ABG, FB , FBC, BUSE, GXM

20
(MEDICAL ASISSTANCE) WAD 5B

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Transcript of ABG, FB , FBC, BUSE, GXM

Page 1: ABG, FB , FBC, BUSE, GXM

(MEDICAL ASISSTANCE)WAD 5B

Page 2: ABG, FB , FBC, BUSE, GXM
Page 3: ABG, FB , FBC, BUSE, GXM

Arterial blood gas adalah pengiraan asidity (pH)dan tahap kandungan oksigen (O² ) dan karbondioksida (CO²) dalam darah dari arteri.

ABG test digunakan untuk: memeriksa permasalahan pernafasan dan lung

disease seperti asma, cystic fibrosis atau chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

memeriksa tahap asid-base dalam darah seseorangyang mempunyai heart failure, kidney failure,diabetes, sleep disorder, dll.

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Normal Result : Partial presure of oxygen (PaO²)

-75-100 mmHg Partial presure of carbon dioxide (PaCO²)

-38-42 mmHg pH

-7.38-7.42 Bicarbonate (HCO³)

-22-28 mEq/L Oxygen content (O²Ct) & Oxygen saturation (O²Sat)

-94-100%- oxygen saturation• Abnormal Result due to :

lung kidney metabolic disease head and neck injuries

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Hemoglobin, hb merupakan komponen utama seldarah merah iaitu protein yang mengangkut oksigendari paru-paru keseluruh tubuh badan.

Normal Result :

Male - 13.8 hgga 17.2 gm/dl Female - 12.1 hgga 15.1 gm/dl

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Mean of Abnormal result : lower than normal

Anemia bleeding destructive of RBC Malnutrition Nutritional deficiencies of iron, folate , vitamin B6 & B12 overhydration

Higher than normal Con genital heart disease Corpulmonate dehydration Erythroytosis Low blood oxygen level (hypoxia) Pulmonary fibrosis Polycythemia vera

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Keadaan yg memerlukan ujian Hb dilakukan :

Anemia of chronic disease Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia Giant cell( temporal , cranial ) arteristis Hemoglobinopathies Hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency Idiopathic , autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune hemolytic anemia Iron deficiency anemia Paraxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) Pernicious anemia Placenta Abruptio Polymyalgia rheumatica secondary a plastic anemia

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Full blood count adalah test untuk abnormaliti dalamdarah seperti tinggi atau rendah jumlah sel darah.

Normal Result : Red Blood Cell ( erythrocytes )

115-150 gram per liter

White Blood Cell ( Leukocytes ) 4-10 billion per liter

Platelet count 150-400 billion per liter

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Parameter Male Female

Haemoglobin g/dL 13.5 - 18.0 11.5 - 16.0

WBC x109/L 4.00 - 11.00 4.00 - 11.00

Platelets x109/L 150 - 400 150 - 400

MCV fL 78 - 100 78 - 100

PCV 0.40 - 0.52 0.37 - 0.47

RBC x1012/L 4.5 - 6.5 3.8 - 5.8

MCH pg 27.0 - 32.0 27.0 - 32.0

MCHC g/dL 31.0 - 37.0 31.0 - 37.0

RDW 11.5 - 15.0 11.5 - 15.0

Neutrophils 2.0 - 7.5 2.0 - 7.5

Lymphocytes 1.0 - 4.5 1.0 - 4.5

Monocytes 0.2 - 0.8 0.2 - 0.8

Eosinophils 0.04 - 0.40 0.04 - 0.40

Basophils < 0.1 < 0.1

Adult Normal Range

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Abnormal Result in FBC : Lower than normal

Erythrocytes (Anemia ) low hemoglobin content iron deficiency

leukocytes ( Neutropenia ) low neutropill bone morrow disorder

platelets ( Thrombocytopenia ) low platelet count excessive bleeding & bruising

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Abnormal Result in FBC : higher than normal

Erythrocytes ( Polycythaemia ) high hemoglobin count respiratory & circulatory disorder some cases involve tumour dehydration ( high RBC )

Leukocytes ( Leukocytosis ) high WBC Lymphoma / leukaemia allergies / asthma ( high Eosinopill )

Platelets ( Thromocytosis ) high plateletes count Thrombosis

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Blood urine serum electrolytes test adalah memeriksaabnormaliti dalam body chemistry. Pengiraanmelibatkan blood urea, sodium, potassium danchloride.

Samples – Blood Urine ( 24 hours )

Normal Result Blood urea – 2.5-7.5 mmol/L / 6-20 mg/dL Sodium – 136-142 mmol/L Patassium – 3.5-5.0 mmol/L Chloride – 98-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate – 23-32 mmol/L

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Abnormal Result : lower than normal due to :

blood urea pregnancy starvation chronic liver disease

sodium below 120 mmol/L loss of sodium vomiting & diarrhoea liver failure nephrotic syndrome

potassium diarrhoea and vomiting ileostomy chronic purgative abuse excessive liquorice elderly patients with poor nutrition

chloride chronic lung disease prolonged vomiting loss of acid

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Abnormal Result : Higher than normal due to :

blood urea renal failure dehydration eating high protein meal significant gastrointestinal bleed

sodium dehydration

potassium renal failure potassium retaining diuretics ACE inhibitors haemolysis and delayed separation over-night storage in a 'fridge kidney disease

chloride dehydration high blood sodium

o Abnormal in bicarbinate due to dehydration or drinking to muchwater. It signify imbalance of acid-base electrolyte

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Grouping cross matching atau blood cross matchingadalah proses menguji darah pesakit melawan sampeldarah penderma untuk mencari keserasian darah.

Dalam keadaan kes kecemasan darah Jenis O akan diberikerana ia merupakan universal donar walaupun darah itujenis O-negatif sebab ketiadaan antigen A dan B.

Jenis darah dikelaskan mengikut sistem ABO dan jenisrhesus (positif / negatif ).

Risiko – tiada risiko dalam prosedure dan ujian darahkecuali dalam kes kecemasan semasa transfusion darah.

Jenis darah yang normal tiada . Prosedure cross matchingdilalukan untuk menyediakan darah yang selamat.

Abnormal result – kecuali dalam kes kecemasan,transfusion tidak boleh dilakukan tanpa hasil darikeserasian cross matching.

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Jenis Darah stick together when mixed

Anti-A serum, a type A blood Anti-B serum , a type B bloodBoth anti-A and anti-B serums, a type AB blood

Jika darah tidak melekat apabila anti-A dan Anti-B serumditambah menunjukan darah jenis O.

Jenis Rhesus Blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you

have type Rh-positive blood. Blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type

Rh-negative blood.