants of a liquid left in a container together with any sediment or grounds. The

translator see the amount of “dregs” in all goods. The translator assumed that the amount of “dregs”

has a small amount and the translator take synonym of “dregs” namely “residue”. So, the translator

translated “dregs of good” become “residual goodness”. The meaning of metaphor “dregs of good” is

residual goodness. The translator use free translation method in translating this sentence. Because

the translator translated this sentence without constraints. The translator translated this sentence base

on his understands.

34. Chapter : 7

Page : 74

Data Analysis : When I was old enough, I was to be apprenticed to Joe.

Chapter : 7

Page : 58

Data Analysis Translation : Ketika aku cukup umur,aku akan magang dengan Joe.

91

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “enough” as the object and “old”

as the means of comparator. “enough” means as much or as many as required and the exclamation

which use to express an impatient desire for the cessation of undesirable behaviour or speech. “old”

means having lived for a long time or no longer young. The translator assumed that “old enough”

means having reached an advanced stage of mental or emotional development characteristic of an

adult. So, the translator translated “old enough” become “mature”. The meaning of metaphor “old

enough” is mature. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this

sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which

make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

35. Chapter : 41

Page : 605

Data Analysis : Herbert received me with open arms.

Chapter : 41

Page : 464

Data Analysis Translation : Herbert menerimaku dengan tangan terbuka.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “arm” as the object and “open”

as the means of comparator. “arm” means each of the two upper limbs of the human body from the

shoulder to the hand. “open” means allowing access, passage, or a view through an empty space. The

92

translator assumed that “open arms” means having or showing intense and eager enjoyment, interest,

sincere affection, kindness, or approval. So, the translator translated “open arm” become enthusiasm.

The meaning of metaphor “open arms” is enthusiasm. The translator use communicative translation

method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing

meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by

readers.

36. Chapter : 35

Page : 494

Data Analysis : It was the first time that a grave had opened in my road of life.

Chapter : 35

Page : 383

Data Analysis Translation : Seumur umur baru kali ini liang kubur terbuka diantara penentuan

nasib hidupku.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “life” as the object and “road” as

the means of comparator. “life” means the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from

inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional, activity, and continual

change preceding death. “road” means a wide way leading from one place to another especially one

with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can use. The translator assumed that “road of life”

means the series of changes that a living thing goes through from the beginning of its life until death.

93

According to this novel, Pip’s destiny was faced by complicated choice. He must choose live or dead.

After the translator read this novel, he concluded that “road of life” means life cycle. So, the meaning

of metaphor “road of life” is life cycle. The translator use communicative translation method in

translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless

metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

37. Chapter : 35

Page : 498

Data Analysis : But it were considered wot the neighbours would look down.

Chapter : 35

Page : 385

Data Analysis Translation : Tapi itu dianggap bisa membuat tetangga memandangnya

hina.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “down” as the object and “look”

as the means of comparator. “down” means unwelcome experience or events. “look” means direct

one’s gaze toward someone or something or in a specified direction. The translator assumed that

“look down” means the feeling that a person or a thing is beneath consideration, worthless, or

deserving scorn. The translator also explain that “look down” has means the feeling or belief that

someone or something is worthless or despicable. So, the translator translated “look down” become

the action of humiliating. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this

94

sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which

make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

38. Chapter : 35

Page : 502

Data Analysis : “Oh! I can’t to do so, Mr. Pip.” said Biddy in a tone of regret.

Chapter : 35

Page : 388

Data Analysis Translation : “Oh! Aku tidak bisa melakukannya, Tuan Pip.” kata Biddy dengan

nada menyesal.

From the phrase above, we get two ideas. The first one is “regret” as the object and “tone” as

the means of comparator. “regret” means a feeling, repentance, or disappointment over something that

has happened or been done. “tone” means a modulation of the voice expressing a particular feeling or

mood. The translation assumed that “tone of regret” leads to the rise and fall of the voice in speaking.

According to the novel, Biddy spoke to Pip with sorry intonation. So the translator translated “tone of

regret” become “sorry intonation”. The meaning of metaphor “tone of regret” is sorry intonation.

The translator used communicative translation method in translating this phrase. Because the

translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target

translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

95

39. Chapter : 5

Page : 51

Data Analysis : Mrs. Joe re-entering the kitchen empty handed to stop short and stare in

her wondering lament.

Chapter : 5

Page : 41

Data Analysis Translation : Nyonya Joe yang kembali ke dapur dengan tangan kosong langsung

berhenti dan meratap bingung.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “handed” as the object and

“empty” as the means of comparator. “handed” means the tendency to use either the right or the left

hand more naturally than the other. “empty” means containing nothing, not filled or occupied. The

translator assumed that “empty handed” has meaning namely having failed to obtain or achieve what

one wanted or without getting anything for your effort. So, the translator must translated “empty

handed” become “having failed”. The meaning of metaphor “empty handed” is having failed. The

translator used communicative translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator

translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation

in order to can be accepted by readers.

96

40. Chapter : 5

Page : 58

Data Analysis : He had asked me if I was a deceiving imp.

Chapter : 5

Page : 46

Data Analysis Translation : Dia sempat bertanya apakah aku anak nakal.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “imp” as the object and

“deceiving” as the means of comparator. “imp” means a small mischievous devil, sprite, or child.

“deceiving” means (of a person) cause (someone) to believe something that is not true, typically in

order to gain some personal advantage, using deception to deprive (someone) of money or

possessions. The translator assumed that “imp” has means namely a child typically a badly behaved

one. So, the translator translated “deceiving imp” become “deceitful naughty child”. The meaning of

metaphor “deceiving imp” is deceitful naughty child. The translator use The translator used literal

translation method. Because the translator transferred grammatical construction of source language

into the closest grammatical construction of target language.

41. Chapter : 5

Page : 52

Data Analysis : Will you throw your eyes over them?

Chapter : 5

97

Page : 42

Data Analysis Translation : Bisa kah kau memeriksanya?

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “eyes” as the object and

“throw” as the means of comparator. “eyes” means each of a pair of globular organs in the head

through which people and vertebrate animals see the visible part typically appearing almond shaped

in animal with eyelids. “throw” means prople (something) with force through the air by a movement

of the arm and hand. The translator assumed that “throw your eyes” has mean look at (someone or

something) closely typically to assess their condition or to discover any shortcomings. And inspect

(someone or something) in detail to determine their nature or condition. So, the translator translated

“throw your eyes” become check. The meaning of metaphor “throw your eyes” is check. The

translator used idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator

translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

42. Chapter : 5

Page : 55

Data Analysis : Mr. Pumblechook with a fat sort of laugh said, “Ay? Ay? Why?”

Chapter : 5

Page : 44

Data Analysis Translation : Tuan Pumblechook dengan tertawa puas berkata,“Wah? Wah?

Mengapa bisa begitu?”

98

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “laugh” as the object and “fat

sort” as the means of comparator. “laugh” means making the spontaneous sounds and movements of

the face and body that are the instinctive expressions of lively amusement and sometimes also of

contempt or derision. “fat sort” means a person who suffer overweight or being grossly fat. The

translator see a characteristic of fatty person when provoke someone. The translator see Mr.

Pumblechook’s features. He is fatty person and he is still provoke the sergeant. The translator observe

Mr. Pumblechook’s laughter when provoke the sergeant. Mr. Pumblechook’s is chortling when he

heard the answer from sergeant. After the translator observed Mr. Pumblechook’s laughter, the

translator assumed that “a fat sort of laugh” means laugh in a breathy gleeful way. The meaning of

metaphor “a fat sort of laugh” is chortling. The translator use communicative translation method in

translating this phrase. Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless

metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

43. Chapter : 5

Page : 57

Data Analysis : The sergeant took a polite leave of the ladies and parted from Mr. Pumblechook.

Chapter : 5

Page : 45

Data Analysis Translation : Sersan berpamitan sopan kepada tamu wanita dan berpisah dengan

Tuan Pumblechook.

99

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “leave” as the object and

“polite” as the means of comparator. “leave” means go away from. “polite” means having or showing

behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people. The translator translated “a polite leave”

become polite farewell because the translator observe the meaning of “leave” which has means an act

of parting or of marking someone’s departure and expressing good wishes on parting. So, the

translator assumed that “polite meaning” means “farewell”. The meaning of metaphor “a polite leave”

is farewell. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this phrase.

Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make

pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

44. Chapter : 5

Page : 63

Data Analysis : The other always working his dry lips and turning his eyes restlessly.

Chapter : 5

Page : 50

Data Analysis Translation : Narapidana satunya selalu menjilati bibirnya yang kering dan

memutar matanya dengan gelisah.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “lips” as the object and

“working” as the means of comparator. “lips” means either of the two fleshy parts which form the

upper and lower edges of the opening of the mouth. “working” means activity involving mental or

100

physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result. The translator translated “working his dry

lips” become “licking his dry lips” because the translator assumed that “working” refers to what is

being worked by a felon for his dry lips. So, The translator assumed the felon is still licking his dry

lips. The meaning of metaphor “working his dry lips” is licking his dry lips. The translator use

communicative translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator translated the

metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can

be accepted by readers.

45. Chapter : 5

Page : 61

Data Analysis : “I don’t expect it to do me any good. I don’t want it to do me more good

than it does now.” said my convict with a greedy laugh.

Chapter : 5

Page : 49

Data Analysis Translation : “Aku tidak berharap ada gunanya bagiku. Aku tidak butuh situasi

yang lebih baik ketimbang sekarang.”kata narapidanaku sambil

tertawa puas.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “laugh” as the object and

“greedy” as the means of comparator. “laugh” means make the spontaneous sounds and movements

of the face and body that are the instinctive expressions of lively amusement and sometimes also of

101

contempt or derision. “greedy” means having or showing an intense and selfish desire for something,

especially wealth or power. The translator assumed “greedy laugh” means a loud or boisterous laugh.

So, the translator translated “greedy laugh” become “guffaw”. The meaning of metaphor “greedy

laugh” is guffaw. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this phrase.

Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make

pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

46. Chapter : 20

Page : 297

Data Analysis : “Now, I ask you, you blundering booby.” said my guardian.

Chapter : 20

Page : 231

Data Analysis Translation : “Nah, aku tanya kau, dungu.”kata waliku.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “booby” as the object and

“blundering” as the means of comparator. “booby” is seabird in the genus Sula, part of the Sulidae

family but in informal language, blundering booby means stupid person. “blundering” means making

or characterized by stupid or careless mistakes. The translator assumed that “blundering booby”

means stupid person. Because the translator see the characteristic of stupid person namely keeping

moving or acting blindly, stupidly, or without direction or steady guidance. So, the translator

translated “blundering booby” become stupid person. The meaning of metaphor “blundering booby”

102

is stupid person. The translator use communicative translation method in translating this phrase.

Because the translator translated the metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make

pleonastic target translation in order to can be accepted by readers.

47. Chapter : 23

Page : 343

Data Analysis : You undutiful little thing.

Chapter : 23

Page : 267

Data Analysis Translation : Kau anak bandel.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “thing” as the object and “little”

as the means of comparator. “thing” means an animal or person. “little” means small in size, amount,

or degree (often used to convey an appealing diminutiveness or express an affectionate or

condescending attitude). The translator assumed that “little thing” means a child or young person. The

translator use the synonym of “little thing” namely “kid”. So, the translator translated “little thing”

become “kid”. The meaning of metaphor “little thing” is kid. The translator used idiomatic

translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor

become other metaphor but with same meaning.

48. Chapter : 38

103

Page : 539

Data Analysis : The distinct shadow of the darkened and unhealthy house in which her life

was hidden from the sun.

Chapter : 38

Page : 415

Data Analysis Translation : Bayangan jelas dari rumah gelap dan tidak sehat yang

menyembunyikan hidupnya dari matahari.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “house” as the object and

“unhealthy” as the means of comparator. “house” means a building for human habitation especially

one that is lived in by a family or small group of people. “unhealthy” means harmful to health.

According to this novel, Dickens explained Mrs. Havisham’s house. He said that her house has high

humidity, moisture intusion, tightly sealed homes, and no sunlight. After the translator read this

novel, he assumed that “unhealthy” means covered or marked with an unclean substance. So, the

meaning of metaphor “unhealthy house” is dirty house. The translator used literal translation

method. Because the translator transferred grammatical construction of source language into the

closest grammatical construction of target language.

49. Chapter : 36

Page : 512

Data Analysis : Until you are in communication with the fountain head.

104

Chapter : 36

Page : 396

Data Analysis Translation : Hingga aku berkomunikasi langsung dengan penyokong danamu.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “head” as the object and

“fountain” as the means of comparator. “head” means the upper part of the human body or the front or

upper part of the body of an animal typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and

containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs. “fountain” means an ornamental structure in a pool or

lake from which one or more jets of water are pumped into the air. The translator assumed that “the

fountain head” means an original source of something. So, the translator translated “the fountain

head” become benefactor. The meaning of metaphor “the fountain head” is benefactor. The translator

used used literal translation method. Because the translator transferred grammatical construction of

source language into the closest grammatical construction of target language.

50. Chapter : 38

Page : 537

Data Analysis : For she has a sensitive horror of being talked of by such people.

Chapter : 38

Page : 413

Data Analysis Translation : Karena dia trauma menjadi bahan gunjingan orang-orang.

105

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “horror” as the object and

“sensitive” as the means of comparator. “horror” means an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust.

“sensitive” means (of a person or a person’s behavior) having or displaying a quick and delicate

appreciation of others’ feelings. The translator translated “a sensitive horror” become “trauma”

because the translator see the characteristic of trauma namely it is sensitive, causing a feeling of fear,

shock, or disgust. The translator assumed that traumatic person has a deeply distressing or disturbing

experience, emotional shock following a stressful event or a physical injury which may be associated

with physical shock and sometimes leads to long term neurosis. So, the translator assumed that “a

sensitive horror” means severe emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely sensitive upsetting

experience. The meaning of metaphor “a sensitive horror” is trauma. The translator use

communicative translation method in translating this phrase. Because the translator translated the

metaphor by removing meaningless metaphor which make pleonastic target translation in order to can

be accepted by readers.

51. Chapter : 28

Page : 323

Data Analysis : He must have been a green one.

Chapter : 28

Page : 314

Data Analysis Translationn : Dia masih bau kencur.

106

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “one” as the object and

“green” as the means of comparator. “one” means a person of a specified kind or reffering to a person

or thing previously mentioned or easily identified. ”green” means young or unripe. The translator

assumed that “green one” has mean immature So, the translator translated “a green one” become

“immature”. The meaning of metaphor “a green one” is immature. The translator used idiomatic

translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor

become other metaphor but with same meaning.

52. Chapter : 29

Page : 327

Data Analysis : Estella was the inspiration.

Chapter : 29

Page : 318

Data Analysis Translationn : Estella menjadi inspirasi.

From the sentence above, the translator assumed that Pip regard Estella as a person

that inspires. She made Pip’s life more colorful. The translator also assumed that Estella as a

influencer because the translator can see how Estella treats Pip tenderly. So, the translator translated

“the inspiration” become “influencer”. The meaning of metaphor “the inspiration” is influencer. The

translator used idiomatic translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator

translated the metaphor become other metaphor but with same meaning.

107

53. Chapter : 1

Page : 6

Data Analysis : I am an angel.

Chapter : 1

Page : 7

Data Analysis Translationn : Aku adalah seorang utusan.

From the sentence above, we get two ideas. The first one is “angel” as the object and

“an” as the means of comparator. “angel” means a person who supports a business financially,

typically one who invests private capital in a small or newly established enterprise. ”an” means the

form of the indefinite article used before words beginning with a vowel sound. The translator

assumed that “an angel” mean benefactor. So, the translator translated “an angel” become

“benefactor”. The meaning of metaphor “an angel” is benefactor. The translator used idiomatic

translation method in translating this sentence. Because the translator translated the metaphor

become other metaphor but with same meaning.

4.2 Findings

After analysing the data, the writer find that the metaphors were used in Great Expectations’

novel. Finding the features and meaning in the novel is the major target from this research. Hence,

after the writer analysed the data, the writer gets the invention that the feature of the usage of

108

metaphor in every sentence and phrase are almost the same. The feature of metaphor in the sentence

and phrase are mostly comparing the object and the means of comparator. The comparison is direct, it

means comparing two objects without utilizing the words as or like. After the object (something that

was compared) and the comparator (something that compares) were connected impression that the

object are equal to the comparators. So, from the comparison describe above, the feature of metaphor

is comparing two objects directly.

Metaphor is the use of words in analogical meaning based on comparison. So that, to find the

meaning or the idea of metaphor finds in the sentence and phrase, it needs a few accuracy, because

metaphor is the use of words implicitly. Hence, the comparison between the object and the means of

comparator will assist them to get the meaning of the metaphor. By comparing the object and the

means of comparator accurately, the analogy meaning will be more easy to find because the true

meaning does not far from its description. Even though it is commonly used in in daily

communication, metaphor is often dubbed as mysterious expression because its meaning is difficult to

be explained even to be translated. So that, the metaphor is regarded as the most difficult in

translation task. This difficulty is caused by 3 factors. First, metaphor in source language. In its

essence is new semantic element. As a result, target language do not have equivalent supply for this

metaphor. Second, metaphor is a part from a language and in fact, all language do not be separated

from culture. As a result, all metaphor is full of cultural values. Therefore, metaphor only can be

understood if cultural values which is associated with it already be understood first. Third, metaphor

is a medium for revealing the meaning creatively, shortly, and compactly. Hence, in order to be able

109

to translate metaphor, the translator must be able to write creatively. Because the all three complex

factors, it is not a few linguists who are regarded metaphor is do not be translated. But, as a part of

language, metaphor surely can be translated. For helping metaphor translation, Newmark proposed a

set of applied strategies after identified the metaphor types which will be translated first. Those

strategies include : (1) translating the metaphor of source language become same metaphor in target

language, (2) translating the metaphor of source language become a simile if in target language

system make simile is more understandable than metaphor, (3) translating the metaphor of source

language become other metaphor in target language’s context but has same meaning with this

metaphor of source language, (4) translating metaphor of source language become same metaphor in

target language which is accompanied with the explanation about this metaphor’s meaning, (5)

translating the metaphor become non metaphorical expression, (6) switching the metaphor become

simile with adding image, (7) erasing metaphor if this metaphor is useless or it only make target

language become pleonastic. There are various results of the latest research show that those strategies

can be applied.

After the writer analysed 53 metaphors, he finds 10 metaphors explain verbs are compared

with abstract objects, 8 metaphors explain animate objects are compared with inanimate objects, 3

metaphors explain animate objects are compared with verbs, 6 metaphors explains animate objects are

compared with abstract objects, 18 metaphors explain verbs are compared with inanimate objects, 5

metaphors explain humans are compared with animals, 1 metaphor explain word is compared with

inanimate object, 2 metaphors explain abstract objects are compared with inanimate objects. And the

110

writer finds 22 sentences or phrases are using communication translation method, 14 sentences or

phrases are using idiomatic translation method, 12 sentences or phrases are using adapted translation

method, 1 sentence or phrase is using free translation method, and 4 sentences or phrases are using

literal translation.

No Methapor Meaning Translation Method

1 infant tongue slurred speech communicative

2 childish conclusion delirious conclusion adapted

3 moral goads moral incitement idiomatic

4 little devil naughty child idiomatic

5 young dog ugly boy idiomatic

111

6 tremendous deep and roll

holding the body upside down and swing round incessantly idiomatic

7 young eyes clear outlook idiomatic

8 squally times tensed moment adapted

9 fishy eyes glaring eyes adapted

10 the soul of honour

loyal persornality communicative

51 green one immature idiomatic

112

11 the hands of the dead people

the spirit’s hands communicative

12 rigidity religion doctrine idiomatic

13 young monkey naughty child idiomatic

14 wonderful hands capable person idiomatic

15 the family hole the middle of family communicative

16 a smith’s eye expertness communicative

17 windy donkey garrulous, stupid, dreaming person

communicative

18 bad blood hostility communicative

19 bear the name keep using the name adapted

20 leg iron legcuff adapted

21 handsome mince pie attractive mince pie adapted

52 the inspiration influencer

idiomatic

53 an angel benefactor idiomatic

4.3 Discussions

The study is An Analysis of Metaphor Translation Method in Dicken’s, Great

Expectations Based on Newmark Theory. The aim of the research is to give the information about

the kind of Newmark’s metaphor translation method and how to differentiate the metaphor with the

various figures of speech. According to Genette (1981), methapor is not an ornament but the

necessary instrument for a recovery through style of the vision of essences because it is the stylistic

equivalent of the psychological experience of involuntary memory which alone by bringing together

two sensations separated in time, it is able to release their common essence through the miracle of an

analogy though metaphor has an added advantage over reminiscence in that the latter is a fleeting

contemplation of eternity while the former enjoys the permanence of the work of art.

113

11 the hands of the dead people

the spirit’s hands communicative

12 rigidity religion doctrine idiomatic

13 young monkey naughty child idiomatic

14 wonderful hands capable person idiomatic

15 the family hole the middle of family communicative

16 a smith’s eye expertness communicative

17 windy donkey garrulous, stupid, dreaming person

communicative

18 bad blood hostility communicative

19 bear the name keep using the name adapted

20 leg iron legcuff adapted

21 handsome mince pie attractive mince pie adapted

Metaphors are abstract relations which appear to be more convicting and persuade the reader.

Use of metaphor usually helps the reader to shape the understanding of an activity as an extraordinary

activity that is not actually happening. Writers use metaphors to communicate or transform complex

idea into what is perceived as “real” or familiar and concrete. Metaphors often provide only one

perspective of an issue by blocking or hiding other view points. In addition, meanings can be

ambiguous with context depending on the purpose of the user. Generally, metaphors are also used to

describe some abstract concept in concrete form. It would help the reader to describe the idea and

perceive an imaginary idea in writer’s mind incompact form. The major aim of the research is to get

the features and meanings of the metaphors in the novel. The features of the usage metaphor are

comparing two objects directly. One of them as the object and the other as the comparator. While in

inventing the meaning of the usage of the metaphor is an analogy meaning, it means the words used

are not in true meaning but in allusion.

After analysing 53 metaphors based on Newmark’s theory, the writer finds it is more easy to

get the features and meaning of the usage of metaphors in the novel. And then, the writer finds that

the usage of metaphors in the novel is relevant with the theory. So, the author has succeeded in using

the metaphors in his novel.

Chapter V Conclusions and Suggestions

5.1 Conclusions

114

The use of figure of speech such as metaphor in a novel is one of the primary factors to

beautify the content of the novel. The purposes of using the figure of speech are to beautify the

content of the novel and to influence the readers by what were written down by the authors. In

Dickens’ Great Expectations, there are many metaphors used. After collecting the data, the writer

finds 216 metaphors. So that the writer has to select a number of data to be analysed that can

represent all the data. The writer chooses randomly 53 metaphors as the main data to be analysed.

After the writer analysed 53 metaphors, he finds 10 metaphors explain verbs are compared with

abstract objects, 8 metaphors explain animate objects are compared with inanimate objects, 3

metaphors explain animate objects are compared with verbs, 6 metaphors explains animate objects are

compared with abstract objects, 18 metaphors explain verbs are compared with inanimate objects, 5

metaphors explain humans are compared with animals, 1 metaphor explain word is compared with

inanimate object, 2 metaphors explain abstract objects are compared with inanimate objects. And the

writer finds 22 sentences are using communication translation method based on Newmark, 14

sentences are using idiomatic translation method, 12 sentences are using adapted translation method,

1 sentence is using free translation method, and 4 sentences are using literal translation. There is no

sentences are using word for word translation method, faithful translation method, and semantic

translation method because almost all of sentences are idiomatic and communicative.

5.2 Suggestions

115

Literature work can not be separated from the usage of figurative language. Figurative

language is one of ways to express writer’s mind through the language. One of the purposes of the

usage of figurative language by writer is to get a certain reaction from the readers. The writer

usually use beautiful words in their writing some of them have figurative meaning. The figurative

language in the sentence or phrase is called figure of speech, and some of the writer use figure of

speech to beautify the sentence and the content of the story. To improve the horizon of thought, the

writer should read writing theories. The writer also should pay attention to the usage of figure of

speech in their literature for example by reading theories about figure of speech used by other

authors in the form of article and then analyse them one by one. Metaphor will be easy to get by

readers if they often utilize them in their writing.

Figure of speech consists of simile, metaphor, personification, allegory, antithesis, hyperbole,

litotes, irony, oxymoron, paronomasia, paralysis, zeugma, metonymy, synecdoche, allusion,

euphemism, ellipsis, inverse, gradation, alliteration, antanaklasis, chiasmus, and repetition. Those

which are interested in doing research about figure of speech. It is better to analyse parts of figure of

speech that the writer does not do to enrich the Indonesian and English literature. And to answer the

perspective problems of the figure of speech which have been written in the novel. The writer

realized that there are still many mistakes because of the limited source book that discuss the

figurative language. In this research, the writer has four suggestions in the analysis of the usage of

metaphor, as follows :

116

The writer suggests to those who are interested in doing the research about figurative

language, to analyse other parts of figurative language. There are so many figurative

language that can be analyzed beside the metaphors in order to enrich the study in

English Literature.

Exploring the books which are related to the figurative language to more know about

it.

Other researchers who are interested in doing the same research should be careful in

translating the idiomatic form of figurative language.

The use of figurative language is very useful in sending ideas that want to be express.

In order to more better translate an metaphor, the translator should identify it from

those expressions which are not metaphors. Then investigates the classification to

which that particular metaphor belongs and selects the suitable strategy for his

translation. During this process, the translator should be careful of the naturalness

and readability of his text. Larson (1984) states that the translator also needs to

develop sensitivity to the use of idioms in the receptor language and uses them

naturally to make the translation lively and keep the style of the source language.

There will often be words in the source language which are not idioms but are best

translated with an idiom.

117

Bibliography

Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms (Seventh Edition). The United States of America: Heinle & Heinle.

118

Alwasilah, Chaedar. A. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif. Bandung: Pustaka Jaya.

Badudu, J.S. 1993. Inilah Bahasa Indonesia yang Baik dan Benar III. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Chapman, Raymond. 1982. The Language of English Literature. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.

Dickens, Charles. 1861. Great Expectations. UK: Chapman & Hall.

Furman, Kristen. 1995. Rhetorical Tropes. www.lcc.gatech.edu.

Genette, Gerard. 1981. Figures. Paris: Seuil

Hartono, R. 2009. Teori Penerjemahan: A handbook for Translator. Semarang: Cipta Prima Nusantara.

___________. 2012. Translating Metaphors from English into Indonesia: Problem and solutions.

Journal of Language and Literature, 4 (2). Semarang: Semarang State University.

Hatim, B and Munday, J. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge.

Haser, Verena. 2005. Metaphor, Metonymy, and Experientialist Philosophy: Challenging Cognitive Semantics. Freiburg: Mouton de Gruyter Publisher.

Hawkes, Terence. 1972. Metaphor. New York: Methuen.

Herscberger, Ruth. 1943. “The Structure of Metaphor”. The Kenyan Review. 5 (3): 433-443.

Keraf, Gorys. 2009. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

__________. 1994. Argumentasi dan Narasi. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Kridalaksana, H. 1993. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Kundera, Milan. 1984. The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Prague: Harper Perennial.

Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation :A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. London

and New York: University Press of America.

119

Lakoff, G and Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1980).

Machali, Rochayah. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.

Moeliono, A.M. 1988. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Perum Balai Pustaka.

Moentaha, Salihen. 2006. Bahasa dan Terjemahan. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Murray, Patrick. 1978. Literary Criticism: A Glossary of Major Term. New York: Longman.

Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. UK: Pergamon Press.

____________. 1982. Approaches to Translation. Great Britain: A. Wheaton & Co. Ltd.

____________. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall International.

Nida, A Eugene and Taber, Charles Russell. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Nordquist, Richard. 2003. Passage 3e + Dictionary. Georgia: Bedford/St Martin’s Publishers.

Nurgiantoro, Burhan. 2002. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Perrine, Laurence. 1991. Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense. New York: Hartcourt College Publishers.

Punter, David. 2007. Metaphor. London: Routledge.

Richards, I.A. 1937. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Satya. 2015. Great Expectations. Yogyakarta: Shira Media.

Searle, John. 1979. “Metaphor” in Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Shipley, Joseph. 1970. Dictionary of Word Literary Terms. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1985. Pengajaran Semantik. Bandung: Angkasa.

120

Ullman. 1977. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Underhill, James W. 2011. Creating Worldview: Metaphor, Ideology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Wynne, Marion. 1989. Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd.

Curriculum Vitae

121

Rahadian Bintang Abdurahman was born in Bandung on June

16th, 1995. He is the first child in his family. His father’s name

is Raden Teten Yusuf Hasanudin and his mother’s name is Teti

Rohaeti. He has a young sister namely Rahadian Alya Aulia

Arafah. He started to study at Coblong 2 Primary School

Bandung in 2001. After graduated from elementary school in

2007, he became a seven grade student at 35 Junior High School Bandung.

Afterwards In 2010, he continued his study at Al-Falah Senior High School Bandung.

In 2014, he was administered to be one of the students at English Department of

Pasundan University.

122

123

124

125