ABNORMALITY(Abnormalitas)

CLINICAL PHENOMENON / CLINICAL EFFECT ? ?MEASUREMENTVALUE = DATA(vary)VARIABLE

Clinical MeasurementMeasurement of clinical phenomena :Data NominalData OrdinalData Interval

DATA NOMINALSkala yg paling sederhana disusun menurut jenis (kategorinya) Dapat merupakan bilangan yg digunakan sbg simbol utk membedakan sebuah karakteristik dgn karakteristik lainnya.

DATA NOMINALcth:Jenis kulit: 1. kuning2.putih3.hitamSuku: 1.Jawa 2.Minang 3.Batak 4.BugisAgama: 1.Islam 2.Kristen 3.Hindu 4.Budha 5.lain-lainnyaPekerjaan: 1.Wiraswasta 2.Buruh 3.Petani 4.PNS Gender: 1.Pria2.WanitaPenyakit: 1.Diabetes2.Tidak Diabetes

SKALA ORDINAL

Skala yg didasarkan pd ranking, diurutkan dari jenjang yg lebih tinggi sampai terendah atau sebaliknya.

SKALA ORDINALCth:Pendidikan: SD, SMP, SMU, PTStatus ekonomi: tinggi, sedang, rendahPengetahuan: tinggi, sedang, rendahStatus gizi: lebih, baik, kurung, burukTingkat kematangan: anak-anak, remaja, dewasa.

DATA INTERVALSkala yg menunjukkan jarak antara satu data dgn data yg lain dan mempunyai bobot yg sama.

Tidak mempunyai nilai nol absolut.

Tes statistik yg digunakan utk jenis data ini: statistik parametris spt: t-test, anova, korelasi, regresi dll.

DATA INTERVALCth:Skore IQTemperaturSkore ujianSkore pengetahuan

Performance Of Measurement

Validity= the degree to which the data measure what they were intended to measure, the result of a measurement correspond to the true stateof the phenomenon being measured Validity = accuracy.

Reliable: if the observation repeated on many such patient samples, the results of the samples would vary about the true value.Reliability=the extent that repeated measurement of a stable phenomenon by different people and instrument, at diff. time/place get similar results.

Measurement Variation

SOURCEa. MEASUREMENT PROCESS ; -INSTRUMENT - OBSERVER

b. BIOLOGICAL: - INTER INDIVIDU - INTRA INDIVIDU

Criteria For Abnormality

Normal as common, abnormal is unusualAbnormality associated with diseaseAbnormal is treatable