4-Rancangan Penelitian, 2009

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Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009

Rancangan PenelitianRancangan Penelitian

Dr. Bambang SunarkoLembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

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Alur PenelitianAlur Penelitian

Usulan Penelitian

Rancangan Penelitian

Idea Concept Paper

Pengolahan, analisis dan presentasi hasil analisis

Koleksi Data

Penulisan IlmiahKegiatan Penelitian

Komunikasi


Penelitian?Penelitian?

…cara untuk tahu!

…cara untuk memperoleh pengetahuan!

salah satu

• kebetulan• pengalaman• tradisi• otoritas• coba-coba• ….

Scientific Research

the most legitimate source of knowledge

empiris objective, testable, tentative systematic, ….

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Why do we do research?

• To get information

• To answer a question

• To gain understanding

• To predict outcomes

• To assist in evaluating options


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What is (scientific) research?What is (scientific) research?

“Process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and

pertinent questions by the use of the scientific method of gathering

and interpreting information”

Penelitian Ilmiah vs. Non-Ilmiah?

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• Become aware that a problem exists• Define the problem• Set forth hypotheses as to cause and/or solutions• Determine what information will be required• Decide which methods will be used in collecting

information• Collect information or evidence• Compile findings in systematic form• Analyze findings to determine whether they

substantiate or eliminate hypotheses• Write the final research report

Scientific MethodScientific Method

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Evaluation Criteria for ResearchEvaluation Criteria for Research

Validity

Reliability

Replicability

Validity, Reliability, Replicability

consistency

accuracy

to allow other to replicate it

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ValidityValidity

• Internal validity – can the design sustain the conclusions?

• External validity– can the conclusions be generalized?

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Goals of ResearchGoals of Research

valid conclusions

Research Design!

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Goals of Research DesignGoals of Research Design

• Right issues

• Correct approach– object & measures – methodology– experimental design

• Reliability & validity of results

• Valid conclusionscan we believe its conclusions?

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Rancangan Percobaan(experimental design)

Rancangan Penelitian(research design)

Metode Penelitian(research method)

• Research design– a plan or structured framework of how you intend to

conduct the research

• Research method– techniques, and procedures to implementing research

design

• Experimental design

to answer the research question

is part of the design

is part of the method


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Research DesignResearch Design

• Type of investigation

• Purpose of the study

• Study setting

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Type of InvestigationType of Investigation

• Correlational

– Type of study to establish a relationship (i.e., non-causal) between variables that are associated with the problem

• Causal

– Type of study done when it is necessary to establish a ‘cause and effect’ relationship in order to answer the research question

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Direction of correlation:Direction of correlation:

• Positive correlation

• Negative correlation

• No correlation

When A has a high value, B has a high value;When A has a low value, B has a low value

When A has a high value, B has a low value;when A has a low value, B has a high value

When two variables do not co-occur

relationship between the

amount smoked and the probability of heart disease

amount of daily exercise and probability of

heart disease.

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Directions of Correlation between Directions of Correlation between Two VariablesTwo Variables

I.Q.

100806040200

grad

e po

int

100

80

60

40

20

0

Positive correlation (r=.99)

age

100806040200

com

pu

ter

use

pe

r w

ee

k

100

80

60

40

20

0

Negative correlation (r=-.73)

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Causality:

• A causes B if and only if:– A exists then B exists– A does not exist, then B does not exist

• To test causality an experimental design

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ResearchResearch



• Study setting

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Purpose of researchPurpose of research

• Exploration (Penelitian penjajagan)

• Description (Penelitian descriptif)

• Explanation (Penelitian penjelasan)

• Prediction• Improvement

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ExplorationExploration

• To develop an initial, rough understanding of a phenomenon

• Methods: – literature reviews– Interviews– case studies– key informants

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DescriptionDescription

• Precise measurement and reporting of the characteristics of phenomenon

• What is the case?• What is the nature of the relationship?

• Methods:– census,– surveys,– qualitative studies

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ExplanationExplanation

• Why “Is x the case?”

• Methods– experimental

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ResearchResearch



• Study setting

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Study SettingStudy Setting

• natural setting– Field study– Field experiment

• artificial research setting– Lab experiment

minimal interference

manipulation of variables

manipulation of variables with high degree of

controls

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Designing ResearchDesigning Research

• Research question

• Hypotheses

• Variables

• Methodology– Data Collection Methods– Data Analysis Methods

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“a question well asked is a question half answered”

• Is it understandable?• Is it researchable?

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What the Research Question DoesWhat the Research Question Does

• Provides key to research

• Suggests types of data required

• Suggests types of investigative techniques

• Suggests objectives for literature search and review

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Consider the verbs used in questionConsider the verbs used in question

• Explore (initial description)

• Describe (detailed account)

• Explain (establish the factors responsible)

• Understand (establish reasons)

• Predict (using an explanation to postulate future outcomes)

• Change (to actively intervene)

• Evaluate (assess if desired outcomes are achieved)

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• Hypotheses

• Variables


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• An hypothesis is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events that have occurred or will occur

• Hypotheses should be based on theory, previous research, or observation of actual events

• Hypotheses must be testable

Developing Research Hypotheses

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Which of the following are hypothesis?

• Life currently exists on Mars

• On average, men are taller than women

• Drinking coffee raises your IQ temporarily

• People who get up early in the morning are better people than those who sleep late.


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• Hypotheses

• Variables


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Types of VariablesTypes of Variables

• Dependent variables

• Independent variables– experimental: manipulated by researcher– quantitative– qualitative

• Extraneous variables– any factors other than those under study that

could have an affect on the dependent variable

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Steps in Designing Research StudySteps in Designing Research Study


• Hypotheses

• Variables


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Sampling and GeneralizingSampling and Generalizing

• Random Sampling– to obtain representative samples

(representing the population from which they were selected)

• Random Assignment– To obtain representative groups

The Population

The Sample

Sampling and GeneralizingSampling and Generalizing

represents

The sample is used to make statements about the

population

The Population

The Sample

AssignmentAssignment

Control Groups Experimental Groups

Random Assignment

does not get the treatment Get the treatment

The Population

Control Groups Experimental Groups

The Sample


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Remember• statistical tests compare between group

variance to within group variance

- increase between group variance

- decrease within group variance

Experimental Group Control Group

to decrease Overlap

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In field research (as in the lab)

• it is important to maximize treatment variance, minimize error variance, control extraneous variables

MAXMINCON

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Maximize treatment variance

• Try to make the effect (difference) as big as possible

• "pull apart" experimental conditions by choosing conditions as dissimilar as possible


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Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008

Minimize error variance

• reduce random fluctutations and errors of measurement– increase reliability of instruments



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Control extraneous variables

• try to keep from getting confused by directly eliminating some confounding variables- by controlling them

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EliminateEliminate them as variables them as variables

• (e.g., if intelligence can influence the variable under study, choose subjects of only one intelligence range).

High intelligence low intelligence

NO TREATMENT


TREATMENT

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EliminateEliminate them as variables them as variables

Medium intelligenceMedium intelligence

NO TREATMENT


TREATMENT

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Steps in Designing Research Study

• Research question• Hypotheses• Variables• Methodology• Data Collection Methods• Data Analysis Methods

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Statistical Power

• Determinants of Power– sample size– effect size

• Increasing Statistical Power– increasing sample size– using more powerful statistical tests– random sampling– MAXMINCON

Choosing Statistical Procedures

START

Interval DataRelate Compare

NormalNot Normal

=SD=SD

Dependent Independent

2 groups >2 groups

Wilcoxon Friedman

ANOVA

2 groups >2 groups

Mann-Whitney

Kruskal-Wallis

IndependentDependent

>2 groups2 groups

Independent Samples t

Test

ANOVA

2 groups >2 groups

Related Samples

t-Test

Repeated Measures ANOVA

Spearman Correlation

Pearson Correlation




• Study setting

Correlational?

Causal?

Exploration? Description? Explanation?

Natural setting?

Artificial setting (Lab experiment)?

field study?field experiment?

Latihan!Latihan!


• Become aware that a problem exists (?)

• Define the problem (?)

• Set forth hypotheses (?) as to cause and/or solutions

• Determine what information (?) will be required

• Decide which methods (?) will be used in collecting information

Scientific MethodScientific Method


Research EvaluationResearch Evaluation

• Validity (?)

– Internal

– External

• Reliability (?)

• Replicability (?)


4-Rancangan Penelitian, 2009

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