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Click to edit Master subtitle style

Copyright 2003

The APA Style Paper

Format and Documentation of a Research Study

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The following fictional manuscript illustrates key features of a research paperreporting the results of an experiment as described by the AmericanPsychological Association (APA) in the Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (5th ed.).The APA Publication Manual is not intended to apply in every case to the

undergraduate paper. Students should always follow the particular options orstandards designated by the professor of their specific course.

This material was prepared by Elizabeth F. Henderson, Thomas A. Looney, and Krista N. Gilley.

(Copyright 2003)

We would like to thank Candace Todd and Elizabeth Farnsworth for their comments on an earlierdraft.

We welcome all comments. We are particularly interested in identifying errors and suggestionsregarding how to improve clarity. (Send comments to Elizabeth F. Henderson,)

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This PowerPoint presentation is designed to illustrate thebasic elements of the APA style and guide one through the

process of writing a research paper in this style.First you will see a diagram of the title page, the first page

of your paper. This will be followed by an example of the titlepage to an APA style paper of a fictitious experiment. Whenyou click on the mouse there will be notes about specific itemson each page. Watch for the cartoon mouse that appears next tothe component to which the note applies. When there is nocartoon mouse, that will be a general note that applies to theentire paper.

To get a paper copy of the slide presentation with the pop-up notes, printslides 1 through 20. On the Printer options box, click next to slides in thePrint range section and type 1-20. From the Print what pull downmenu, select Notes Pages

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The Title PagePage Header(5 spaces) Page number(1 inch margin)

Running Head:

Title

Name

Institution

These items are

compl

etetitle

right justified

Keep 1 margins on allsides throughout thepaper.

All pages are numberedin sequence beginningwith the title page(excludes figure page).

Use a standard type fontsuch as Times NewRoman, 12 point sizethroughout4Do not use bold font for

emphasis.

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Schedule-Induced Attack 2

Abstract

Although aggression has repeatedly been observed in mousetraps in the

field , the variable controlling the aggression has not previously been

identified. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether

aggression in mouse traps could be induced by an intermittent schedule ofreinforcement. The necessary condition for concluding that attack is

schedule-induced is that more attack occurs during exposure to an

intermittent schedule of reinforcement (e.g. food) than in its absence.

The abstract is a brief, 100-150-word summary of thepurpose,method, results, and conclusions of the study.

This section and the ones that follow are double-spaced.

Also, do not indent the first line of the abstract.

The abstract has its own page in the paper.No other information is to be included on this page.

Th

e past tense is used throughout most of the manuscriptincluding presentation of results. However, the present tenseis used when discussing results and presenting conclusions.

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Schedule Induced Attack in Mouse Traps:

Behavior Modification of Inanimate Objects

The introduction begins on the page following the abstract. The

introduction is never labeled. This is where you present the logic and

background research that suggested this study. The general problem area is

mentioned in the first paragraph, followed by a brief review of the relevant

published findings.

There are specific ways to cite previously published works (Miller,

1941). When there are two or more authors, they are cited this way (Looney &

Dove, 1978).

Schedule-Induced Attack3

Com

pletetitle

This is a typical citation for a single-author work.

Notice the comma after the last name.Also, initials are not used in in-text citations.

This is a typical 2-author in-text citation.Remember, use & instead of and whenthe citation is parenthetical.

Continue to use double-spacing through-out the paper.When one section stops in the middle of a page,the next section starts immediately.

(DO NOT start a new page for each section!)

Introduction: The topic of study is stated, research relevantto your study is described, similarities and differences

between your study and others are noted as arehypotheses/predictions you have regarding the

outcome of your study.

Indent the first line of each paragraph from this point on.

Theintro

isnotlabeledinthepaper

Introduction

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However, Wallace and Singer (1976) noted that facillima saepe

non sunt optima accepit hoc. Also in similar studies it was observed

that blah blah blah blah blah (Flory & Everist, 1977; Gentry, 1968;

Killeen, 1979). Similarly, Flory (1969a) pointed out the problem of

plures viri quam appellabant (p.384). Consistent with this view

Schaal, Shahan, Kovera and Reilly (1998) note that babble babble

babble pessimi copiis maius deum . For the present study I will look at

the phenomenon mentioned first by Flory (1969b).

When the authors are mentioned as part of the text,write out and.

When more than one work is cited in the same parentheticalreference,

always order them alphabetically by the last name of the firstauthor.

List all authors the first time a work is cited in you paper.Thereafter, works with 3 or more authors should be cited using the

first author with et al after it. Example: (Schaal, et al., 1998)

When you cite more than one article by the same author within thesame

publication year, use the lowercase letters to identify them inalphabetical

Use direct quotes sparingly;indicate the page number as shown.

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Subjects (Participants)

Three household mousetraps purchased from Wal-Mart Super Store in Lunchburg, West

Virginia served as subjects. They were housed together in a 35 x 45 x 10 cm drawer lined

with No Bugs MLady shelf paper, summer floral design. They were deprived of any form

of cheese, but roaches and silver fish were freely available.

Apparatus

Each of three experimental chambers consisted of a 2 X 3 m room containing no

windows and painted institutional green. Food delivery and target presentation were

accomplished via human hand. Each food presentation consisted of one 2 cm cube of Kraft's

longhorn style Colby cheese. The targets were feral mice obtained from the Dempsey

Dumpsters in back of Gouda Student Center at Lunchburg College.


Method

Use the term Subjects when non-human organisms were studied;Participants when the experiment has studied humans. In either

case, the

The method section provides information critical to thereplication of your study. Method is centered above the section.

Each subsection label is left-justified and italicized.

Apparatus: what equipment and material(s) were used in conductingthestudy. If no equipment was used, as in most survey studies,

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Schedule-Induced Attack 6Procedure

Sessions were conducted in the dark since mouse traps are reportedly more

active at night. Each subject was placed in an experimental chamber with food

presentation occurring on a fixed time (FT) 6-hour schedule following the standard

procedure for this variety of subject. The first food presentation occurred upon

introduction of the subject into the experimental chamber. The target, a feral mouse,

was then introduced into the chamber. Observation and recording of attacks

upon the target were made at the end of each 6-hour interval. At that time, a

new target animal was presented, if necessary. This phase of the experiment lasted

for 10 days. Sessions were terminated after 18 hours during all phases of the

experiment. Procedure: this describes how the study wasconducted,i.e. what the researchers did and what the

participants/subjects were asked to do did.

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The second phase of the experiment involved removal of the food schedule.

The subject and the target were placed in the experimental chamber, but no foodwas presented. Again, observation and recording of attack were done every 6

hours. The phase of the experiment also lasted for 10 days.

The third phase of the experiment was the reinstatement of the food

schedule. Food was again presented on a FT 6-hour schedule for a period of 10days.

This page is a continuation of the procedure subsection.You can see how one might explain how an experiment

or study was conducted. Remember, in an actual paper,the next section would follow immediately, not begin ona new page.

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The data from a representative subject are shown in Table 1.

Insert Table 1 about here

The data are graphed in figure 1. As can be seen from this figure, the

subject immediately exhibited high rates of attack upon the target which

continued throughout the first phase.

Insert figure 1 about here.

When the food schedule was discontinued, the attack rate dropped to a

very low level. When the food schedule was re-presented, the subject

again attacked at high rates.

Results

This is how yourpage will look.

Actual tables andfigures are foundat the end of the paper

The results section presents the datacollected, how they were analyzed,and the outcome of the analysis.

If you include table(s) or figure(s) forclarity, insert the lines where theinformation is discussed.

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As the results indicate, the behavior of mouse traps does meet the criterion for

schedule-induced attack The rate of attack in the presence of the food schedule clearly

exceeded that during its absence. Food presentation not only induced attack upon mice, but

also upon the experimenter whose fingers are still suffering from the effects of the viscous

bites.

The results of this study suggest that additional work in the field of inanimateobject behavior is warranted. Scott (1971; as cited in Moyer, 1976) discusses the mechanism

of stored energy with relation to aggressive behavior, while Pitts and Malagodi (1996) point

out that blah bla bla.

Discussion

The present tense is used in this section.The discussion section includes interpretation ofyourresults in relationship to yourhypotheses/predictions

and to related studies. You should note anyflaws,

Scott was cited in Moyers work. You have not seenScotts original article, so it will NOT appear in yourlist of references.

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A similar avenue of research is suggested by recent work with blah

blah bla (Schaal, et al., 1998). The results of this study are consistent with

tristissiumus haec tibi scribo. Fundani nostri filia defuncta, qua puella nihil

umquam festivus, amabilius, nec longiore vita (Calvillo, 1999).

The conclusions of this study are limited by vicibus inhaerebat ut

nos officio quemque studiose intelligenter qua patientia valetudinem tulit.

Medicis obsequebatur, sororem, patrem adhortabatur; ipsamque se

destitutam corpis viribus vigore.Recall that this citation was seen on

p.4, therefore does not need eachauthor listed again.

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The first line of each citation is left-justified; subsequentlinesare indented.

Journal names and volume numbers are italicized; page


References

Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21,

2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html

Flory, R.K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food interval.Journal

of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 12, 825-828.

Flory, R.K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.

Flory, R.K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on schedule-

induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9, 383-386.

Gentry, W.D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental

Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

Start referenceson a new page!

Individual web page citation.If you cite more than one work from an author,list them in chronological order (i.e. by date) with the earliest

first.

The word References is centered at the top of a newpage.

List citations in ABC order by authors last name,followed by initials for first and middle names.

If you have more than one workby the same author in the same year,list in alphabetical order by title of thearticle.

In this section, do not write andbetween authors names; always use &.

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Killeen, P. R. (1979). Arousal: Its genesis, modulation, and extinction. In M. Zeiler & P.

Harzen (Eds.),Advances in the experimental analysis of behavior(pp.31-

78). New York: Wiley.

Looney, T.A. & Dove, L.D. (1978). Schedule-induced attack as a function of length of

exposure to a fixed-time 90-sec schedule. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 12, 320-

322.

Moyer, K.E. (1976) The psychobiology of aggression. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

Miller, N. E. (1941). The frustration-aggression hypothesis.Psychological Review 48, 337-342.

This is the standard format for citing a book.Chapter in a book with two editors different from theauthor of the chapter.

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Pitts, R.C. & Malagodi, E.F. (1996). Effects of reinforcement amount on attack induced under fixed

interval schedule in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 65,93-112. Article

number A18506179. Retrieved 11 June, 2001 from Expanded Academic ASAP/InfoTrac database.Schaal, D., Shahan, T., Kovera, C., & Reilley, M. (1998). Mechanisms underlying the effects of

unsignaled delayed reinforcement on key pecking of pigeons under variable-interval schedules.

[Electronic Version]Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 69,

103-122.

Wallace, M. & Singer, G. (1976). Schedule-induced behavior: A review of its generality, determinants,

and pharmacological data. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 5, 483-490.

Everything in this section must be cited in the paper;Everything cited in the paper must be in this section;No additional items are to be included.

Online journal article retrieved throughLibrary subscription database with rolling URL.

Online journal article that is identical to theavailable print version..

Remember, all the authors are listed in citations in thereference section. Last names precede the initials.

Article titles are written in sentence format. The first wordof the title, proper nouns, and the first letterafter a colon are capitalized. (See above for example).

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Author Note

This research was supported in part by grants from the Mouse Trap

Research Institute and from the Richard E. Rodent Foundation. I would like to thank

Melissa A. Mousse and Patrick S. Perfect for their assistance in conducting this study.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Michael Maus,

Department of Psychology, Lunchburg College, 1501 Velveeta Drive, Lunchburg,

West Virginia, 20542. E-mail: [email protected]

The author note identifies each authors departmentalaffiliation,provides acknowledgements, disclaimers, & possible

conflicts ofinterest, and provides contact information for interested

Identify any funding sources for your research. Next,identifycolleagues who provided significant assistance. If there are

anyspecial circumstances or conflicts of interest, note them

Provide correspondence information in this paragraph. Givethecomplete mailing address (writing out state names). You

may includean e-mail address at the end.

This section should be double-spaced. Center the wordsauthor note and indent the first line of each paragraph.

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Table 1Attacks by Subject Per Each 6 Hour Time Period

Condition Session Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3

1 1 2 1

2 1 0 2

3 2 2 04 1 1 2

5 2 1 1

6 1 1 2

7 1 2 1

8 2 1 1

9 1 1 2

10 0 0 0

11 0 1 0

12 0 0 013 0 0 0

14 1 0 0

15 0 0 0

16 0 0 0

17 0 0 0

18 0 0 0

19 0 0 0

20 0 0 0

21 2 1 122 1 1 1

23 2 2 0

24 1 1 2

25 2 1 1

26 1 0 2

27 1 2 1

28 2 1 1

29 1 2 1

30 1 1 2

Cheese

NoCheese

Cheese

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Figure Caption

Figure 1. Average number of attacks across subjects durings of food presentation and no food presentation.

Figure captions describe the figuresyou include with your paper.

If you have more than one figure,all captions are on one page.

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3.9

0.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

1

Condition

Average #

of Attacks

Series1

Series2No Cheese

Cheese

Note that there is no header, page number, or titleon the page with the figure.

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When your paper is finished,

open the checklist link on theInstructional Services page as a Word

document. Print it out

and use it to check that all the elements of

your

paper are in the proper format.

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Additional Resources

American Psychological association. 2003, January 7) Electronic references.APAstyle.org. Retrieved January 22, 2003, from www.apastyle.org/ elecref.html

Harnack, A. & Kleppinger, E. (2001) Online! Retrieved August 21, 2002, from

www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/

Rosnow, R.L. & Rosnow, M. (2003) Writing papers in psychology: A student guideto research reports, essays, proposals ,posters, and brief reports (6th ed.)Belmont, CA: Thompson/Wadsworth.

The primary source for this presentation was thePublication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association, (2001) 5th edition. Additional resourcesconsulted were as follows:

For assistance with the process of writing the APA style paper, the authorsrecommend Szuchman, L.T. (2002) Writing with style: APA style made easy.(2nd ed.) Belmont, CA: Thompson/Wadsworth.

5.15.03 APA

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