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NAVAL
HEALTH
RESEARCH CENTER
SURVEY
OF
PHYSICALLY DEMANDING
TASKS
OF U.S.
NA
VYEXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE
DISPOSAL
EOD)
PERSONNEL
W .
K. Prusaczyk
J. W .
Stuster
H.
W . Goforth, Jr.
M
B.
Beckett
J. A
Hodgdon
Report No.
98-35
T o
» , ,
9 9 9 1 1 0 8
8 4
Approved
fo r public
release;
distribution
unlimited.
NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER
PO
OX
85122
SA N
DIEGO, CA 92186-5122
BUREAU OF
MEDICINE
AND
SURGERY M ED-02)
2300 ST.
NW
WASHINGTON,
DC 20372-5300
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SURVEY OF PHYSICALLY DEMANDING TASKS O F U.S.
N A V Y EXPLOSIVE
ORDNANCE
DISPOSAL
(EOD)
PERSONNEL
W .
K.
Prusaczyk
J.
W . Stuster
H.
W . Goforth, Jr.
M.
B.
Becke t t
J.
A.
Hodgdon
Nava l Health
Research Center
P.O.
B ox
85122
Sa n
Diego,
CA 92186-5122
a n d
' Anacap a
Sciences ,
Inc .
P.O. B ox
519
Sant a
Barba ra ,
CA 93102
Report
No.
98-35
wa s
suppor ted b y
th e
Nava l Sea
Systems C o m m a n d ,
Wash ing t o n ,
DC, under
Re imbu r s ab l e
SEAtask-003,
work
unit #6272.
he
views
a n d op in ions
expressed
in this
repor t a re
those
of
th e
authors a n d
do n ot
reflect
the official pol icy
or
posi t ion
of
the
Depar tment of the
Navy,
th e Depar tment of Defense, or th e U.S. Government . Approved for pub l ic re lease ; dist r ibut ion
is
unl imi t ed .
H u m a n
subjects par t ic ipated
in
this
s tudy
af ter giving their
free
a n d in fo rmed consent . hi s
research
ha s
been co nd uc t e d
in
co mp l i a nce with
a ll
ap p l i c ab l e
Federa l Regula t ions
govern ing
th e
Protect ion
of
H u m a n
Subjects
in
Research.
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S u m m a r y
Problem
elect U.S.
Navy
commands
have
the authority
to
establ ish
physical
fi tness
standards
higher
than
those
of the
general
fleet. here
was a
desire in
the
Explosive Ordnance
Disposal
(EOD) communi ty
to
have gender-neutral standards
fo r
the
semiannua l
Physical Readiness
Test
(PRT)
that
reflected
the
occupa t iona l
demands
placed
on
an
EO D
technician.
o
determine
the
physical
requirements of EOD
tasks,
it
was first
necessary
to
identify
the
physically
demanding
tasks
that
the technicians perform.
Objective he primary
objective
of
this study was
to
identify
physically
demanding
tasks
performed
during
EOD operations and
to
rank them
according
to
difficulty
to
perform, frequency
of
performance,
and
impor t ance
to
overal l miss ion success. second
objective
was
to
identify
specific
abil i t ies that
contr ibute
to
success
as
an EO D technician .
Approach
ubject
mat ter
experts
(SME)
from
t raining
and
operational
EO D
uni ts
were
interviewed
regarding
the
tasks
they
perform
or
ha d
performed
as EO D
technicians.
ased
on
these
interviews,
we
developed
a
preliminary
inventory
of
the
physical
tasks.
opies
of
th e
inventory
were
sent
to
the
SMEs
fo r review and
comment .
ollowing
an
iterative
review
and
revise
process,
the
inventory
was
judged
comprehensive
and
technically
accura te.
ro m
the
inventory, we developed a
three-part
quest ionnaire
based
on
the
tasks.
art one contained task
sta tements such as:
Lift
SCUBA
tanks above
head
to pass to
personnel
aboard
support craft.
EO D
technicians
rated
each
s tatement
from
one
to
seven (least
to
most)
on
difficulty
to
perform,
frequency of
performance,
and
impor t ance
to overall
miss ion
success.
he
three
individual
scores
fo r these
dimensions
were
s ummed
for
each
s tatement
to
obtain a composite score.
he
composi te score
was
calculated to
mit igate
the
effect
of
extremely
difficult
activities
that
a re
performed
infrequently or
are
of little
consequence
to
miss ion success . art
tw o
of th e
quest ionnaire
involved
identifying
specific
tasks
that
(1)
required
the
mos t
muscu l a r strength,
(2)
required
the
mos t
muscu l a r
endurance,
(3)
were
the
mos t
physically
demanding
tasks
that
a re
performed
routinely, and (4 ) were
the
m os t
physically
demanding
tasks
that were
ever
performed. final
quest ion
in
this
sect ion
asked what task the
technician believed
a ll
members
of
an EO D team
should
be
ab le
to
perform.
he
final section
of the
survey
asked
the
technicians
to
rate
24
abil i t ies (e.g.,
m an u a l
dexterity,
memorizat ion)
into categories of more
important,
important,
and
less
important
to
miss ion
success . he
responses
to
the
abilities
quest ions
then
were
ranked
ordinally
within
the
three
categories.
Resul ts.
total of 84
technicians
from
EOD
Groups ONE and TW O completed the survey. he
years
of
EO D
experience
of
this sample
ranged
from
to
26.5
years, with
a mean
(±
SD) of 9 (±
2)
years. wenty-nine
of
th e
84
part ic ipants (34.5%)
reported
having
10
or more
years
of
EO D
experience.
he
to p
tw o rated
tasks
on th e composite
score
were
logistics
tasks
of
loading
diving
equ ipment
onto a support craft.
he
three
tasks
that
respondents
believed
every
EO D
team
member
should
be
able
to
perform
were
partner rescues.
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Conclus ions .
o
ou r
knowledge,
these
data
comprise
the
mos t
comprehensive
analysis
of
the
physical
demands
of actual
EO D tasks
performed
to
date.
ogist ics
tasks appear
to
be
among
the
mos t
physically
demanding
and
frequently
performed
tasks.
hese
data provide a bas i s
fo r
developing
job-based physical
fitness
standards
and
m ay
be
used
to
develop task-oriented
physical
t raining
programs
for EO D
technicians.
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Introduction
Fe w U.S. Navy
personnel
are
Explosive Ordnance
Disposal (EOD) qualified. oday, there
are
only abou t 1,000
of
these
well-trained
and highly motivated
profess ionals
serving
in
this
communi ty .
OD
personnel serve
in
mobi le
uni ts , shore and
shipboard
detachments, training
and evaluat ion
uni ts ,
a
technology
development
center,
and
on
s taff
a t
EOD
Groups ONE
and
TWO.
OD
uni ts
are
deployed
throughout
the
world, providing
support
for
both
at-sea
and
shore-based
operations.
The
EOD
miss ion
is
to
el iminate
hazards from
ordnance
that jeopardize
operations
conducted
in
support
of
the
National Military
Strategy
by
providing comba t ready
EOD
forces
to
the fleet.
This includes detecting, identifying, rendering safe, and disposing of
explosives
on
l and
or
at
sea
under
any
type
of
environmental
condition.
hi s
extremely
broad
miss ion
requires
that
technicians
be
trained in the full range of known
ordnance,
from
s imple
blas t ing
caps
to
exotic
chemical,
biological ,
or nuclear weapons, and
in
unconventional
ordnance,
such
as
improvised
explosive
devices (IED) (e.g.,
pipe
bombs , satchel
charges,
and
ca r bombs ) that
a re
not
held in
mili tary
or
civi l ian
inventories.
urther,
EO D
personnel
mus t
be
capab le
of
performing
a
variety
of inser t ion
techniques (e.g.,
sma l l
boat, SCUBA,
parachute, fast
rope)
to
reach
remote
locations.
Navy
EOD
technicians
at tempt
to
reduce
the
risk
involved
in
ordnance
disposal
by
employing
formalized
procedures.
hey
are trained extensively
in the
technical
characterist ics
of a
broad
range of
known and
improvised
ordnance, and
they
are
required
to
follow
establ ished
procedures
fo r
specific
devices. he approach
an
EO D
team
selects
when
rendering safe an
explosive
device
is
guided
by
the
principle of
min imizing
exposure
of
personnel
to
risk
(e.g.,
no
more
people
than
necessary
m ay
enter the
blast /fragmentat ion
zone).
This
principle
can
mean
that
a single
technician
can
be
required to
carry
heavy equipment
loads
to
a site.
In
addit ion
to
technical
training
in
handling
of
explosives,
Navy
EO D
technicians
m u s t
be
qualif ied
as
scuba
and
mixed-gas
divers.
Diving can
be strenuous, especial ly
in
cold
water
or
when
performing
repetitive
tasks
fo r long
durat ions. erhaps
equally
demanding
are
the
logistic
requirements
of
diving. Diving equipment is heavy and
often
m u s t
b e
transported
by
hand from
storage
locat ions
to a
vehicle
or vessel and
then
back
when
th e
task
o r
deployment
is
complete .
One of
the guiding EO D principles
is
to
develop
creative
solutions
to
problems
us ing
mechan ica l
advantages
(e.g.,
winches,
block
and tackle, and vehicles) whenever poss ible
to
minimize
the
physical
effort
required fo r a
task.
Occasional ly, situations arise
in
which
there is
insuffic ient
equ ipmen t
or t ime
to
perform
a
task
in
the optimal
manner .
t
is
these
ins tances
that
can
place
the
greatest physical
demands on
EO D
technicians. OD
technicians
m u s t b e
prepared
physical ly
to perform
their
duties
a t
a ll
t imes
despite
these
cont ingencies
and
to
mainta in the
required
high
level
of
operational
and
technical
readiness.
A s
with
other
select
nava l
commands
(e.g.,
Naval Special
Warfare, Search
and
Rescue),
EO D
c om m an ds
a re
permitted
to
set
their
ow n Physical Readiness Test (PRT) standards.
hese
common ly
include
additional tasks
like
pull-ups, swimming,
and
higher
standards
than
the
fleet.
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Ke y EO D c o m m a n d e r s a n d sen ior technicians believe that the
physica l
requ i rement s
of EOD
tasks
warran t these higher s t anda rds . his
s t udy
w a s
conducted
to addres s
co nce r n s regarding
just i f ica t ion
for exist ing EO D
PR T
s t andards .
he
goal
of
the s tudy
wa s
to
provide ba s i c
i n forma t ion
that
would
a l low
a n object ive
estimation
of and ,
if
possible ,
quant i f i ca t ion
of
th e
physica l
d e m a n d s
p laced
on
EO D per sonne l while performing their du t ie s . secondary goal
was
to
se lec t
co mp o ne n t s
an d
s t anda rds
for
th e
EOD
PR T
that
would
b e
gender
neu t ra l ,
thereby
estab l ishing
a s ingle
set
of
s t anda rds
for
a ll
technicians
based
on
th e
phys ica l
requ i rement s
of
th e
job.
Methods
This research
i nvo lved
10
maj o r
s teps .
he methodology ha s
been
u se d
success fu l ly
in
th e
pas t
with U.S.
N avy Sea-Air-Land
(SEAL)
physically
demanding operat ions
(Prusaczyk
et
al . ,
995a)
and
SEAL
Delivery
Vehicle
crew
position
t a sks (Prusaczyk
et
al . ,
1995b).
he
fo l lowing
sect ions descr ibe each of the project
phases
in
deta i l .
Conducted
Interviews
with
EOD
Subject
Matter
Experts
SME )
The project began
with
a
series of
i n fo r ma l , open-ended
interv iews
with
sen ior
EOD
t e chnic ians
from mo b i l e units and EO D Group O NE
staff
located in Sa n Diego,
CA .
he next
s tep wa s to
condu c t a site visit
to
th e EO D Training an d Evaluation Unit
ONE
(EODTEUONE)
a t Nav a l
Magazine Lua lua le i ,
HI.
pproxima te ly 15
EODTEUONE inst ructors
a n d c o m m a n d per sonne l
were interv iewed
dur ing
the visit .
n conjunction with
th e
visi t , the
re sea rch team part ic ipated
in
a joint EOD/U.S. A r m y Spec ia l Forces
a ir operations
exercise . n ano the r o cca s io n ,
a m e m b e r
of the re sea rch team par t ic ipated
in
a spec ia l nuclear response t ra ining exercise (Operat ion
Broken
Arrow)
co nd uc t e d near Albuq ue r q ue ,
NM ,
to obt a in exper ience with EO D t asks
performed while wear ing nuc lea r , b io logica l , an d ch e mica l protect ion e nse mb le s a n d th e M CU
2/P
respira tory
protect ive
m a sk .
he
exercise
simulated
a
land
r ange
c l e a r ance
an d
a
nu c l e a r
render
sa fe
procedure
(RSP).
A second ser ies of interv iews
and
obse rva t ions w a s
conducted
with
EO D Group TW O
per sonne l
an d staff a t NA B
Litt le Creek,
VA .
s i te visit w a s m a d e to th e EOD Train ing a n d Eva lua t ion
Unit TW O (EODTEUTWO)
a t Fort Story,
VA . EODTEUTWO per sonne l
were in terviewed a n d
the
research
team
inspec ted
spec ia l
fac i l i t ies
developed
b y
EOD
Group
TW O
to suppor t
high-fidelity
t r a in ing .
The object ive of
a ll
interv iews
an d observations wa s to ident ify
th e
EO D t a sks
a n d act iv i t ies that
involve
th e greatest phys ica l dem a nds . ersonnel were asked to
desc r ibe
th e most physically
dem a nd ing
tasks
or
act iv i t ies
tha t
they
had
performed
a s
an
EOD
t e chnic ian .
o m m e n t s
were
recorded
fo r
later
review
a n d
ana lys is .
n
a l l ,
m o r e
than
70 EO D
SM E
were
interv iewed.
spec ia l effort
was m a d e
to
interview
th e most experienced EOD
per sonne l sti l l
on
ac t ive duty.
Reviewed EOD
Training
Documents
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The
research team reviewed
a
l imited n u m b e r of EO D t ra ining d o cume n t s , bu l le t ins , a n d course
descr ip t ions.
hese mate r ia l s
provided little in fo rma t ion regarding
th e
physica l requirements
of
ta sks
b u t
were
i nv a l u ab l e
in
ident ifying procedura l
an d e q u ip me n t
i s sue s
that co u ld influence
t a sk
per fo rmance .
Developed a
Preliminary
List of the M ost
Physically
Demanding
EOD
Activities
Base d on th e interv iew no te s
a n d research t e am
obse rva t ions ,
a draf t list
of
the most physically
d e mand ing EO D t asks
an d act iv i t ies
were
prepared.
ll t a sk s t a t ement s
were phrased
in
the
s a m e
fo rma t
to
faci l i t a te co mp a r i so n
a m o n g
i t ems .
t a t ement began
with
an ac t ion verb
fo l lowed
b y th e
object
of
th e verb
a n d
ho w
or w hy
th e t a sk
wa s
performed.
typical
statement
migh t be:
Lift
SCUBA tanks above head
to
pass
to
personnel
aboard
support
craft.
The
draf t l i s t
co n t a i ne d
65 t a sk
s t a temen ts
organized
in to
th e
b r o ad
categor ies
of dive
opera t ions ,
mar ine
m a m m a l
sys t ems,
a ir operat ions,
ordnance , IED, an d
other act iv i t ies .
The
last
category
cont a ined
t asks su ch
a s
emergency
rescues ,
logis t ics ,
and
c o m b a t
ta sks .
he
list,
as
designed,
co u ld b e categor ized fur ther accord ing to th e f requency with which th e t a sk wa s performed. he
categor ies
inc luded t asks
that
a re
rout inely performed, s u ch as logis t ics ta sks
a n d loading
e q u ip me n t
abo a r d
a
ship,
a n d
t asks
that might
b e
infrequent ly
performed,
(if
ever)
during
an
EO D career, su ch as ca r ry ing b o m b s through
a
s w a m p or re scu ing a d isab led par tner .
SM E
Reviewed
the
Draft
List
The draf t
l i s t
of
t asks wa s
submi t t e d
for
review to
representa t ives
of EO D Groups
O NE
a n d
TWO. to ta l
of
15
exper ienced EO D t e chnic ians
a n d officers reviewed th e l i s t , returning
c o m m e n t s
on feasibi l i ty, accuracy, an d specif ic i ty
of th e t a sk s t a t ement s . or example ,
when
reviewing t a sk feasibi l i ty,
a reviewer's c o m m e n t s might ind ica t e that a t a sk is typically
per fo rmed b y tw o or three people ,
ra ther
than a
s ingle
t echn ic i an .
rrors or var ia t ions in
the
t e rms used
to
descr ibe
equ i pmen t
an d procedures were
corrected.
ina l ly ,
exact
weights
of
e q u ip me n t
or
loads
a nd
th e
d is t ances
these loads
typica l ly
a re
carr ied
either were
measured
or
specif ied
b y
th e reviewers.
M odi fi ed the Draft List Us ing
SM E
Comments
The research team
a n d
sen ior
EO D
per sonne l co nd uc t e d d iscuss ions
to
de te rmine the need
for
further
modif ica t ions
of t a sk
s t a t ement s .
o l lowing
th e
d iscuss ions ,
the
f inal
l i s t
of the
most
physica l ly
d e m a n d i n g
EOD
act iv i t ies
was
prepared,
reviewed,
a nd
approved.
he
f i na l
list
cont a ined 64 t a sk s t a t ement s .
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Developed
Questionnaire and
Conducted Survey
A
se lf-adminis tered
ques t ionna i re
wa s
cons t ruc t ed
for
dist r ibut ion
to
a
s a m p l e
of
exper ienced
EO D per sonne l . urvey
ques t ionna i re s
were
sen t to project l i a i sons ' a t EOD
Groups ONE a n d
TW O who coordinated the participation of th e EO D t e chnic ians an d
admin i s t e red the
survey.
The ques t ionna i re
wa s
co mp o se d of three
sec t ions .
he f ir s t
i nc luded
the
f ina l
l i s t
of 64
physica l ly d e mand ing act iv i t ies with four
ques t ions asked a b o u t
each
task
s t a temen t .
irst ,
the
re spondent
wa s
a sked
whether
he
or she had ever performed th e task or on e very
s imi la r
(a
yes /no
quest ion) .
econd,
three ques t ions
regarding
diff icul ty,
imp o r t a nce ,
a n d
f requency
of
per fo rmance were
asked
a b o u t
e a ch
ta sk .
e r sonne l
answered u s i ng
a 7-point Likert
sca le
(Figure
1)
that
wa s
reproduced
a t
th e
to p
of each
page
of
th e
ques t ionna i re .
A .
How
physica l ly
DIFFICULT is it
to
perform
th e
mis s io n a t a sa t i s fac to ry level
co mp a r e d
to
a ll
other
mi s s i on s per fo rmed?
eas ie s t ed ium diff icu l ty os t diff icu l t
B . How
IMPORTANT is
it
for
a n EOD
t e chnic ian
to be
ab le
to
perform
th e
mis s io n
co mp a r e d
to a ll
other
act iv i t ies?
least impor t an t ed ium importance
os t impor t an t
C. How FREQUENTLY is th e act iv i ty performed co mp a r e d to a ll
other act iv i t ies?
once
in
a
career nce
a
year nce
a
m o n t h
(o r
more )
Figure
1.
-point
Likert
scale
with
questions.
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In
part
tw o
of the questionnaire, the
technicians
were
asked
seven
quest ions
abou t
the listed
tasks.
he
technicians
identified
the
one
task
that
requires the mos t
muscu l a r
strength,
the on e
that
requires
the
mos t
muscu l a r
endurance,
and
the
one
that
was the
mos t
physically demanding.
Each
question
was asked
independent ly
abou t
the
tasks
that a re
performed
routinely and
tasks
that
ha d
ever been
performed. f inal quest ion was asked
to
determine
which
of
th e
tasks
the
technician
would
want
every
person
in
the
EO D
team
to
be
ab le
to
perform.
The
final
section
of the quest ionnaire
solicited
rat ings
of
the
abilities
required
to
be a
successful
EO D
technician. hi s
technique
was used
to
identify
th e
key abilities for
success
in
Naval
Special
Warfare
(NSW)
tasks (Prusaczyk
et
al.,
1995a;
Prusaczyk
e t al,
1995b).
articipants
were
provided
an envelope
contain ing
24
ability cards,
with
one ability (e.g., strength, s t amina ,
depth
perception) l isted
and
described
on
each. he
titles and descriptions
were
derived
from
Fleishman
and Quantance
(1984).
Also in
the
envelope
were three category cards labeled
Less Important, Important,
and
More
Important.
he
abilities and
categories,
including
th e
written
description of the ability, are
inc luded
in Appendix
A.
The
participants
were
asked
to
place
the three category
cards
on
a
table
in
front
o f
them,
then
to
distribute the
ability
cards
into
the
categories
that bes t reflected
the
relat ive
importance o f
each
ability
to successful jo b
performance
as
an
EOD
technician . art ic ipants
then
arranged the cards
within
each
category
in
order of relat ive
impor t ance,
with the
mos t
impor t an t
ability
on
top.
he
deck
then
wa s reassembled
and
returned
to
the
envelope
fo r
subsequent
analysis.
This sorting
procedure
resulted
in a
rank
ordering of
all
abilities
based
on
the
personal
experience
and perspective
of
each
technician . he
t abu la ted
data
from a ll
technicians
resulted in
a
list of
the abilities and
the
average
order
of
impor t ance
to
successful jo b performance.
he
rank order
of
the
category
cards
were
tabulated
a long
with
the
orders
of
the
abilities
making
it
possible to
identify
category
breaks
in
the
aggregate
data .
Analyzed the Data
Completed
surveys and
the
accompanying
decks of
ability
cards
were
returned
and
the data
were
entered into Excel Microsoft,
Inc.; Redmond,
W A)
spreadsheets
fo r analysis . Mean
values
were
obtained
fo r each task
s tatement
fo r each
of the
quest ions
on
frequency
of
performance,
difficulty
to
perform, and
importance
to
miss ion success. he
task
sta tements
then
were
ranked
in
terms of
the scores on the
three
quest ions . Mean
values fo r
the
quest ions
were
subsequently
combined
to
form
a
fourth
dimension,
a
composi te score
on
which
a ll tasks
could
be
compared.
Th e
composi te score
weighted
difficulty, importance,
and
frequency
measures
equally.
Although
there
are m a n y methods for
determining
the
contr ibut ion
of
mult iple
dimensions
to
a
composite
(e.g.,
differential
weighting),
equal
weighting
was selected
for
the
purposes
of
this
study.
t
wa s
believed that
the
compos i t e score
provided the
mos t
credible
way
to
compare
across
the
tasks fo r
the
purpose of
this
study. Not a ll
EO D
tasks
were
included
in
the
inventory,
only
those reported
to
be
among the m o s t physical ly demanding.
ha t a t a sk
is
difficult
to
perform
wa s
one
of the
criteria
fo r inc lus ion
in
the survey. However,
relying
exclusively
on
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dif f icu l ty
to
perform
co u ld place
to o
great
a n
e mp h a s i s
on
extremely
d i f f i cu l t
t a sks
that
a re
relat ively
unimportant and /o r
per fo rmed
very infrequent ly.
Using
the
co mp o s i t e
sco re avoided a
reliance on
difficulty
to
per form.
Final ly,
th e
order
of
th e
abi l i ty
an d
category
ca rds wa s
recorded
fo r
e a ch
respondent
a nd
descr ip t ive
statistics
were
co mp u t e d
fo r
th e
entire
sample .
Results
and
Discussion
Responden t s
A to ta l
of
84 t echn i c i ans from EO D Groups
O NE
an d TW O comple ted th e
survey. he m e a n (±
SD) EO D experience
of
this s amp le wa s
9
(± 2) years, rang ing
from to 26.5
years . wenty-
nine
of
th e
84 participants (34.5%) reported 10 or mo r e years
of EOD exper ience .
Part One:
ask
Analysis
Appendix
B contains
th e
comple te
inventory
of
t asks
in
order
of presenta t ion
in
th e
ques t ionna i re . he
append ix
a l so l ists
th e
m e a n
sco re
for
each
t a sk
s t a t e me n t
on
the
diff icul ty
to
per fo rm,
importance
to
mis s io n succes s , f requency
performed, and the
co mp o s i t e score.
Difficulty to Perform
Table presents
the to p 10
t a sks
ra ted
the
most
d i f f i cu l t
to
perform.
he data
in
Table
i nd i ca te
that
the
most
difficult
t a sk
wa s
a 500-yard
sur face
swim
aga ins t
cur ren t
an d
swells
while
wear ing
SCUBA gear; a
task
75 % of the s amp le had performed.
he
second m o s t d i f f i cu l t act iv i ty
involved th e disposal
of
a
large n u m b e r
of
World War II b o m b s on
a
remote
i s l and
in th e Pacif ic
O ce an ;
however , only 9% of re spondent s
reported exper ience with
this or a
s im i l a r
d isposa l
task
requiring that amount of
m a n u a l labor.
The third most difficult t a sk ref lect s
a
re la t ive ly new EO D responsibi l i ty dur ing low-intens i ty
conf l i c t . O D Group TW O c o m m a n d e r s a re
act ive ly expand ing the EO D mis s io n
to
i nc lude
participation
with
NSW an d other spec ia l ly
t r a ined
e lement s
in
joint operat ions. They be l ieve
that
fu tu re
conflicts
will
b e
fough t
pr imar i ly
b y
spec ia l operat ions
un i t s a n d
that th e EOD
community
wil l
con t r i bu te
subs t an t ive ly
to
these efforts. hi s n ew mis s io n , however ,
will
p l ac e
addi t iona l
requirements on EOD per sonne l for
phys ica l
cond i t ion ing a n d t a c t i ca l
t r a in ing .
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Table
1
op
10
Tasks: Difficulty
to
Perform.
Mean
Diff icul ty
Task
Sta temen t
(proportion
of
s a m p l e
who
have
performed
th e
task)
6.17
Swim
on su r f a ce a
di s t an ce
of
500
yards, wear ing
a
ful l wet suit , twin 80s, a par t ia l ly
inf la ted
l ife
ves t , a n d f ins in -foot swells
an d
aga in s t a 1-knot cur ren t .
(75%)
6.12
Drag
on e hundred
250-kg
b o m b s through a s w a m p
(d is t ance
approx.
00
feet) us ing
b lock
an d
t ackle with
another
EO D techn ic ian . (9%)
6.01
Ru n
1
mile
over
b e a c h an d
s a nd
dunes ,
spr in t ing
from
cove r to
cover
with 2-min
res ts
be tween th e
20- to 50-yard spr in ts , while wear ing a
40-lb
pack a nd
carrying
an M-16, in 85°F t emperature a nd
high humidi ty. (36%)
6.00
Conduct a
moving
Jacks tay grid search a t a
depth
of 50 fee t
and with Vfe-knot
cur ren t ,
while
carrying an ordnance
locator
in
on e hand an d
moving
a
100-lb c lum p (heavy du e
to
current ) 6-foot
increments (approx.
50
t imes dur ing a
2-hr
period).
(82%)
5.99
Conduct biologica l emergency response c le a r ance
(RSP/detox)
over uneven
terrain
for 2 hr in
70°F t empe ra t u re a n d lo w humidi ty while wear ing tox icologica l agen t protect ive (TAP) su i t (with
ic e vest ) and mask . (71%)
5.98
Carry
a
40-hp
outboard
m o t o r (approx.
10 lb )
from
t ruck on dock to c o m p a r t m e n t aboard an
aircraft carr ie r (3 leve ls down), with a par tner , in preparat ion fo r deployment . (57%)
5.92
Set-up e q u ip m e n t
( s takes ,
l ines,
etc . )
a nd
hau l a 2,000-lb m i n e
onto
th e beach us ing blocks ,
tack le ,
a n d four addi t iona l EO D techn ic ians (n o t ruck ava i lable) . 82%)
5.90
Carry
a
foot locker
con ta in ing
EO D
t echnical m a n u a l s (approx.
220
lb )
from t ruck
on
dock to
compartment
aboa rd an a ircraf t
carr ie r
(3 levels down) , with a
partner,
in preparat ion for
dep loymen t . (91%)
5.89
Carry co l l ap s ib le che s t con ta in ing
EO D
e q u ip m e n t and
d o c u m e n t s
from t ruck o n dock to
compartment aboard
an
airc raf t carr ie r (3 leve ls down), with three other EO D
t e chn i c i an s ,
in
preparation
fo r dep loymen t
(a tota l
of eight chest s weighing 150
to
220 lb). (88%)
5.89
Carry
a
d i sab led
partner (approx. 185 lb ) ove r shoulder ( f ireman 's carry) to safe ty (e.g.,
from
b la s t
or toxic f u m e s , d i s t ance
approx.
100 yards) . (40%)
10
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The
four th
m o s t
diff icul t
t a sk to
perform
is
a m ore
t r ad i t iona l
EO D
ta sk,
underwater
c lea rance .
This
operat ion is per fo rmed rout ine ly und e r unu sua l ly
dif f icu l t cond i t ions
in Flor ida ' s
In land
Waterway. hi s
is
a
t a sk per fo rmed annua l ly
to
remove
o r d nance
an d debr is from a channe l near
a target range.
The fifth t a sk
involves
c lea rance
an d
RSP
while wear ing
a t ox ico logica l age n t
protect ive (TAP)
su i t . While th e t a sk is not diff icul t b y i t se l f , th e thermal s t ress th e t e chnic ian exper iences dur ing
th e
act iv i ty make s
i t
physica l ly
demand ing . echnic ians reported that ,
under cer ta in
e nv i r o nme n t a l cond i t ions ,
working fo r
2
hours
in
a
TA P
su i t might b e impossible
to
comple te .
This type
of
work i s
so diff icul t
tha t ,
dur ing
t ra ining,
t echn i c i ans
often
a re
not
required
to
wear
th e
respira tory
protect ive
m a s k s dur ing warm weather.
Four
of the
r e ma in ing
f ive t asks
require
l ift ing
and
ca r ry ing
heavy
weights . Three
of
th e
t a sks a re
logis t ics- re la ted
act iv i t ies per fo rmed
a s
a un i t
deploys
abo a r d ship
a n d on e
task
involves
ca r ry ing
a d isab led par tne r to
safety.
The r e ma in ing ta sk,
one performed
b y
82 % of the EO D t e ch n i c i a n s ,
invo lves
the
be a ch ing
of a
su r f a ce
m i n e
u s i ng
m a n u a l
remote-beaching
gear , a
task
s im i l a r
to
th e
d isposa l
of old
o r d nance
( task s t a t ement
#2).
Impor t ance to Miss ion
Success
T ab le
2
presents th e top 10 t asks ra ted m o s t impor t an t for a n EO D technician to perform. he
t asks l i s ted
in
Table
2
a re of tw o
types:
mergency
re scue
ac t ions ( inc lud ing th e
re scue
task
l is ted
l a s t
in
Table
1)
an d act iv i t ies
that
a re
cen t ra l
to
th e
traditional
EO D
mi s s i on . he
to p
f ive
t a sks
a re a ll
r e s cue
ac t ions ,
four invo lv ing
re scu ing
a disabled
dive
partner and
the other
a
rescue
on
l and .
etween
29 %
an d
4 9%
of
th e re spondent s reported
that
they
have
had
to perform these
or s im i l a r t asks
a t
l e a s t o nce dur ing their EO D
careers .
The t asks ranked fifth through tenth a re s t andard EO D
ac t ivi t ies ,
rep re sen t ing s o m e
of
th e core
responsibi l i t ies
of
EOD.
l
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Table
2.
op
10 Tasks:
mportance
to
Mission
Success .
Mean
Value
Task Sta t emen t
(propor t ion
of s ample who have pe r fo rmed
th e
t ask)
6.87
Rescue disabled dive partner weighing 185 lb from a depth of 60 feet (both yo u
an d
par tner wear ing
twin 80s. (29%)
6.60
Swim on
ca lm
se a su r face a d i s t ance of 100 yards with d i sab led dive partner weighing 185 lb who is
wear ing an in f la ted l ife preserver . ( 47%)
6.47
Pull
a disabled
diver
(weighing approx . 80
lb )
into a
Mk-5
boa t , after r e le as ing
th e
diver 's
twin 80s
and
24
lb of
lead
weights,
without
a s s i s t an ce .
(49%)
6.39
Carry a disabled par t ne r (approx .
185
lb )
ove r shoulder ( f ireman 's carry) to safe ty (e.g., from b l a s t or
toxic
f umes ,
di s t an ce approx .
100
yards) . ( 40%)
6.27
Pul l
a
disabled
diver
in to
a
Mk-5
boa t ,
with
th e
diver
wear ing
a
wet
su i t ,
a
s e t
of
twin
80s,
and
24
lb
of
lead weights
(approx.
28 0 lb total),
with
a s s i s t an ce . (49%)
6.22
Swim
150
feet
to
a
f loat ing m in e , in 4-foot swel ls with
a
charge (20-lb), at t ach
th e
charge,
an d
swim
away quick ly to wait ing horse col la r fo r helicopter re t r ieval . (67%)
6.21
Perform
a l impet inspec t ion of a Spruance -c l a s s destroyer, a t night
while
carrying
a
10-lb
b ag
of
tools ,
with par tner (approx. 1- to 3-hr dura t ion) . (91%)
6.10
Set-up
and
opera te
x-ray
e q u ip m e n t
on
su spec t ed IE D
(with
mode ra t e
access) .
(99%)
6.08
Dive to a depth
of
60 feet to
br ing
then a t tach a
Mk
II
l ift
ba l loon
to
a
bo t tom
m in e ,
then
return
to
b o a t
aga in s t
a 1-knot
current in
4-foot sea s , r emove
UB A a nd
weights ,
a n d
pas s
them to person
onboa rd ;
then,
pu l l
se lf aboard.
(83%)
6.02
Don protect ive e n s e m b l e then approach IE D aboa rd
ship
(approx. d i s t ance 300 feet with tw o ladders to
c l i m b ) car ry ing x-ray e q u ip m e n t a nd tool kit. (76%)
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Frequency
Performed
Table
3
presents
the
to p
10
tasks rated
as
th e
mos t
frequently
performed by
this sample
of
EO D
technicians.
he
tasks in
Table 3
reflect
the
central role
of
diving
in
Navy
EO D
operations. iv e
of the
tasks
involve
diving-related
activity.
The
tw o
mos t
frequent
tasks, performed by
100% of
the
sample,
a re
logist ics
tasks
associated
with
diving.
Table
3. op 10
Tasks: requency Performed.
Mean
Value
Task Sta t emen t (percentage
of
s a m p l e wh o have performed
th e
ta sk)
6.42
Carry
diving
e q u ip m e n t
from
t ruck o r dive locker to.a s m a l l b o a t (6
t r ips
a t 60 lb each) .
100%)
6.37
Lift
SCUBA
t anks
(twin-80s weighing 80 lb), pass
to
eye level to pas s
to
pe r sonne l aboa rd
suppor t
craf t .
100%)
5.19
Set-up
a n d
operate
x-ray
e q u ip m e n t
on
su spec t ed
IE D
(with
moder a te
access) .
99%)
5.11
Perform
a
l impe t inspec t ion
of
a Spruance -c l a s s dest royer , a t night while car ry ing a 10-lb b ag
of
tools ,
with partner
(approx .
-to
3-hr
dura t ion) .
91%)
4.77
Perform
BED
r e sponse
wear ing
ful l
protec t ive e n s e m b l e an d
car ry ing
a
J-rod a nd
a
.50 c a l ibe r d e a r m e r
(one
in
each
hand ata rm ' s length from body),
a
firing
reel,
an d
tool
ki t
a
di s t an ce
of 300 fee t over level
t e r ra in
in
85
C
F
temperature
an d
lo w
humid i ty .
83%)
4.65
Enter wate r from b o a t wear ing
twin
80s
to ver ify correc t
YB
act ion for a n i m a l reward
(t o
approx . 40-
foot depth)
a n d
re turn to boa t (pul l ing self aboard ) , 20
t imes
in
a
2-hr
per iod.
30%)
4.63
Carry e q u ip m e n t bags
(with
s ledges , s takes ,
vest s ,
etc—weighing
60
lb )
while
t r a i l ing
th e
r emo te pul l
l ine
with
addi t ional
e q u ip m e n t
b a g
at t ached
(approx.
1,000
feet).
82%)
4.58
Unload
tw o
hundred
fifty
40-lb
ca r ton s
of
frozen marine
m a m m a l
food
(10,000-lb
tota l )
from
t r u ck
to
s torage with s ix other
EOD
t echnic ians
(bucket-brigade
s tyle).
24%)
4.51
Serve a s f a s t rope master
at
door of helicopter
for
three drops dur ing
a
day, pu l l i ng 50-lb rope
in to
helo
be tween drops . 22%)
4.39
Dive to
a
depth of 60 feet to b r ing then a t t ach a Mk n l ift ba l loon to a
bo t tom
mine , then re turn to b o a t
against
a
1-knot current in 4-foot sea s , remove UBA a nd weights, and
pas s
them to
person
onboa rd ;
then , pu l l
self aboard . 83%)
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Other frequent ly performed t asks inc lude
s u ch
pr imary EOD
act iv i t ies s u ch
a s
IE D re sponses
a nd
hul l
inspec t ions
for l impe t
mines .
lso
on
th e
l i s t
a re
tw o
marine
m a m m a l
t asks
tha t , while
n ot
performed b y large n u m b e r s
of
t e chnic ians , a re per fo rmed very f requent ly b y those re spons ib le
for
th e mar ine m a m m a l
sys tems .
Tab le
4 . op 10 Tasks: ompos i t e Score.
Mean
Value
Task Sta t emen t (percentage of s a m p l e who have
performed
th e
ta sk)
Rankings on
Difficu l ty,
Impor t ance ,
a n d
Frequency
16.74
Lift
SCUBA tanks ( twin-80s
weighing
80 lb ) to ey e level to p a s s to personnel
aboa rd
suppor t
craf t .
(100%)
Diff icul ty :
#51;
Impor t an ce :
#64;
Frequency:
#2
15.82
Carry diving e qu i p m e n t
from
t ruck
o r
dive
locker to
a s m a l l b o a t (6
tr ips
a t
60
lb
each) .
(100%)
Difficulty:
#62;
Impor tance:
#21; Frequency:
#1
15.62
Perform
IE D
response
wear ing
ful l
protective ensemb le
a n d
carrying a
J-rod
an d a .5 0 c a l ibe r dearmer
(one in each
hand a t
arm's
length from
body),
a
fir ing
reel,
a n d tool ki t
a
d i s t an ce
of 30 0 fee t ove r
level
terrain
in
85
°F
t emperature
a nd
lo w
humidi ty.
83%)
Difficulty: #26; Impor tance: #21;
Frequency :
#5
15.55
Dive
to
a
depth
of
60 fee t to
br ing
then
a t t ach
a M k
II
l ift balloon to a
bot tom
m i n e ,
then re turn to boa t
agains t a 1-knot cu r ren t in 4-foot sea s , remove UB A an d weights , an d pas s them to person onboard ; then,
pul l
self
aboard.
83%)
Diff icul ty : #32; Impor tance: #9 ; Frequency: #10
15.54
Perform
a
l impe t
inspect ion
of a Spruance -c l a s s
dest royer
a t
night
while
car ry ing
a
10-lb
b a g
of
tools ,
with partner
(approx.
-to
3-hr
dura t ion) . 91%)
Diff icul ty : #50; Impor t an ce : #7 ;
Frequency:
#4
15.05
Carry
col lapsib le
ches ts con ta in ing
EO D
e q u ip m e n t
a nd d o c u m e n t s from
t ruck on
dock to
c o m p a r t m e n t
aboa rd an
airc raf t
carr ie r
(3 levels
down),
with
three
other EO D techn ic ians , in preparat ion
for
dep loymen t (a tota l
of eight
ches ts weighing
150
to 22 0
lb) .
88%)
Diff icul ty :
#9 ;
Impor t an ce :
#30;
Frequency: #29
15.01
Don protec t ive ensemb le then
approach
IED aboard
ship
(approx. di s t an ce 300 fee t with tw o ladders to
c l imb) carrying x-ray equ ipmen t a nd tool kit. (76%)
Difficu l ty: #38; Impor tance: #10; Frequency: #12
14.98
Swim on
su r f a ce
a
di s t an ce
of 50 0 yards wear ing a ful l wet sui t , twin 80s, a par t ia l ly-inf la ted l ife
ves t ,
and
f ins in 4-foot swel ls and agains t a 1-knot cur ren t . 75%)
Diff icul ty : #1 ; Impor t an ce : #33; Frequency: #3 8
14.93
Carry a foot locker con ta in ing EOD t e chn ic a l
m a n u a l s
(approx.
22 0 lb ) from t ruck on dock
to
c o m p a r t m e n t aboa rd an airc raf t carr ie r (3 leve ls
down),
with
a
par tner , in preparat ion
for
deployment .
(91%)
Diff icul ty :
#8 ; Impor t an ce : #41; Frequency: #2 5
14.86
Conduc t a moving Jacks tay grid search a t
a
depth of 40 feet a n d
with
Vfe-knot cur ren t , while carrying an
ordnance
locator in one hand and moving
a
100-lb
c l u m p (heavy du e to cur ren t) 6-foot i n c remen t s
(approx.
50
t imes dur ing a 2-hr period).
82%)
Diff icul ty : #4 ;
Impor t an ce :
#25; Frequency: #3 4
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Co mp o s i t e Score
Table 4 presents
the
top
10
t asks ranked
in
t e rms of
th e
co mp o s i t e score. he
m a x i m u m poss ib le
va l u e of the compos i t e
sco re
is
21
(i.e.,
7-point maximum on e a ch of
th e
three other
d imens ions) .
Also provided
in
T ab le 4
a re th e r ankings
of each task on th e
diff icul ty,
impor tance ,
a n d
f requency
d ime ns io n s .
This
score
reflects th e
combination
of
diff icul ty,
imp o r t a nce ,
a nd
frequency,
for each
t a sk
in
the
inventory.
or example ,
the
t a sk
l i s ted
previously
in
Table
a s
th e
second
m o s t
diff icul t
t a sk
to
perform wa s ra ted as
63
rd
ou t
of
the
64 ta sks
in imp o r t a nce
a nd 57
th
in f requency. evera l
re spondent s
c o m m e n t e d
that th e t e chnic ians per fo rming the t a sk shou ld
have
waited fo r
ass i s t ance ,
preferably s o m e o n e
with a
t ruck.
ven
th e
t e chnic ian
who
reported th e
t a sk
agreed
that
there
wa s
n o
urgency
to
remove
th e
b o m b s ,
a n d
that
i t
wa s
better
to
m ove th e
b o m b s
b y
hand than to wai t days for a s s i s t a nce to
arrive. he t ask,
while diff icul t ,
wa s nei ther imp o r t a n t
nor
does it o ccu r frequent ly. y
c o m b i n i n g
th e
scores on
the
three d im en s i on s , the
t a sk ranked
only
60
th
on
th e composite
score.
All
th e
t asks
l isted
in
Table
4
were
r anked
a m o n g
th e
to p
10
on
a t
least
one
of
th e
three
d ime ns io n s bu t ,
in many ca se s , th e differences in r ankings
on
th e three l ists
a re
extreme.
or
e xamp le , th e
t a sk
l is ted a s th e
number
on e
t a sk o n the co mp o s i t e sco re , Lift
SCUBA
tanks
to eye
level to
pass
to personnel
aboard support
craft,
is not cons ide red very diff icul t co mp a r e d with
a ll
of
th e other t asks
(51
st
),
nor wa s itcons ide red very imp o r t a n t
that
a ll
t e chnic ians b e ab l e
to
perform this l i f t ing task
(64*);
however ,
th e t a sk i s performed very
f requent ly . i f t ing SCUBA
t anks
in
this m a n n e r i s s e co nd only to carrying th e t anks
an d other dive e q u ip me n t from the dive
locker or a t r uck or a dock to b e l oaded aboa rd . l l
of
th e responden t s
in
this
s tudy
reported
having per fo rmed these t a sks very frequent ly. ou r
of
the to p 10 most
diff icu l t
t asks
to
perform
a l so
a re
inc luded
on the list
of th e
top
10
co mp o s i t e
scores.
hese
i n c l ud e
th e
500-yard sur face
swim (#1 on
diff icul ty,
#8
on
compos i t e ) ,
th e
mo v ing Jacks t ay grid sea rch
with cur ren t
(# 4 on
dif f icu l ty
an d
#10
on
compos i t e ) ,
ca r ry ing
a
footlocker
fu l l
of
t e chnica l
m a n u a l s
aboard
a
ship
(# 8 on diff icul ty, #9
on
compos i t e ) ,
an d th e
s im i l a r
task
of ca r ry ing
co l l aps ib le
chests of
equipment aboa rd ,
in
preparation
for
a
dep loyment
(#9
on
diff icul ty,
#6 on composi te) .
The 10 t asks
l i s ted
in
Table 4 provide a synops i s
of
th e pr imary act iv i t ies
and responsibi l i t ies of
EOD t e chnic ians : 70%
percent
of
th e t asks invo lve carrying heavy loads ;
60%
of th e t asks
a re
diving-re la ted; a nd 4 0%
of
th e t a sks
invo lve working with explosives. t is
impor tan t to no te that
these categor ies
a re
not mut ua l ly exclusive . n fac t ,
the e mp h a s i s
on
diving an d
th e
requ i rement
for heavy l i f t ing
a re
closely re la ted, b e c a u s e diving requires equipment that m u s t be t ranspor ted
every t ime it is used . The most sen io r m e m b e r of the EOD c o m m u n i t y no ted that diving
an d
working
in
protect ive
gear a re th e factors m o s t u n i q u e
to
EOD physical
act ivi ty co mp a r e d with
more
convent iona l
N avy
act iv i t ies .
Part
Two: Specific Activities
This
sect ion
of
th e
ques t ionna i re
dealt with those
specif ic
act iv i t ies that required
th e
most
strength an d e nd u r ance
a n d were
(1) rou t ine ly per fo rmed , (2) ever performed, a n d
(3)
those that
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every
EO D t e chnic ian
shou ld
b e
ab le
to
perform.
he top
three ra ted ta sks
for
each of
th e
categor ies a re presented
in
Table
5.
There is
a recur r ing pattern of t asks that appea rs
in
Table
5. he to p three ta sks per fo rmed
regular ly
requir ing
m u s c u l a r s t rength
a n d
tw o
of
th e to p three m o s t physica l ly
d e mand ing
ta sks
regular ly per fo rmed a re logis t ics
ta sks .
he to p
t a sk
in
both ca tegories
involves
load ing
SCUBA
gear
into
a
suppor t
craft,
a
t a sk
that
a ll
re spondent s
have
per fo rmed
(see
Tab le
3).
he
to p
t a sk
for muscular endurance , bo th ever per fo rmed a nd regular ly performed, is
a
s w i m m i n g task.
Aga in ,
a
logis t ic
t a sk is ranked
a s
second
for
ta sks
requ i r ing
m u s c u l a r endurance
that
ha d
ever
been per fo rmed .
These t asks ref lect the re l i ance on e q u ip me n t (diving gear a nd ordnance
d isposa l )
a n d document a t ion
( technica l m a n u a l s ) required for
succes s fu l
EOD opera t ions .
Table 5.
op
three
specif ic
act iv i t ies requ i r ing
m o s t
m u s c u l a r
s trength
and e nd u r ance performed
regular ly
an d ever
per formed.
Task
Task
Statement
# Respondents
M uscular
Strength,
Performed
Regularly
Lift SCUBA tanks ( twin-80s weighing 80
lb )
to
ey e
level to pas s to personnel
aboard
suppor t craft.
29
2
Carry diving equ ipmen t from t ruck or dive locker to a s m a l l b o a t
(6
tr ips a t 60 lb
each) .
6
62
Carry
col laps ible
ches ts con t a in ing EO D
e qu i p m e n t
an d documen t s
from
t ruck
on dock
to
compar tmen t aboard
a n airc raf t
carr ie r (3
levels down) , with
three
other EO D techn ic ians , in preparat ion
fo r
dep loymen t
(a
to ta l
of
eight
chests
weighing 150
to 22 0 lb).
5
M uscular
Strength,
Ever
Performed
47
Set-up equ ipmen t (stakes, l ines , e tc .) a n d hau l a 2,000-lb m in e onto beach us ing
b lock s , tack le , an d fou r addi t ional EOD t e chn i c i an s (no truck ava i lable) .
13
62
Carry col laps ible ches ts con t a in ing EO D equ ipmen t a nd documen t s from t r uck
on dock to c o m p a r t m e n t aboard an airc raf t carr ie r (3 leve ls down) , with three
other EO D techn ic ians , in preparat ion for dep loymen t (a to ta l
of
eight ches ts
weighing
150
to 22 0 lb).
10
45
Drag
a
Zodiac rubbe r b o a t with twin
25-hp
motor s
at t ached
a n d
fou r 60-lb packs
i n s ide ,
through
th e
surf
zone
a n d
onto
th e
b e a c h 100
feet,
then
turn
th e
b o a t
a round ,
with
three
other
EO D t e chn ic i an s .
7
M uscular
Endurance ,
Performed
Regularly
26
Swim on
su r f a ce
a d i s t ance of 50 0
yards ,
wear ing
a fu l l wet
su i t ,
twin 80s, a
par t ia l ly-inf la ted
l ife
vest,
a n d
f ins in 4-foot swells
an d
aga in s t
a
1-knot
cur ren t .
9
52
Conduc t
biologica l
emergency r e sponse c le a r ance (RSP/detox) over
uneven
t e r ra in
fo r 2 hr
in
70°F
t empe ra t u re and lo w humid i ty while wear ing
a
7
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toxicological agen t protect ive (TAP) su i t with
ic e
ves t
an d mask .
16
Conduct a moving Jackstay grid search a t a depth of
50
fee t and with
1
/2-knot
cu r ren t ,
while
carrying
an
ordnance
locator in on e hand
a n d
moving
a
100-lb
clump
(heavy
du e
to
cur ren t)
6-foot
i n c remen t s
(approx.
50
t imes
dur ing
a
2-hr
per iod) .
6
M uscular Endurance ,
Ever Performed
26
Swim on sur face
a
d i s t ance of
50 0
yards ,
wear ing
a
ful l wet
suit ,
twin
80s,
a
par t ia l ly-inf la ted
l ife
vest,
and
fins
in
4-foot
swel ls a n d
aga in s t
a
1-knot
cur ren t .
12
47
Set-up e qu i p m e n t (stakes,
l ines,
etc . ) a nd hau l a
2,000-lb
m in e
onto
b e a c h
us ing
b locks , tack le , and four addi t iona l EOD t e chn i c i an s (n o t ruck ava i lable) .
7
16
Conduct
a
moving Jackstay grid search a t a dep th
of
50
feet
an d
with
/2-knot
current,
while
carrying
an
ordnance
locator in one hand and
m o v i n g
a
100-lb
clump (heavy du e
to
cur ren t) 6-foot
i n c remen t s
(approx. 50 t imes
dur ing
a 2-hr
period).
6
Most
Physically
Demanding ,
Regularly Performed
Lift SCUBA tanks
( twin-80s
weighing
80
lb )
to eye level to pas s to pe r sonne l
a b o a r d suppor t craf t .
17
62 Carry co l l aps ib l e ches ts con ta in ing
EO D e q u ip m e n t
an d
d o c u m e n t s from
t ruck
on
dock
to compar tmen t
aboa rd
an
airc raf t carrier (3
levels
down) ,
with three
other EO D
techn ic ians ,
in preparat ion for dep loymen t (a
tota l
of
eight
ches ts
weighing 150
to
22 0
lb).
7
26
Swim on su r f a ce a d i s t ance of 50 0 yards , wear ing a fu l l wet
su i t ,
twin
80s,
a
par t ia l ly-inf la ted l ife ves t , and f ins in 4-foot swel ls and aga in s t a 1-knot current.
6
M ost
Physically
Demanding ,
Ever
Performed
47
Set-up
equ ipmen t
( s takes , l ines , etc . ) a n d
hau l
a
2,000-lb m i n e
onto
b e a c h
us ing
b locks ,
tack le , an d
four
addi t iona l
EOD
t echnic ians
(n o
t ruck avai lab le) .
14
26
Swim on sur face a d i s t ance
of 50 0
yards ,
wear ing
a
ful l wet su i t ,
twin
80s, a
partially-inflated l ife ves t , a n d f ins in 4-foot swel ls a n d aga in s t a 1-knot cur ren t .
9
16
Conduct
a
moving
Jackstay
grid search a t a depth of
50
feet a nd with Vfc-knot
current , while carrying an ordnance locator in on e
hand
and m o v i n g a 100-lb
clump (heavy du e to current ) 6-foot i n c remen t s (approx. 50 t ime s dur ing
a
2-hr
period).
6
52
Conduct biologica l emergency r e sponse c le a r ance (RSP/detox) over uneven
terrain
for
2
hr
in
70°F
t emperature
an d
lo w
humid i ty
while
wear ing
toxicological agen t
protec t ive
(TAP)
su i t
with
ic e
ve s t
a n d
mask .
6
Perhaps
the mos t
critical
tasks
are those
the
technicians
feel everyone
in
an
EOD
team should
b e
able
to
perform. he to p
three
tasks
in
this category a re
presented
in
Table
6. hese tasks a ll
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involve
partner
rescues. OD
is
inherently
dangerous work, a
fact
compounded
by
the
hazards
involved in
diving.
t wa s deemed essent ia l by these
technicians that
each
m e m b e r
of the team
be able
to
perform partner rescues during
underwater, surface, and
land-based
operations.
Table 6.
asks
everyone
in
an
EO D
team
should
be able
to
perform.
Task#
Task
Description
# Respondents
13
Rescue disabled dive par t ne r weighing
185
lb from
a
depth of
60 feet (both yo u
a nd your par tner wear ing twin 80s).
15
17
Pul l
a
di s ab led
diver
(weighing
approx.
180
lb ) in to
a
Mk-5
boa t , after r e le as ing
th e diver's twin 80s a n d 24 lb of
lead
weights,
without
as s i s t ance .
12
57
Carry a disabled partner
(approx.
185 lb ) over shoulder ( f ireman 's carry) to safe ty
(e.g.,
from
bla s t
or
toxic
f umes ,
dis tance approx . 100 yards) .
9
Part
Three:
Abilities Analysis
Table
7 summarizes
the
results
of
the
card-sort
exercise. he
complete list
of the
abi l i ty
definitions
is
included
in
Appendix
A.
n contrast
to
the
result s
presented
above, where
a
higher
score
indicates a higher ranking, the abil i t ies
ranking
in
Table
7 are scored
so
that
a
lower
mean
value
indicates
a
higher rank
relative
to
other
abilities. ight
of
the 24
abilities were
rated
in
the
more
important category,
including
three
being
physical
abilities
and five
cognit ive abilities.
Of
the
three
physical
abilities, s tamina, or the ability
to
mainta in
physical
activity over
prolonged
periods
of
t ime,
was
by
fa r
the
most
important
physical
ability.
ossess ing
physical
s t amina
allows
a
technician
to
carry
the
loads of
diving
equ ipment
from
on e
locat ion
to
another,
to
endure
a
lengthy
l impet
inspect ion
under
a
ship
hull,
to
swim
500
yards
on
the
surface
in
sea
swells and
agains t
a
current,
and
to
conduct
a
demanding
moving
Jackstay
grid
search.
Manual dexterity,
the
second highest
physical ability,
was
rated
as
the
fifth
mos t
impor t an t
ability
overall, followed
closely
by
strength.
Manua l
dexterity
is
defined
as
the
abil i ty
to
make
skillful, coordinated hand
and
arm
movements
that
involve
equipment. hi s
is ,
perhaps,
the
one
ability
that
m os t
individuals
outside
the
EO D
commun i ty
would
associate
with
RSP
and
bomb
disposal
activities.
Strength
is
required
fo r
m an y
of
the
logistics
tasks
that
technicians
perform,
inc luding
lift ing
of
SCUBA tanks and
carrying
heavy
collapsible
chests,
footlockers,
outboard
motors ,
rubber
boats,
and
other
EOD
tools
and
materials.
trength
and
s t amina
a re
a lso
required
to
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Table
7.
Resu l t s of
the EOD Abi l i ty Ranking
Mo r e
Important
Abilities
1.
Teamwork
3. 7
2.
Problem
Solving
5. 4
3.
Stamina
6. 3
4.
Asse r t ivene ss
8.1
5.
M a n u a l
Dexterity
10.6
6.
Strength
10.6
7.
Oral
Comprehens ion
11.2
8 .
Writ ten Comprehens ion
Important
Abilities
11.4
9.
Oral Express ion
13.1
10 .
Reac t ion
Time
14.1
11.
A r m -h a n d Stead ine s s
14.5
12 .
M e m o r y
14.7
13 .
Finger Dexterity
14.8
14.
Color Disc r im ina t ion
15.2
15 .
Depth Percept ion 17.3
16 .
Near
Vision
17.9
17.
Control Prec is ion
18.2
18.
Spat ia l Orientat ion
18.2
19 .
Writ ten Express ion
18.5
20 .
Math Reason ing
18.7
21 .
Far Vis ion
19.5
22 .
Peripheral Vision
19.8
23 .
Speed of
Limb
M o v e m e n t
19.9
24 .
Night
Vision
Less Important Abilities
None
liste in
this
category
20.5
perform emergency re scue tasks , s u c h a s re scu ing
a
d isab led dive partner from a depth of 60 feet,
a
su r f a ce
re scue
s w i m ,
pul l ing
a disabled
d ive r
into
a
sm a l l
boa t ,
a nd
the f ireman's carry, a ll rated
a m o n g th e 10 most imp o r t a n t tasks that a n EOD technician should b e able to perform.
The
focus
of
this
s tudy
wa s
on
the
most
phys ica l ly
d e m a n d i n g
EOD
t a sks
an d the abi l i t ies
necessa ry
to
perform
them.
However ,
it
is
important
to
no te
that
severa l
cognit ive
abi l i t ies
were
judged
very
important
to
su cce s s f u l
p e r fo r mance
as a n
EOD t e chnic ian .
n par t icular ,
t e amwork,
prob lem
solving, an d
asse r t iveness
were
rated
a s
f ir s t , second,
and
four th
m o s t
imp o r t a n t
abi l i t ies , respect ive ly.
Teamwork wa s ra ted
b y fa r the
m o s t
impor t an t EOD
abil i ty. The
operat ional
defini t ion
of teamwork
provided w a s
the
abi l i ty
to work
with others as
part
of
a
t e a m ,
to
ant ic ipate
what
others
want
or need , a nd
to
cooperate . The
s e co nd
m os t important
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ability was
problem
solving, th e abi l i ty
to
perceive smal l
details
and size up si tuat ions quickly
and
accurately,
then
respond
with an appropriate
course of
act ion.
s described
in
the
Introduction,
a
large
portion of
EO D
work
involves smal l
groups
working
closely
together
to
develop creative
solutions
to
potent ial ly
dangerous problems. t is clear that, to achieve
success,
teamwork
and
problem
solving
a re
critical.
The
third
highest
ranked
cognit ive ability, assertiveness,
was defined
as the
ability
to br ing a
problem
or
important
information
to
the attention
of
another
crew
member .
his
ability
is
an
essentia l
component
of good
t eamwork
and
is
necessary
to
reduce
the
normal
barriers
to
communica t ion
imposed by differences
in
rate,
rank, or
sta tus within
a
team.
n EO D
technician, regardless
of
rank,
m u s t
be
able to cal l
a
problem,
or
potential
problem, to
the
attention
of an
officer
or
senior
technician.
he
consequences
of inhibited
communica t ion
among
EO D
personnel
can
be
l ife-threatening.
Tw o additional cognitive
abilit ies
were
judged
as
being
more
important,
both related
to
the
need
fo r precision
when
dealing
with
explosive devices.
ra l
comprehension
and
written
comprehension
were
rated
the
seventh
and
eighth
mos t impor t an t
abil i t ies.
Good
oral
comprehension is necessary
to
follow
th e instruct ions of another
EO D
technician who is reading
a loud
the steps fo r
a
RSP
on a
piece
of ordnance or to
unders tand
another technician's
commen t s
or
suggestions
regarding
an act ion. Written
comprehension
is
necessary
fo r the
technician
who
is
reading
the
procedures
from
a
manua l . Documentat ion
of technical specifications
and
procedures
is
a cornerstone
of a ll
EOD operations. ven
today,
technicians
routinely
encounter
ordnance
from
the
World W ar II
era.
With
the
wide variety
of
ordnance a
technician
m ay
encounter ,
it
is
imposs ible
to
memor ize
a ll
the
technical aspects of
every
explosive
device.
Reliance
on
technical
documentat ion
and
comprehension
of
written
information
is
essential.
Conclusions
This
s tudy
was
conducted
to
address
issues
related
to
the
physical
fitness
s tandards for EOD
personnel.
resently,
EO D
personnel are
required
to
mee t not only
general
fleet
standards,
bu t
a lso
meet
higher
standards
establ ished b y
their command .
om e
members of
the
EO D
commun i ty
attributed
the
absence
of uniform
higher
physical fitness
standards
to
the
emphasis
that
is
placed
on
the
team
concept
in
EOD. Viewing
the
entire
uni t
as
a team ( including support
staff),
required un i t physical
t raining
programs
be
designed
to
meet
fleet
standards,
not
to
meet
the
physical
demands
placed
on
the
EOD
technician.
t
was
n ot
within
the scope of
this study
to
evaluate
the
current
levels
of physical condit ioning of current EOD
personnel. ha t
task was
undertaken in
the
second
part
of this
project.
he
results of this
task
analysis
were
used
to
select
and
develop
mode l
physical
tasks
to
evaluate
exist ing
physical
readiness standards
fo r EO D
personnel. The
results
of
that
study
a re
presented elsewhere
(Hodgdon
et
al.,
1998).
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References
Fle i shman,
E. A .,
&
Quant ance ,
M . K.
1984).
axo no mie s
of
H u m a n
Performance :
The
Descr ip t ion
of H u m a n Tasks. ew York: cad e mic Press,
Inc.
Prusaczyk, W .
K.,
Stuster, J.
W .,
&
Gofor th,
H.
W .,
Jr.
(1995a).
n
Analys i s
of
Crit ica l
Tasks
a n d
Abil i t ies
of
SEAL
Delivery
Vehic le
(SDV)
Crew
Posi t ions
Technica l
Report
No. 95-
20).
an
Diego,
CA :
av a l
Health Research Center .
Prusaczyk,
W . K., Stuster,
J.
W ., Gofor th, H. W .,
Jr.,
Smith,
T.
L. , & Meyer,
L. T.
1995b).
Physica l D e m a n d s
of
U.S.
Navy
Sea-Air-Land
(SEAL)
Operat ions . Technica l
Report
No . 95-
24).
a n Diego, CA : av a l Health Research Center .
Hodgdon, J. A ., Becket t ,
M., Sopchick, ,
T.
L. , Prusaczyk, W .
K., &
Goforth,
H.
W .
r.
1998).
Physica l Fitness
Requi rement s
for Explosive
O r d nance
Disposa l (EOD) Divers . Technica l
Report
in
review).
a n
Diego,
CA :
Naval
Heal th
Research
Center .
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APPENDIX
A
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SKILLS AND
ABILITIES
CATEGORIES
Category
-
M O RE
IMPORTANT:
he
skills
and
abi l i t ies
in
this
category
a re
exceptionally
important
to the
su cce s s f u l
pe r f o rmance of m y
job.
Category
2 -
IMPORTANT:
he
skills a n d
abi l i t ies
in
this
category a re
important
to
the
s u c ce s s f u l
per fo rmance
of m y
job.
Category
3
- LESS
IMPORTANT: he
skills
an d
abi l i t ies in this category
a re less important
to
th e
succes s fu l
p e r fo r mance
of
m y
job.
ABILITIES
Abi l i ty
Definition
Spat ia l
Orienta t ion:
Reac t ion
Time:
Control Precis ion:
Ar m- Hand Stead ines s :
The
abi l i ty
to
mai n t a i n
or ienta t ion with
re spec t
to
objects when
you or
th e
objects
a re mo v ing .
The
speed with which
a s ingle motor response can b e m a d e
fo l lowing
the
o nse t
of
a
s ingle
s t imu lu s .
The abi l i ty
to
m a k e
fine
ad jus tment s
to
a
knob
or
dia l .
The
abi l i ty
to
m a k e
prec i se ,
s teady
a r m- h and pos i t ion ing
mo v e me n t s .
M a n u a l
Dexterity:
The
abi l i ty
to
m a k e
ski l l fu l , coord ina ted
m o v e m e n t s
of
a
h and
together
with
i ts
a r m— ma y
invo lve
e q u ip me n t ,
but
n o t e q u ip me n t
cont ro l s .
Finger Dexterity:
The
abi l i ty
to
m a k e
ski l l fu l ,
coord ina ted
m o v e m e n t s of
th e f ingers-
- m a y
invo lve
e q u ip me n t ,
but not
equipment
contro ls .
Speed
of
Lim b
M o v e me n t :
The
speed with which m o v e m e n t s
of
th e
a r m s
or legs can b e mad e ;
the
speed with
which
the m o v e m e n t
ca n
b e
carr ied
ou t af ter
it
ha s
been
in i t ia ted.
Strength:
The
a m o u n t of
muscular
force
that
ca n be exerted.
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Stamina :
Near
Vis ion :
Far
Vision:
Night Vision:
Color Disc r im ina t ion :
Peripheral
Vis ion :
Depth Percept ion:
Oral
Comprehens ion :
Written
Comprehens ion :
Ora l Express ion:
Written Express ion:
Memorizat ion:
Math
Reasoning:
Teamwork:
Asse r t iveness :
Problem
Solving:
The
abi l i ty to
ma in t a i n phys ica l act iv i ty
over prolonged per iods
of
t ime .
The
abi l i ty to see
c lo se
environmental su r round ings .
The
abi l i ty
to
see
di s t an t
environmental
sur round ings .
The abi l i ty
to
see under low
l ight cond i t ions .
The abi l i ty
to
m a t c h or discriminate between colors .
The
abi l i ty
to
perce ive
objec t s
or
m o v e m e n t
towards
th e
edges
of
th e v isua l
field.
The
abi l i ty to
d is t ingu ish
which
of
severa l
objects is
nea rer
or mo r e
distant ,
or to
judge th e
d i s t a nce
to
a n
object .
The
abi l i ty
to
und e r s t a nd
spoken English words or sentences .
The abi l i ty to und e r s t a nd written
sen tences
a n d paragraphs.
The abi l i ty
to
speak English
words
or sen tences
so others
will
under s t and .
The
abi l i ty
to
write English
words
or sen tences
so
others will
under s t and .
The
abi l i ty
to
r e m e m b e r
information,
such
as
words,
numbe r s ,
p ic tu re s , a n d
procedure s .
The
abi l i ty
to
und e r s t a nd
and
organize
a
prob lem
an d
then
to selec t
a ma t h e ma t i c a l
method
or
formula to
so lve
th e prob lem.
The
abi l i ty
to
work with
others
a s part of
a
t e a m ,
to an t i c ipa te
what
others w a n t or
need ,
a n d to cooperate .
The
abi l i ty
to
br ing a
problem
or
imp o r t a n t
in fo rma t ion
to
th e
at tent ion
of ano the r
crew
member in
a
t ime ly
fashion.
The
abi l i ty
to
perce ive
s m a l l
deta i ls
an d
s ize-up s i tua t ions
qu ick ly
a nd
accura t e ly ,
then
respond
with
an
appropria te
cour se
of
ac t ion .
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APPENDIX
B
B
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Responses to the EO D Survey
of
Physically De mand ing
Tasks
Survey ques t ions
a re l isted
in
th e
order
in
which they
appeared
in
the ques t ionna i re . a lue s
a re
m e a n s ( rank
ou t
of 64 )
fo r
diff icu l ty
to
perform (D),
imp o r t a nce
to
mission
su cce s s (I), f requency
per fo rmed
(F) dimens ions , an d
the
co mp o s i t e
(C ) score.
Task Statement
D
I
F c
Lift SCUBA
tanks
(twin-80s
weighing
80 lb )
to
eye
level
to
pass
to
personne l
abo a r d
suppor t
craf t .
4.58
(51)
5.79
(14)
6.37
(2 )
16.74
(1)
2
Carry
diving e q u ip me n t from truck or dive locker
to
a
sm a l l b o a t
(six trips
a t 60
lb
each) .
3.79
(62)
5.62
(21)
6.42
(1 )
15.83
(4 )
3
Move a 370-lb depth charge in to pos i t ion ,
u s i ng
a
f loata t ion b ladder an d with another
EO D
t echn i c i an ,
to
b l a s t
a
ch anne l
in
a cora l reef.
5.04
(35)
4.13
(60)
1.51
(62)
10.68
(63)
4
Move a pract ice torpedo
from
i ts
posi t ion
lodged
in a
cora l reef a di s t ance
of 200 yards to
shore,
in t rop ica l
weather, u s i ng b lo ck a nd t ackle ,
with three other
EO D
t e chnic ians .
5.59
(18)
4.71
(50)
2.00
(56)
12.30
(55)
5
Perform a l impe t inspec t ion of a
Spruance-c la ss
destroyer,
a t
night
while
carrying
a 10-lb
bag
of tools ,
with par tne r
(approx.
-
to
3-hr durat ion) .
4.60
(50)
6.21
(7 )
5.11
(4 )
15.92
(2)
6
Ass i s t
ship's
husbandry
divers
in
rep l ac ing
a
S p r uance -
c l a s s
dest royer
propel ler
u s i ng
EO D
S CUBA
gear.
5.04
(36)
3.69
(64)
1.53
(61)
10.26
(64)
7
Ass i s t ship's
husbandry
divers in
secur ing
a 6-foot
squa re
a l u m i n u m pa t ch
to
th e hul l
of
a Spruance-c la ss
dest royer
in
6-foot swel ls .
5.50
(21)
4.07
(61)
1.71
(58)
11.28
(62)
8
Dive
to
a depth of 60
feet
to
bring then
a t t ach
a
Mk
II
lift ba l loon
to
a
bot tom m ine , then
return
to
boat aga in s t
a
1-knot
cur ren t
in
4-foot
seas , r e mo v e
UBA an d
weights,
and pa s s
them to
person
onboard ;
then,
p u l l
self aboa rd .
5.07
(32)
6.08
(9)
4.39
(10)
15.46
(5)
9
Swim
150
feet
to
a
f loa t ing
m i n e ,
in
4-foot
swells
with
a charge (20-lb),
at tach th e charge, an d
swim
a wa y
quickly to wai t ing horse col lar for helicopter
retrieval.
4.67
(49)
6.22
(6)
3.52
(35)
14.41
(28)
10
Use
pinger /rece iver
to
loca te mine s ,
then move
5.10 5.39
3.99
14.48
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c lum ps (approx. 60 lb each)
to
recover 10 t ra ining
mine s from m u d d y bottom
in a
4-hr per iod.
(31)
(29.5)
(21)
24)
1 1
Swim to
a
bo t tom m i n e with Mk-16 UB A
(depth
180
feet)
in
ca lm
seas ,
a t t ach l i f t ing ba l loon, a nd
then
swim
a wa y
to
vessel .
3.-82
(61)
5.87
(11)
3.46
(37)
13.15
(47)
12
Swim
to
a bot tom m i n e with twin
80s
SCUBA gear
(depth
60 feet) in ca lm sea s , a t t a ch l i f t ing ba l loon, a n d
then
swim away
to
vesse l .
3.61
(63)
5.70
(15.5)
3.91
(24)
13.22
(45.5)
13
Re scue d isab led dive par tne r weighing 185
lb
from
a
depth
of
60
feet
(both you
and your partner wear ing
twin
80s).
5.45
(22)
6.87
(1)
1.40
(64)
13.72
(40)
14
Retr ieve
a
dead
body
from
a
c ra shed
a i rp lane
a t
a depth
of 130 feet,
while
wear ing
a
Mk-16
U BA .
4.88
(41)
4.93
(48)
1.48
(63)
11.29
(61)
15
Swim on ca lm
s ea
su r f a ce
a
d i s t ance
of
100
yards with
d isab led
dive
partner weighing 185
lb
w ho
is
wear ing
an inflated life preserver.
4.85
(42.5)
6.60
(2)
1.54
(60)
12.99
(48)
16
Co nd uc t
a
m o v i n g Jacks t ay
grid
sea rch a t a depth of 50
feet
an d with
Vfe-knot
current ,
while ca r ry ing
an
o r d nance
loca to r i n one
h and
and
m o v i n g
a
100-lb
c l u m p
(heavy
du e
to
current)
6-foot
i n c r e me n t s
(approx. 50 t imes
dur ing
a 2-hr
period).
6.00
(4 )
5.51
(25)
3.53
(34)
15.04
(7.5)
17
Pull
a d isab led diver (weighing
approx.
80
lb ) into
a
Mk-5
boa t ,
after
re leas ing
th e
diver's
twin
80 s
an d
24
lb
of l e ad
weights,
without
a s s i s t ance .
5.12
(30)
6.47
(3)
2.14
(53)
13.73
(39)
18
Pull
a d isab led diver into
a
Mk-5 boa t ,
with diver
wear ing
a wet su i t , a
set
of twin
80s,
an d 24
lb
of l e ad
weights (approx. 280-lb
total) ,
with ass i s t ance .
5.61
(16)
6.27
(5)
2.13
(54)
14.01
(33)
19
Cl imb
a
50-foot Jacobs's l adder or cargo n et
to
board a
ship
from a
rubber
b o a t while wear ing
a wet su i t a nd
carrying
50
lb
of e q u ip me n t
in
a pack.
5.23
(27)
5.11
(42)
3.12
(43)
13.46
(41)
20
Cl imb
a 50-foot J a co b s
l adder or cargo net
to
bo a r d a
ship
from
a
rubber
boat
while
wear ing
a
w et
su i t
an d
controlling
a d isab led
dive
par tne r
who
is
be ing
hoisted
aboard
with
a
horse col lar .
5.58
(19)
5.64
(20)
1.64
(59)
12.86
(52)
21
Cl imb
a
J a co b s
ladder 15 feet
in to
a helicopter from the
sea,
while carrying f ins a n d
50
lb
of gear.
5,62
(15)
5.37
32)
3.06
(44)
14.05
(31)
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22
Lower an d empty
rubber
bo a t , weighing
approx. 200
lb ,
from
th e
elevator of
an aircraf t
carrier, b y h and with
three
other
EOD
t e chnic ians ,
b u t no b lo ck a nd
tackle .
5.02
(37)
5.00
(46)
3.40
(40)
13.42
(42)
23
Lift twin 80s
S CUBA
gear
with a lif t ba l loon
a t t ached
(approx.
00
lb )
to
eye
level
to
load
aboa rd
a
boa t ,
with
a partner .
4.83
(44)
5.49
(26)
4.30
(15.5)
14.62
(20.5)
24
Carry
a to ta l
of
twelve
200-cubic
foot
K bot t les
(one
a t a
t ime ;
50
lb each) a
d is t ance of
60
feet, with
a
partner .
4.51
(52)
3.94
(62)
3.19
(42)
11.64
(59)
25
Serve a s an
emergency brea th ing
system (EBS)
tender
on
a
Mk-16
decompress ion
dive
(e.g., be nd ing over to
watch fo r
the
t ape marker s
a n d
pul l ing l ine
a t
a
ra te
of
foot per second with n ine s tops (line,
c l u m p , a nd weight
of
divers is equ iva len t
of
50
lb) .
3.95
(58.5)
5.86
(12)
4.15
(18)
13.96
(34)
26
Swim on
su r f a ce
a d is t ance
of
50 0
yards ,
wear ing
a fu l l
wet su i t , twin 80s, a par t ia l ly- inf la ted life
vest ,
an d f ins
in 4-foot
swel ls a n d
aga ins t a
1-knot
current .
6.17
(1)
5.36
(33)
3.45
(38)
14.98
(10)
27
Lift mar ine m a m m a l t arget
(approx. 100 lb ) over s ide
of
boa t with
another EOD t e chnic ian .
3.85
(60)
4.33
(57)
4.30
(15.5)
12.48
(53)
28
Haul
in
500
feet
of l ine
b y
hand with
24-lb
weights
a t tached
a t
en d
(15
t imes
dur ing
a 4-hr
period) .
4.73
(48)
4.52
(54)
4.10
(19)
13.35
(44)
29
Pass YB (target buoy
approx.
65 lb ) f rom
boat
to
a n im a l
an d
recover
Y B
from
a n im a l .
3.95
(58.5)
4.66
(52)
4.37
(11-5)
12.98
(49)
30
Enter
water
from boat
wear ing
twin
80s
to verify
correct
YB
act ion for a n i m a l reward (approx. 40-foot
depth)
a n d return to boat
(pul l ing
se lf aboard) , 20 t imes
in
a
2-hr
period.
4.78
(47)
5.09
(44)
4.65
(6)
14.52
(22)
31
Unload
tw o
hundred
fifty
40-lb
ca r tons
of
frozen
m a r i ne
m a m m a l food (10,000-lb total)
from truck to
storage with
s ix
other EO D t e chnic ians (bucket-br igade
style).
4.16
(56)
4.20
(59)
4.58
(8)
12.94
(50.5)
32
Haul
a
450-lb
marine
m a m m a l
aboa rd
a
sm a l l
boat
with
tw o other
EO D
t e chnic ians .
5.05
(34)
5.10
(43)
4.33
(14)
14.48
(24)
33
Perform a parachu te
drop into calm sea from helicopter
(approx.
2,500 feet) t owing
a buo yan t 40-lb pack,
swim
20 0
feet
to
a rubber boa t , a n d
then
pul l
self
an d
gear
aboard .
4.79
(46)
5.59
(22)
4.09
(20)
14.47
(26)
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34
J u m p
from helicopter
in to
calm s ea (approx. 25 feet),
and
then swim
100 yards
to
shore
aga ins t
a
Vfc-knot
current ,
towing
a
40-lb pack
a n d
a n
M-16.
5.05
(33)
5.32
(34)
3.82
(27)
14.19
(29)
35
Fast- rope
onto deck
of
ship
(from
height
of 30
feet)
carrying
a
40-lb
pack.
3.99
(57)
5.53
(23.5)
4.26
(17)
13.78
(37.5)
36
Serve a s fas t rope
mas t e r
a t
door of helicopter for
three
drops
dur ing a day, pul l ing
50-lb rope into helo
between
drops.
4.24
(54)
5.28
(35)
4.51
(9)
14.03
(32)
37
Carry
e q u ip me n t bags
(with
s ledges, s takes,
vests , etc ;
weighing
60-lb)
while t ra i l ing
th e
remote pul l
l ine
with
addit ional
equ ipment
b a g
a t t ached (approx.
,000
feet).
4.85
(42.5)
5.53
(23.5)
4.63
(7 )
15.01
(9)
38
Carry
20
sandbags (40-lb
each) ,
tw o
a t a
t ime ,
a
di s t ance
of
30
feet
(i.e.,
2
bags
x
10
t r ips)
in
80°F
temperature
and high humid i ty .
4.80
(45)
4.63
(53)
4.35
(13)
13.78
(37.5)
39 Dig
with shovel in
hard-packed
so i l
to
a depth
of
10
feet
to
expose
a
bur ied b o m b for r e mo v a l
(in
80 °F
temperature and high humidity) .
5.60
(17)
4.98
(47)
2.64
(47)
13.22
(45.5)
40 Lift
a
50-kg
b o m b
from
a
hole u s i ng block an d t ackle ,
with a
partner .
4.36
(53)
4.67
(51)
2.45
(51)
11.48
(60)
41
Carry
a 50-kg b o m b
100
fee t on level te r ra in u s i ng
hernia bar, with
a
partner .
4.99
(39)
4.28
(58)
2.60
(48)
11.87
(57)
4 2
Lift
a
100-kg b o m b from
a
hole
u s i ng
block an d
t a ck le ,
with a par tner .
4.95
(40)
4.48
(55)
2.48
(50)
11.91
(56)
43
Carry
a
100-kg
b o m b
100
feet
u s i ng
hernia
bar, with
a par tner .
5.41
(23)
4.40
(56)
2.51
(49)
12.32
(54)
44
Drag on e
hundred
250-kg
b o m b s
through
a
s w a m p
(d is tance
approx.
00
feet)
u s i ng block an d t ackle , with
another
EOD
t echn ic i an .
6.12
(2)
3.83
(63)
1.75
(57)
11.70
(58)
45
Drag
a Zodiac r ubbe r
b o a t with twin
25-hp motor s
at tached
a nd
fou r
60-lb p acks ins ide ,
through th e surf
zone
and
onto
th e
be a ch 100
feet,
then
turn
the
boat
a round,
with three other EO D t e chnic ians .
5.73
(12)
5.27
(36)
3.67
(31)
14.67
(18)
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4 6
Swim
a
buo y ou t to
a f loa t ing m i n e (d is tance
approx.
500 feet) and a t t ach line
for rigging m i n e
to
beach .
4.19
(55)
5.24
(37)
3.51
(36)
12.94
(50.5)
47
Set-up
e q u ip me n t
(s takes , l ines ,
etc.)
an d
hau l
a 2,000-
lb m i n e on to beach
using
b locks ,
t a ck le , a nd four
add i t iona l
EOD
technicians
(n o
truck
ava i lab le) .
5.92
(7)
5.69
(17)
3.05
(45)
14.66
(19)
48
Walk
a t
a q u i ck pace
over
uneven
terrain a
d i s t ance
of
5
miles in 90°F
temperature
a nd
high
humid i ty , carrying
a 40-lb p ack of
EOD
equ i pmen t
a n d
an
M-16.
5.39
(24)
5.42
(27)
3.81
(28)
14.62
(20.5)
4 9
Move
rapid ly
100
yards
in
s a nd
while wear ing
a
40-lb
p ack an d carrying
a n
M-16
(while
rece iv ing enem y
fire).
5.67
(13.5)
5.70
(15.5)
2.01
(55)
13.38
(43)
50
Co nd uc t co nv e n t io na l range c l e a r ance
over uneven
terrain for
4
hr
in
100°F
t empera tu re with
low
humid i ty
(e.g.,
Fal lon)
carrying
a
40-lb
pack.
5.20
(28)
5.64
(19)
3.86
(26)
14.70
(16)
51
Co nd uc t
co nv e n t io na l
range
c l e a r ance
over
uneven
terrain for 4 hr
in 85
°F
t empera tu re
a n d
high humid i ty
(e.g.,
Kahoolawe)
while ca r ry ing a 40-lb
pack.
5.15
(29)
5.67
(18)
3.98
(22)
14.8
(13.5)
52
Co nd uc t b io logica l
emergency
response
c lea rance
(RSP/detox)
over uneven
terrain for
2 hr in 70°F
temperature an d low humidity while wear ing
toxicological
agent protective
(TAP) su i t with i ce vest
a n d
m a sk .
5.99
(5)
5.41
(28)
3.28
(41)
14.68
(17)
53
Co nd uc t
nuc l e a r
emergency
response
c lea rance
over
uneven
terrain
for
4
hr in
90
°F
temperature and low
humid i ty while wearing Ant i -C protective
covera l l s
an d
m a s k an d carrying
a 20-lb pack.
5.51
(20)
5.38
(31)
3.57
(33)
14.46
(27)
54
Don protect ive ensemble
an d
approach
BE D
aboa rd
ship
(approx.
d is t ance
300
feet
with
two
l adders
to
c l im b )
carrying
x-ray
equipment
a nd
tool
kit .
4.99
(38)
6.02
(10)
4.37
(11.5)
15.29
(6)
55
Set-up
a n d
operate x-ray
equipment
on
suspec ted
IE D
(with modera t e
access) .
2.81
(64)
6.10
(8)
5.19
(3)
14.10
(30)
56
Perform IED
response
wear ing full
protect ive
e nse mb le
a n d
carrying
a
J-rod
and
a
.50
caliber d e a r me r
(one
in
each hand
a
arm's length from body), a f ir ing reel,
an d
tool
ki t
a d is t ance
of
300
feet
over
level terrain
in
85°F
t empera tu re an d low
humid i ty .
5.27
(26)
5.83
(13)
4.77
(5)
15.87
(3)
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57
Cany
a
d isab led
par tne r
(approx.
85 lb ) over
shou lde r
(f ireman's
carry)
to
safety (e.g., from b l a s t
or
toxic
f ume s ,
distance
approx. 00
yards) .
5.89
(9.5)
6.39
(4 )
2.20
(52)
14.48
(24)
58
Carry
a footlocker
cont a in ing
EO D
t e chnica l
m a n u a l s
(approx.
220
lb )
from
t r uck
on
dock
to
co mp a r t me n t
aboard
a n
aircraf t carr ier (3
levels down) ,
with
a
par tner ,
in
preparat ion for
deployment .
5.90
(8)
5.14
(41)
3.88
(25)
14.92
(11)
59
Carry
a
25-hp outboard
mo t o r
(approx. 60-lb)
from
t r uck on dock
to
co mp a r t me n t aboard
a n
a ircraf t
carr ier
(3
levels
down) ,
in
preparat ion
fo r
dep loyment .
5.67
(13.5)
5.20
(39)
3.93
(23)
14.80
(13.5)
60
Carry
a
40-hp
outboard
mo t o r
(approx. 10-lb)
from
t r uck
on
dock to
co mp a r t me n t abo a r d an
aircraf t carr ier
(3 levels
down) ,
with
a
partner, in
preparat ion
for
dep loyment .
5.98
(6)
5.18
(40)
3.67
(32)
14.83
(12)
61
Carry
a n
F470
rubber
boa t ,
defla ted
(approx. 200
lb),
from truck on dock
to
co mp a r t me n t abo a r d an aircraf t
carr ier
(3
levels
down) ,
with three other EO D
t e chnic ians ,
in
preparat ion
for
dep loyment .
5.81
(11)
5.23
(38)
3.75
(30)
14.79
(15)
62
Carry collapsible chest s cont a in ing EO D e q u ip me n t
a n d
d o c u m e n t s
from t r uck
on
dock
to
co mp a r t me n t
aboard
a n
aircraf t
carr ier (3
levels
down),
with
three
other EOD t e chnic ians ,
in
preparat ion for dep loyment
(a to ta l
of
eight chest s weighing 150
to
220 lb) .
5.89
(9.5)
5.39
(29.5)
3.76
(29)
15.04
(7.5)
63
Run
mile
over
b e a c h
an d
s a nd
du ne s ,
spr int ing
from
cover
to
cover with
2-min
resets
be tween
th e
20-
to
50-
yard
sp r in t s ,
while
wear ing
a
40-lb
pack
an d
carrying
a n M-16 in
85
°F t empera tu re
a n d
high
humid i ty .
6.01
(3)
4.77
(49)
3.02
(46)
13.80
(35)
64
Co nd uc t
land
nav iga t ion
over
une v e n
te r ra in
for
4
hr
i n
100°F temperature an d lo w humid i ty ,
while carrying
a
40-lb p ack ,
an
M-16, a nd
a
s idea rm .
5.33
(25)
5.04
(39)
3.42
(39)
13.79
(36)
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REPORT
DOCUMENTATION
PAGE
Public
reporting
burden lo r this collection
of
information
b
est imated
to
average 1 hour pe r
response,
Including th e t ime fo r
reviewing
instructions, searching
existing
data
sources,
gather ing
an d
maintaining
th e
data
n e e d e d ,
an d
completing
an d
reviewing
th e
collection of information.
Send
c o m m e n t s regarding this burden
est imate
or
an y
other
aspect of this collection
of
information,
Including
suggest ions
fo r
reducing
this
burden,
to
Washington
H eadquar ters
Services,
Directorate
fo r
Information
O perat ions an d
R eports ,
1215
Jefferson
Davis H ighway,
Suite
1204,
Arlington,
VA
22202-4302, an d
to
th e
Office
of
Management an d Budget , Paperwork Reduction Project
(0704-0188),
Washington,
DC
20503
1. A G E N C Y U SE ONLY Leave blank
2.
R EPO R T
DATE
12/98
3.
REPORT TYPE D A T E CO VER ED
Fina l (921001-940930)
4.
TITLE
AND
SUBTITLE
S u r v e y
Of
Physica l ly
D e m a n d i n g
Tasks
O f U.S.
N a v y
Explos ive
O r d n a n c e
D i s pos a l
(EOD)
P e r s o n n e l
5.
FUNDING
N U M B E R S
P r o g r a m
E l e m e nt :
SEAtask-003
R e i m b u
Work
Unit
N u m b e r : 6272
6. A U T H O R ( S )
W . K . Prusaczyk ,
J.
W . Stuster ,
H .
W . Gofor th , Jr. , M .
B .
Becket t , J.A. H o d g d o n
7. P E R FOR MING
O R G ANIZATIO N
NAME ( S ) AN D ADDR ES S (ES )
N a v a l Heal th Research C e n t e r
P.O. B o x 85122
S a n D i e g o , C A 92186-5122
8.
P E R FOR MING O R G ANIZATIO N
R e p o r t N o .
98-35
9. S P ONS OR ING/ MONITOR ING A G E N C Y NAM ES (S ) A ND
ADDRESS(ES)
Office of N a v a l R e s e a r c h Chief , B ur e a u of Medic ine
a n d
S u r g e r y
800
North
Q u i n c y
St.
C ode :
BUMED-26
Arlington, VA 22217-5600 2300 E Street N W
W a s h i n g t o n ,
D C
20372-5300
10 .
S P ONS OR ING/ MONITOR ING
AGENCY
R E P OR T N U M B E R
11. S UP P LE ME NTAR Y NO TES
12a.
DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY
S TATE ME NT
A p p r o v e d
for
publ ic
re lease; dist r ibut ion
is
unl imi ted.
12b. DISTRIBUTION C O D E
A
13.
ABS TR ACT (Maximum 20 0
words
The primary object ive of
this
study w as to identify ph ysically demanding tasks performed d uring EOD operations
and
rank
them
according
to
difficulty
to
perform, frequency of performance,
and
importance
to mission
success.
ubject matter experts
from EO D units were interviewed
regarding
tasks
they perform or had
performed
as EO D technicians. Following an iterative
review
an d
revise
process,
an
inventory
w as
developed
and
judged
comprehensive
and
technically
accurate.
W e
developed
a
three-part questionnaire based on
th e
tasks.
total
of
8 4
technicians
from EOD Groups
ONE
an d
TWO
completed th e
survey.
The
years
of EOD experience of
this
sample
ranged from to 26.5
years,
with
a
mean
+ S D) of
9 ± 2) years. T he top rated
tasks
were
logistics
tasks of
loading diving equipment
onto
a
support
craft.
he three
tasks
that
respondents believed
every
EOD
team
member should be
able
to
perform
were
partner
rescues. These data
comprise
th e
most
comprehensive
analysis
of
the physical
demands
of
actual E OD
tasks performed to date.
ogist ics
tasks
appear
to be among
th e
most
physically
demanding and frequently
performed.
hese
data provide
a basis
for
developing
job-based fitness
standards and
ma y
be
used
to
develop
physical
training
programs
for
EO D
technicians.
14.
S U B J E C T T E R M S
Explos ive O r d n a n c e D i s pos a l , Physica l D e m a n d s , J o b , T a s k , Task
Analys is ,
Abil i t ies
15 .
N U M B E R
O F
P A G E S
30
16 .
P R ICE
C O D E
17.
S E CUR ITY
CLASSIFI-
CATIO N O F R E P OR T
Unclassi f ied
18. S E CUR ITY CLASSIFI-
CATION
O F THIS PAG E
Unclassi f ied
19 .
S ECUR ITY
CLASSIFI-CATION
OF ABS TR ACT
Unclassif ied
20.
LIMITATION
O F
A B S T R A C T
Unclassi f ied
NS N
7540-01-280-550
S ta nda rd Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed
byANSI
Std.
239-18
298 102