39 PP lay mau.pdf

7/30/2019 39 PP lay mau.pdf

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Trn Mai Lin PP ly mu v x l mu 2

Gii thiu mn hc

S tn ch: 2 (30 tit)

Trnh : sinh vin nm th 3, ngnh ha phn tch

Mc tiu: gip sinh vin hiu, nm vng cc phng php

ly, x l mu trc khi phn tch trong nhiu i tng khcnhau

M t hc phn: bao gm cc kin thc v cch ly mu,bo qun v x l mu phn tch

Gio trnh:

Phm Lun GT hng dn v nhng vn cscacc kthut xl mu phn tch HN 1999

JOHN WILEY - Sample Preparation Techniques inAnalytical Chemistry Departmentof Chemistry and

Environmental Science New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Gii thiu mn hc

Chng 1. Mu phn tch, ly mu v qun l mu

Chng 2. Nhng vn c s ca cc k thut x l

mu

Chng 3. X l mu xc nh cc kim loi v phi

kim

Chng 4. X l mu xc nh cc cht hu c

Chng 5. X l mu phn tch mu mi trng

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Chng 1. Mu phn tch, ly mu v qun l mu

Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch

Ly mu phn tch

X l s b khi ly mu

Cc cch ly mu phn tch

Ghi chp v lp h s ly mu

Chuyn ch mu v kho hay phng th nghim Qun l, bo qun v iu kin bo qun mu

Khi nim QA/QC trong ly mu phn tch

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Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch?

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Mc sai s trong cc bc ca mt qui trnh phn tch

Ly mu

Chun bmu pt

C c, chng ct,tch

Xc nh

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Vic ly mu v x l mu ty thuc vo

i tng cn nghin cu pt

Bn cht, s tn ti v hm lng ca cht cnxc nh

Loi mu

Phng php phn tch

Cc k thut x l mu

KT v c ha kh

KT v c ha t KT s dng l vi sng

KT chit lng lng, rn lng, rn kh

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KT thng hoa

KT chng ct

KT kt tinh

KT in phn tch cht

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Ly mu phn tch

Mc ch

Yu cu

i din ng cho i tng cn nghin cu

p ng ng yu cu cn pt

Khng lm mt hay nhim bn thm cht pt

Ph hp vi phng php chn pt C khi lng phn tch

Mu c l lch, ghi cc iu kin r rng

m bo thc hin ng QA/QC

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Ly mu phn tch

Trang b v dng c ly mu

Yu cu sch

Khng lm sai khc cc thnh phn trongmu

Ph hp vi tng loi mu

Cc loi dng c: phn loi theo tnh

cht ca mu Mu rn v mu bt: giy, nilon, chai thy

tinh, PE

Mu lng: can, chai nha, chai l thy

tinh Mu c cht phn tch d b phn hy:

giy, chai c mu chng nh sng

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Ly mu phn tch

Tnh cht ca mt s dng c cha v ph mu

Nung chy vi hydroxit kim loi kim v Na2O2.c

s dng khi x l mu bng dd kim c. Khngdng vi HCl

Ni

Nhit c th ti 11000C, r hn thch anh, tngtc vi HF, H3PO4, dd kim

S

Trong sut, chu nhit tt (11000C), dn, gi thnhcao hn thy tinh, tng tc vi HF, H3PO4, dd kim

Thch anh

Trong sut, chu nhit tt, dn d v, tng tc viHF, H3PO4, dd kim. ng dng rng

Thy tinh

c tnh v ng dngCht liu

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Ly mu phn tch

Gi thnh r hn Pt, chu rt tt HCl, c th chuc HNO3, H2SO4 50%; H3PO4 60% 100

0C; c

th nung chy vi NaOH; khng nung vi NaNO3,HSO4

-. Thng c ch to dng hp kim: 98%Zr, 1.5% Sn, vt Fe, Cr v Ni. Khng s dng vi KFhoc HF

Zr

Hu nh khng b nh hng bi cc axit (HNO3,HCl, HF, H2SO4). Gi thnh rt cao; c kh nng

to hp kim vi cc kim loi: Hg, Pb, Sn, Au, Cu, Si,Zn, Cd, As, Al, Bi v Fe. (khi nng d hp th H2l tc nhn kh). Khng s dng nu nung mu viNa2CO3

Pt

c tnhCht liu

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Ly mu phn tch

Chs dng vi dd axit < 0,1M; dn d vPS

Tr hu ht vi cc hp cht v c v hu c (tr F2). Ct l trng hn PE. S dng an ton di 2500C, b phnhy 3000C. Kh to hnh dng (gi thnh cao). Dn nhit

km (i hi t di tng nhit mu)

Teflon

Thng s dng cha mu v thuc th. Tng tcvi HNO3 16M v axit axetic ng bng. Bt u mm vbin dng 600C. Tn ti nhng l trng c kh nng mt1% v th tch khi cha Br

2, H

2O, H

2S, HNO

3.

PE

Chu c axit v kim nng chy, tng tc vi bisunfatnng chy, dn d v. Thnh bnh phi dy.

Al2O3

c tnhCht liu

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Ly mu phn tch

Mu khng kh, bi - TCVN 5704 - 1993 V tr ly mu

Phi t u ly mu cha b phn lc cao1,5m so vi sn nh khi ly mu ti ngun phtsinh.

Phi t u ly mu cha b phn lc cao

1,5m n 2m so vi sn nh nhng v tr khcnhau trong phn xng nh gi mc nhim chung

Phi t u ly mu cha b phn lc ti vng

th khi nh gi mc tip xc

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Ly mu phn tch

Thi gian ly mu

Phi ly mu lin tc trong mt ca lm vic (480 pht) tnh gi tr trung bnh ca ca lm vic. Ni c nhiu

bi c php ly mu gin on lm nhiu ln, miln t nht 30 pht, tng thi gian ly mu khngc t hn 240 pht sau tnh gi tr trung bnh

Cho php ly mu ti ngun pht sinh v cch nh

gi nhim mi trng chung cho tng ln, mi ln30 pht, t nht phi ly 3 mu tch gi tr trungbnh.

Phi ly mu bi trong khong thi gian t 5 n 10pht khi xc nh hm lng bi cao nht trong mtca lm vic, phi ly t nht 5 mu sau tnh gi trtrung bnh

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Ly mu phn tch

Mu phn tch nc Vic ly mu ph thuc vo iu kin ly mu, i tng ly

mu, v tr ly

V d:

Mu t h thng phn phi nc t thnh ph: vi nccn c x trong mt thi gian (3 5 pht), r st trongng c loi b

Mu nc ngm: trng hp nc ging, nc mi bmln cn x t nht 10 pht. Lu lng bm ly mu cn stvi lu lng bm thc t

Ngun nc sng, knh, rch: ly mu theo su, v trso vi b, khong cch vi ngun nc thi, iu kin thi

tit vo thi im ly mu, lu lng dng chy, thy triu, Ngun nc ao, h: ch : cht lng nc thay i theo

ma, lng ma, tc gi, su, thi gian trong ngy

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X l s b khi ly mu

Ti sao phi x l s b?

Cc loi mu cn x l s b

Cc phng php x l s b

Phn tch kim loi v anion

Phn tch cc cht hu c

Cc i tng sinh hc

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Cc kiu ly mu

Ly mu n

Ly mu lp, mu song song

Ly mu hn hp

Ly mu c thm cht chun

Cch ly mu Ly mu theo thi gian Chng trnh thi gian lin tc

Theo nh k Theo xc sut

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Ly mu theo tng, lp Trung bnh cc im

Cc im theo v tr trn b mt

Theo su

Ly theo vng, mt ct hay im cn quan st

Ly theo hng gi

Mt s v d Cch ly mu t

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V d: ly mu t

Ly mu

Ty theo mc ch nghin cu v kho st lachn cc phng php ly mu khc nhau Mu c bit c ly mt v tr xc nh (theo

tng phu din)

Mu hn hp: c trn t nhiu mu ban u tothnh mu chung i din cho mt phm vi tc kho st

Ty theo hnh dng v a hnh mnh t cn lyt nht 5 im phn b u trn ton din tch

theo qui tc ng cho, ng vung gc hayng zigzac

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V d: ly mu t

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V d: ly mu t

Cc mu ban u c gom li thnh mu hnhp chung c khi lng t nht 2kg

T mu hn hp chung, chn thnh mu hn hptrung bnh bng cch bm nh t, trn u vloi bt theo nguyn tc ng cho gc. Muhn hp trung bnh c khi lng 1kg

1

4

3

2

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V d: ly mu phn tch phn bn

Mu ban u

Cc mu c ly ngu nhin, i din cho cc vtr trn, di, gia Trnh ly cc mu c bit,

c th (bao b rch, sn phm b m) S ln ly ti thiu l 5, khi lng mi ln ti

thiu l 200g

Mu chung: gp tt c cc mu ban u nhgi

Mu trung bnh: c ly t mu chung

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V d: ly mu phn tch cy trng

Mu ban u:

Ly t cc b phn ca cy hoc theo khm

c ly cng mt thi im

Cc mu nh gi mc dinh dng ca cythng c ly 1 b phn ti mt giai onsinh trng

Mu chung

Mu trung bnh: mu cn c ra, sy kh, nhanhchng x l v phn tch.

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Ghi chp v lp h s ly mu

a im

V tr

Thi gian

iu kin thi tit

Loi mu

Cch ly

Khi lng

Ghi r cch x l s b (nu c)

Ngi ly

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Chuyn ch mu v PTN

Yu cu phng tin chuyn ch m bo nhanh

Khng gy h hng, xo trn

m bo tt iu kin gi mu

Sch, khng gy nhim bn mu

Thc hin ng QA/QC trong vn chuyn mu

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Bo qun mu phn tch

Yu cu ring tng loi, l, nhm Mi trng thch hp Cht khng phn hy, sa lng Nhit m bo khng xy ra phn ng ph

Cc phng php bo qun Trong iu kin thng, khng kh sch Trong t lnh

Trong t m Trong tuyt cacbonic Trong mi trng kh tr

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Khi nim QA/QC trong ly mu phn tch

Quality Assurance (QA)

Quality Control (QC)

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Chng 2:

Cc k thutx l mu phn tch

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2.1 Yu cu chung ca k thut x l mu

Yu cu chung Ly c hon ton, khng lm mt cht phn

tch

Khng lm nhim bn thm cht phn tch vomu

Kt qu x l ph hp vi phng php phn tch

chn Cc ha cht m bo tinh khit

Khng a thm cc cht gy nh hng vo

mu Tch, lm giu cht phn tch (nu c th)

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QA/QC trong x l mu phn tch Khi nim v QA

Khi nim v QC

Ni dung QA/QC trong x l mu phn tch

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2.2 Phn loi mu phn tch

Phn loi theo ha hc phn tch Nhm mu c nn l v c Nhm mu c nn l cc cht hu c v sinh hc

Phn loi theo trng thi tn ti Trng thi kh Trng thi rn v bn rn: kim loi, t, , cy

Trng thi lng: nc, ru, bia, xng Phn loi theo nhm ngnh

Mu nng nghip

Mu cng nghip Mu sinh hot Mu t nhin

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2.3 Trang b x l mu phn tch

Yu cu ca trang b s dng Cc loi dng cn gin

Cc loi trang b hon chnh

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Extraction of peppermint leaves with hot water

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2.4 Khi qut v bn cht cc k thut x l mu

XLM l qu trnh chuyn mu thnh dng c th

phn tch c bng mt phng php thch hp

Mt qu trnh x l mu c th c cc giai on Ph v cu trc

t chy cht hu c

To mui tan

Kt tinh, thng hoa

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2.4.1 K thut v c ha t (wet digestion)

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2.4.1 K thut v c ha t (wet digestion)

Sn phm sau khi x l bng phng php tro ha t

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V c ha t s dng dung dch axit c

Nguyn tc

Cc loi axit thng dng

Thi gian phn hy mu Cc qu trnh xy ra

t chy cc hp cht hu c

Cc phn ng oxy ha kh

u nhc im ca phng php

Kh nng ng dng

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V c ha s dng dung dch kim c

Nguyn tc

Cc loi axit thng dng

Thi gian phn hy mu u nhc im ca phng php

Kh nng ng dng

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K thut ph mu trong l vi sng

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Cc v d

V c ha t mu trong l vi sng xc nh mts cation (Al, Ba, Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, As, Sb) trongcc i tng bn, trm tch, t hoc du

Mt s lu : Thit b: l vi sng chuyn dng cho cc PTN Cc bnh phn hy mu: 0,25g thng s dng

trong bnh 120ml, p sut c tht ti 7,5 0,7

atm Cc acid c s dng phi c tinh khit cao

(thng qua mu trng loi tr)

Qu trnh ph mu Cn mt lng mu: khng qu 0.5g cho mu bn,

t, trm tch; 0.25g cho mu du

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Thm 10ml HNO3: nu mu cha nhng cht dbay hi hoc nhiu hp cht hu c th c thmu phn hy trc khi cho trong l vi sng (gimkhi lng mu)

Nhng mu bit trc c hm lng cht hu c 5 10% thng c phn hy ngoi 15 pht

S phn hy thng 175 1800C trong thi gian

5 pht Sau thi gian phn hy, mu c ha tan trong

dung dch axit long

Mu c thc li tm, lc m bo ngnht trong mu

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V d:

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2 4 2 K th t h kh (d di ti )


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2.4.2 K thut v c ha kh (dry digestion)

K thut v c ha kh thc cht l k thut nung(c th c trn thm cc ph gia)

K thut nung khng ph gia:

Mu Dng d ha tanNhit cao

S tro ha, t chycht mn, hu c

Ph v cu trc tinh th

Qa trnh oxy ha, bayhi

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V d t h kh d h i


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V d: tro ha mu khng dng ph gia

Tro ha mu rau xc nh cc kim loi (Na, K,Ca, Mg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb)

Mu

(5g)Sy kh chm Nung 500 5300C

Mu tro trng

Ha tan mu = HCl

Ch : mt s kim loi (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) d b mt(10 15%) do bay hi

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K thut nung c ph gia

Mu Dng d ha tan

Nhit cao +ph gia

S tro ha, t chy

cht mn, hu c Ph v cu trc tinh th

Qa trnh oxy ha, bayhi

S tng tc cht phgia

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Cht ph gia v bo v: Cc axit mnh

Mui

Peroxit Hn hp kim + peroxit

Vai tr cht ph gia: gim nhit nung, thi giannung, ph mu trit , khng lm mt cht

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K thut v c ha kh t kt hp


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K thut v c ha kh t kt hp

Mu

+ dd axit

Nung Ha tan

u im:

- Lng axit s dng t hn (= hoc 1/3 lng axit

dng trong s l t)- Thi gian nung gim

- Gim thi gian ui axit d

- Thch hp cho phn tch kim loi v cc anion Cl-,SO42-, Br-

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Mt s v d


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Mt s v d

Mu sa

+ 10ml HNO3 ,5ml Mg(NO3) 5%,

2ml H2SO4 Nung

500 5500C Tro trng Ha tan tro

Mu rau

+ 10ml HNO3,5ml Mg(NO3) 5% Nung

500 5500CTro trng Ha tan tro

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2 4 4 Cc k thut chit


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2.4.4 Cc k thut chit

L thuyt chung v k thut chit: da trn s phnb ca mt cht vo 2 pha khng trn ln

H s phn b

( )

( )

X

Y

C AK

C B

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Qui trnh chit


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Qui trnh chit

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Liquid-liquid extraction


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Liquid-liquid extraction

Mixing or contacting

Phase separation

Collection of separate phases

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V d


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V d

Chit vitamin A t sa:

10 ml sa mu

+ 20 ml ru etylic

+ 5 g Na2

SO4

khan

+ 10 ml n-hexan

Hn hpLcTch lp

Dd nc n-hexan + vitamin A Xc nh Vitamin A = pp HPLC

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Chit pha rn - SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION


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Chit pha rn SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION

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Chit pha rn - SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION


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Chit pha rn SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION

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Solid Phase Extraction cartridges

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Various sorption techniques:

centrifuge

positive pressure

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Large volumes:


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C ch chit pha rn


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p

Chit theo c ch hp ph pha thng Pha tnh: silica trung tnh, b mt phn cc

Mat OH + RX {Mat OH}.RX

Dung mi ra gii cht pt thng l cc dungmi hu c khng phn cc, c kh nng ha tantt cht pt tch c hon ton cht pt khipha rn (gi l pha ng)

Cht chit pha tnh Cht pt Cht pt b hp phln pha rn

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polar

non-polar

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V d: chit thuc tr su trong mu nc


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g

Ct chit c chacc ht LaSiOH

Mu ( lc bcn) c diqua ct chit vitc 4 ml/pht

Chthp phtrn htLaSiOH

Gii chit bngdung mi

diclometan

Cht pt tantrong dung mi

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C ch chit pha rn


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Chit theo c ch hp ph pha ngc Pha tnh: silica c b mt khng phn cc

Mat (CH2)17CH3

Cht chit C18

RX+ Mat (CH2)17CH3.RX

Cht pt hp ph ln pha rn

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C ch chit pha rn


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--

- --

-

+

+++

+ +

+

+

+ + -

-

-

-

Cation

exchange

Anion

exchange

Adsorbents

Bound

molecules

Chit theo c ch trao i ion

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Cation exchange: Lysozyme separation


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Egg white proteins

Egg

whiteproteins

Cation

exchangeadsorbent

Adsorbent+

lysozyme

Other

egg

white

proteins

Lysozyme

+

NaCl

Cation

exchangeadsorbent

+ NaCl

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on exchange

A v B

Anionexchangeadsorbent

BA+

NaCl

Anionexchangeadsorbent

+ NaCl

A +adsorbent

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ch chit pha rn

hit theo c ch sng v ry phn t

Sau khi hp ph

Ra giiIon c kchthc ln ratrc ri n

cc ion c kchthc nh

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thut chit hp ph dng kh

He towaste

Dng khtr nng

H thngphn tch GC

kh He

Cthpth

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c k thut chit

n-exchange chromatography

ration is based on exchange of ionseen surface and eluents.

Part it ion chromatographySeparation is based on solute partitioningbetween two liquid phases.

dsorpt ion chromatographyration is due to a series of adsorption/rption steps.

Size-exclusion chromatographySeparation is based on molecular size.

+ +

-

-

-

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it Soxhlet (Soxhlet extraction process)

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it soxhlet

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it soxhlet

ui tc chn dung miDung mi khng phn cc (du, ete, hexan) s

ha tan cc cht khng phn cc (cht bo)

Dung mi phn cc (metanol, etanol, nc)ha tan cc cht phn cc (mui, ng)

i lc ca cht tan trong dung mi hu c c th

tng khi s dng mt hn hp cc dung mi

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n hp cc dung mi

xample: solublizationf an aliphaticrboxylic acid inthanol, acetone andmixture of both.

-R-C

O------------H-O-CH2-CH3

O-H

In ethanol

In acetone R-C

O-H---------O=C

O

CH3

CH3

Hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond

R-C

OH

O HO-C2H5

O=C

CH3

CH3

(ethanol)

(acetone)

In a mixture of acetone and ethanolhttp://hoahocsp.tk


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thut chit siu m

2

1 1

2

ng siu m S phn b licht phn tch

trong 2 dung mi

K

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.5 K thut chng ct

guyn tc: da theo im sic kiu chng ct

Chng ct thng thng

Chng ct li cun (hi nc)Chng ct di p sut thp

Chng ct trong mi trng siu m

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ng ct thng thng

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Chng 3. X l mu xc nh

cc kim loi v phi kim

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t vn

i t h t h ki l i hi ki


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i tng phn tch: cc kim loi v phi kim

Cc k thut c th dng x l: Hu ht cc kthut hc

Phn loi mu chn cch x l:

Mu nn v c: hp kim, qung, t, cc snphm cng nghip

Mu nn hu c: thc vt, ng vt, thc phm

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3.1 X l mu v c

M t h h t h


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Mt s hng phn tch Xc nh cc ion kim loi di ng

Xc nh tng hm lng ca mt s cht trong

mu Xc nh mt s anion, kim

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X l ly cc ion kim loi di ng (trao i)

l h ti th h t i


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y l ch tiu thng c xc nh trong itng: t, phn bn

Cc ion kim loi ny d dng trao i s dng

mt dung mi thch hp chit cc ion kim loivo dung dch

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X l ly cc ion kim loi di ng (trao i)1. Di qua dd mu NH4+


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Mu t bao gmcc cation trao iCa, Mg, Na, K, H, Al

Mu c bp havi NH4+

2.y NH4+ bng K+

3. Thu v xc nh NH4+

t + K+

Hn hpcc ion

NH4+

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X l ly cc ion kim loi di ng (trao i)


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Xc nh CEC: olng d (NH4

+)

Xc nh ion kim loitrao i: xc nh

lng mui to thnhsau khi di qua mudung dch cation traoi

Ct

t + Ct

Ct

Bng

Cation

trao i

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X l mu ly hm lng tng kim loi

Nhn xt:


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Nhn xt: Ch tiu phn tch: tng kim loi trong mt i

tng

Phng php x l thch hp: V c ha t

Kt hp x l kh + t

Chit Mt s v d (GT)

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3.2 X l mu hu c


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http://hoahocsp.tk


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Chng 4. X l mu xc nh

cc cht hu c

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Ni dung


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4.1 Khi nim v phn loi mu hu c

4.2 Cc k thut x l mu xc nh cht hu c

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4.1 Khi nim v phn loi mu hu c

Mu hu c l mu m cht nn ca n l cc cht


97/131


Mu hu c l mu m cht nn ca n l cc chthu c

Cht hu c rt a dng, d b phn hy hn cccht v c

V vy ngoi nhng yu cu chung, cn c cc yucu ring cho vic x l phn tch cc cht hu c

Kh tch cht ra khi mu u

Khng bn d b mt do phn hy

Phi c nhiu trang b

Cn s dng nhiu dung mi Khng ch nghim ngt cc iu kin

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4.2 Cc k thut x l mu xc nh cht hu c

Nguyn tc chung


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Nguyn tc chung Chuyn mu thnh dng thch hp phn tch

Ly mt lng nht nh phn tch bng cc

phng php: chng ct, chit Cc phng php, k thut x l

K thut chng ct

Chng ct thng Chng ct chn khng

K thut chit

Chit lng lng Chit dng lin tc

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K thut sc k


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K thut sc k V d

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SINH VIN THUYT TRNH


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http://hoahocsp.tk


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Chng 5. X l v phn tch mu

mi trng

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Ni dung

5 1 Khi nim v mu mi trng v phn loi


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5.1 Khi nim v mu mi trng v phn loi5.2 Cc phng php x l mu v v d

5.2.1 Nc, nc thi v phn tch chng5.2.2 X l cc loi mu b thi

5.2.3 X l mu khng kh, khi v bi

5.2.4 X l mu t bn v trm tch

5.2.5 X l mu rong ru trong nc

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5.1 Khi nim v mu mi trng v phn loi

Thy quynKh


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Thy quyn Kh quyn

a quyn

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Ly mu v bo qun mu nc


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http://hoahocsp.tk

GII THIU CHUNG

Ly mu l thu thp mt phn vt cht trong mt th tch y x l v vn chuyn v phng th nghim kp lc khi cht


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y p p g y, x l v vn chuyn v phng th nghim kp lc khi cht

lng mu cha thay i.

Ngi ly mu phi chu trch nhim v cht lng mu cho

n khi mu c gi n phng th nghim phn tch.

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NHNGIU CN LU

Mu phi c bo qun trnh mi ngun nhim bnhoc s phn hy c th xy n trc khi a v


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p q ghoc s phn hy c th xy n trc khi a v

phng th nghim.

Phi sc ra t nht hai n ba ln bnh ly mu bngchnh ngun nc trc khi ly mu, tr trng hp

bnh c x l bng ha cht bo qun hay cc

cht kh clo.

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NHNGIU CN LU

i vi nhng mu phi vn chuyn xa, khng nn lyqu y m cha li 1% dung tch bnh khong trng


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qu y m cha li 1% dung tch bnh, khong trng

ny phng h s dn n nhit. Tuy nhin iu ny

ty thuc vo cc xt nghim cn lm. Mu tiu biu cho nhiu ngun c thc to t vic

pha trn cc mu ly thi im khc nhau hoc tng

a im khc nhau.

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NHNGIU CN LU

c cht l lng v cht khc, nhng thay i ha ldo thng thong hay xy ra trong qu trnh tn tr l nhng


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do thng thong hay xy ra trong qu trnh tn tr l nhng

yu t quan trng nh hng n kt qu

Tt nht nn ghi r mu lc hay cha lc

Phi ghi chp nhng chi tit lin quan n vic ly mu. Cn

ghi chp y , r rng tn ngi ly mu, ngy gi, nhit

nc v km nhng d liu khc nh thi tit, mc nc,

dng chy, trm quan trc thi im gi mu

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NHNGIU CN LU

Chtha im ly mu r rt trn bn , tt nht nnnh du cc v tr bng cc phao hay m t cc c


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nh du cc v tr bng cc, phao hay m t cc c

im hay b ngi khc d nhn din li d dng lc

cn m khng phi vn dng li tr nh hay ln tm quali hng dn.

Nu mun ly mu t h thng phn phi, nn x vi

chy t do trong mt thi gian ngn m bo mu thhin ng cht lng ngun.

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NHNGIU CN LU

Cch ly mu hn hp ty thuc vo tnh cht, lulng v ch thy lc ca dng chy Nu ch cn ly


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lng v ch thy lc ca dng chy. Nu chcn ly

mu bt k, nn ly mu su trung bnh ti v tr

gia dng. i vi mu cc h v hm cha, khi ly mu phi lu

n tc ng ca ma, lng nc chy trn b mt,

gi, yu t phn tng theo ma tt cu c th gynh hng n cht lng nc.

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NHNGIU CN LU

Trnh cc vng xo trn mnh v d lm tht thot cccht d bay hi trong c c cht c. Thng thng,


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y g g g,mu c ly vng tnh, di mt thong. Nu c yucu v mt hn hp, phi thn trng i vi cc thnh

phn d tht thot khng phi do qu trnh ly mu mv vic x l khng ng cch.

Chs dng cc mu thch ng vi cuc kho st (hoc

nhng mu nm trong chng trnh ly mu), khi lymu nhng iu kin khc nn ghi chp li r rng vy chi tit.

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BIN PHP AN TON

V trong mu c th c nhng thnh phn c cht nn phip dng nhng bin php phng hu hiu trong sut qu


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p g g p p p g g q

trnh ly v x l mu.

i vi cht hu c d chy, cn phi p dng cc bin php

an ton thch nghi.

Khi cha tin tng vo mc an ton, mi bin php

phng u rt cn thit, phi quan tm n vn hun luyn

v an ton lao ng. Ty ngun nhim bn m c bin php phng h y t ngh nghip khc nhau.

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MU BT K (MU C BIT)

Khi mu c ly ti mt thi im, mt v tr nht nh, nicho ng mu y chth hin c mt cht lng ngun

thi i t t i thi i l h


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nc vo thi im v v tr ti m thi.i lc phngphp ly mu bt k cng c p dng cho c trng hpnc thi.

i vi ngun c bit r l cht lng lin tc c thayi theo thi gian, nhng mu c bit c ly trong tngkhong thi gian thch hp v phn tch ring s cho d liuv nhng bin i trong phm vi gii hn.

i vi cht mn, bn v nc thi, bn ven b cn phi cnphi cn nhc khi chn phng php ly mu.

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MU HN HP

i vi nhiu trng hp, thut ng mu hn hpc dng din t s trn ln cc mu c bit ly


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nhiu im khc nhau trn cng 1 v tr.

Mu hn hp thch hp cho vic kho st cc hmlng trung bnh, th d nh trong cch tnh ti trng hayhiu qu ca cng trnh x l nc thi.

nh gi nhng hiu qu, bin ng ring bit hay

cc lu lng tht thng th cng chcn ly mu hnhp trong sut thi gian xy ra cng .

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MU HN HP

Mun xc nh thnh phn hay cc yu t chth nhngthay i thng gp trong hm cha th khng nn dng


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y g gp g g g

mu hn hp. Trong trng hp ny, cc mu ring l

s ph hp hn. Tm li, loi mu ny thng c dng cho vic xc

nh thnh phn t thay i trong iu kin ly mu v

bo qun mu.

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MU HN HP

Vic trn mu c thc hin trong mt bnh ln cdung tch 2 3 lt phn tch cc thnh phn trong


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nc cng, nc thi, hoc t ng thot nc.

Khng nn s dng cc dng c ly mu tng tr khip dng c y cc phng php cch bo qun.Tt c dng c phi c ra sch hng ngy trnhs pht trin sinh hc v cc cht lng ng khc.

Thnh thong cng cn phn tch trn mt mu ring lnu xt thy cn.

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PHNG THC BO QUN

Th

i gian t

n tr

ti aPh

ng th

c boqunCh

tiu phn tch


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48 gi40CMu

6 gi40CMi

24 gi40C acid, kim

28 gi40C dn in

Khng cn thitFloride (F-)

Khng cn thitChloride (Cl-)

Khng cn thitCalci (Ca2+)

Khng cn thit cng

http://hoahocsp.tk

PHNG THC BO QUN

Thi gian

tn tr ti a

Phng thc

bo qun

Ch tiu

phn tch


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24H2SO4, pH < 2, 40CPhenol

24NaOH, pH >12, 40CCyanide

72 ml/l HCl, pH < 2Carbon hu c

282 ml/lH2SO4, 40CDu v m

72 ml/lH2SO4COD

8(0,7 ml H2SO4 + 1 ml NaN3)/300ml; 10-200C

DO72 mg/l zine acetateH2S

28 ngy40C; pH < 8Sulphate

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PHNG THC BO QUN

Thi gian tn tr

ti a

Phng thc

bo qun

Ch tiu

phn tch


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6 thngHNO3, pH < 2, 40CFe, Mn

48 gi40CPhosphate

Phn tch ngayH2SO4, pH < 2, 40CN-NO2; N-NO3

7 ngyH2SO4, pH < 2, 40CN-NH3

bo qunphn tch

Th

i gian phn tch cng s

m cng t

t

http://hoahocsp.tk

MT S THIT BO TI HIN TRNG


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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh Ly mu khng kh mc ch nhm xc nh mt cch chnh xc nng

cc cht nhim sau:SO2, NO2, O3, bi l lng, ch bi . bi vt vicquan trc phi tin hnh nghim tc, chnh xc theo ng quy nh banhnh.


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Nhn vin quan trc phi c trnh chuyn mn, tay ngh caov phi c kh nng s l cc tnh hung

Chun b quan trc phi chu o bao gm cc cng vic sau: Pha ch dung dch hp th ti hin trng, chun b v cn cc phin

lc thu mu bi. Chun b cc bnh cha dung dch, ng nghim ng mu, cc mu

i chng.

Cc my ly mu phi t yu cu k thut nh chun xc v nnh v lu lng. u thu mu, ng hp th, cc my quan trc thitit phi m bo cc yu cu t ra

Cc bng biu, nht k cng tc Cc thit b bo qun vn chuyn mu

Cc thit b ph tr: my pht in, pin

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh

Nguyn tc ly mu: Bm khng kh c cha cht nhim qua dng c cha dung dch hp th hocphin lc hoc ng hp th cht nhim b gi li


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phin lc hoc ng hp th, cht nhim b gi licn khng kh th i qua.

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Chun b ho cht, dng c v thit b ly mu: Pha ch, bo qun dung dch hp th hoc giy


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lc bi theo cc phng php tng ng

Kim chun thit b v tin cy, chnh xc v lch chun ca lu lng. i vi my ly khc thng l cc bm ht c lu lng nh 0,5-

5lt/pht; Chun lu lng trong khong 0,5- 1lt/pht khi ht qua dung dch hp th. Cc myly bi tng s phi c lu lng ln 20- 30

lt/pht; Chun lu lng theo chdn ca my.

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u ly mu: Cc my mua mi u km theocc u ly mu.

Khi ly mu bi phi chn giy lc dng si thu


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Khi ly mu bi phi chn giy lc dng si thutinh c kch thc trng vi kch thc u ly

bi. Khi ly mu kh, ng hp th thng c dung tch

10ml, 25ml hoc 100ml c hoc khng c mng

xp phn tn dng kh. Nn dng loi nh vni tip hai ng c cha dung dch hp thm bo cht nhim c hp th ht.i viCO ly mu bng chai, chai ly mu phi m

bo khng thot kh mu thot ra ngoi hockhng kh bn ngoi thm nhp vo.

t u o cch mt t 1,2- 1,5m .

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S h thng ly


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u ly mu

Lu lng k

Mng lc bo v

ngni

S h thng ly mu kh, bi

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh Mu bi ng trong bao kp bng giy can k thut c th bo qun d

dng v lu di nhit thng, nhng ni chung khng nn quba ngy.

Cc mu kh ly song phi bo qun trong bnh lnh c nhit 5 C


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Cc mu kh ly song phi bo qun trong bnh lnh c nhit 5 Cv vn chuyn nhanh v phmg th nghim. Mu O3 sau kh ly phi

phn tch ngay ti ch cng nhanh cng tt. Kh ly mu bng ng hp th, ly mu xong rt mu vo l thu tinh c

nt nhm hoc ng nghim c nt chc chn, t trong bnh lnh vvn chuyn ngay v, nu cha kp phn thch th t trong ngn mtca t lnh (phi phn tch ngay trong 24h).

i vi chai ng kh mu CO, chai ng mu phi nt v gn kn gitrong cc thng g hoc tn c chn xp trnh v.

Nu c mu lu, cc mu lu khong ba thng, nu khng c iu gnghi ngi th c th lp bin bn hu mu.

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu t

Ly mu

Ty theo mc ch nghin cu v kho st lachn cc phng php ly mu khc nhau


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chn cc phng php ly mu khc nhau Mu c bit c ly mt v tr xc nh (theo

tng phu din) Mu hn hp: c trn t nhiu mu ban u to

thnh mu chung i din cho mt phm vi tc kho st

Ty theo hnh dng v a hnh mnh t cn lyt nht 5 im phn bu trn ton din tchtheo qui tc ng cho, ng vung gc hay

ng dch dc

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Cc mu ban u c gom li thnh mu hnhp chung c khi lng t nht 2kg

T mu hn hp chung chn thnh mu hn hp


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T mu hn hp chung, chn thnh mu hn hptrung bnh bng cch bm nht, trn u v

loi bt theo nguyn tc ng cho gc. Muhn hp trung bnh c khi lng 1kg

1

4

3

2

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Nhng mu t xc nh dung trng, t trng v xp c gi nguyn trng thi v c lybng dng c ring


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g g g

Trnh ly mu nhng ni c th: ni bn

phn, vi, v tr gn b, qu cao hoc qu trng Mu t c cho vo ti vi hoc nha, ghi k

hiu mu ngy ly mu, su, a im

Nhng mu phn tch cc chtiu d bin inh: NH4+, NO3

-, Fe2+ cn phn tch mu tti, bo qun lnh, trong ti kn, phn tch ngay

Nhng mu phn tch cc chtiu thng thngu c xc nh bng t kh

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Hong kh t:

Chuyn ton bt vo khay nha sch, khtrong khng kh ni thong mt sch khng c


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trong khng kh ni thong mt, sch, khng ccc kh nh H2S, HCl, NH3 Khng phi trc tip

ngoi nng Nhng cc t ln c p nh hoc ct thnh

lt mng ri u ra khay

t c hong kh trong khng kh gi l t khkhng kh

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