3 Lan Kinerja Tinggi 1
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FDDI CDDI GIGABIT ETHERNET 100VG- ANYLAN FIBRE CHANNEL HPPI FAST ETHERNET
description
LAN KINERJA TINGGI 1
Transcript of 3 Lan Kinerja Tinggi 1
FDDI
CDDI
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VG-ANYLAN
FIBRE CHANNEL
HPPI
FAST ETHERNET
merupakan LAN token ring kapasitas penyaluran data 100 Mbps jangkauan 200 km mampu melayani 1000 stasiun memakai serat optik multimode dengan light-
emitting diode (LED) [FORD01] [TANE97]
1. FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI) FDDI
CDDI
GIGABIT ETHERNET
100VG-ANYLAN
FIBRE CHANNEL
HPPI
FAST ETHERNET
1.1 Mode Serat Optik
1.2 Standar FDDI
FDDI
CDDI
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FIBRE CHANNEL
HPPI
FAST ETHERNET
The Medium Access Control (MAC) : MAC meliputi pengaturan frame format, token handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and error-recovery mechanisms.
The Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) :data encoding/decoding procedures, clocking requirements, and framing
The Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD) :the characteristics of the transmission medium, including fiber-optic links, power levels, bit-error rates, optical components, and connectors.
The Station Management (SMT) :FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control features, including station insertion and removal, initialization, fault isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics collection [FORD01].
FDDI
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1.3 FDDI vs. IEEE dan OSI MODEL
FDDI mirip dengan standar IEEE 802.3
Ethernet dan IEEE 802.5 Token Ring serta
OSI model, yakni pada layer fisik dan data
link.
Perbedaannya kalau Token Ring tidak
memperbolehkan stasiun membuat token baru
sebelum token datang kembali, sedangkan FDDI
mengijinkan stasiun membuat token baru
setelah stasiun tersebut menyelesaikan
transmisinya. [TANE97]
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1.4 FDDI Station-Attachment Types
FDDI memiliki tiga pilihan koneksi :
a.single-attachment station (SAS):
attaches to only one ring (the primary)
through a concentrator. One of the primary
advantages of connecting devices with SAS
attachments is that the devices will not
have any effect on the FDDI ring if they
are disconnected or powered off.
Concentrators will be discussed in more
detail in the following discussion.
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b.dual-attachment station (DAS):
each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A
and B. These ports connect the DAS to the
dual FDDI ring. Therefore, each port
provides a connection for both the primary
and the secondary ring. As you will see in
the next section, devices using DAS
connections will affect the ring if they
are disconnected or powered off.
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c.Concentrator
an FDDI concentrator (also called a dual-
attachment concentrator [DAC]) is the
building block of an FDDI network. It
attaches directly to both the primary and
secondary rings and ensures that the
failure or power-down of any SAS does not
bring down the ring. This is particularly
useful when PCs, or similar devices that
are frequently powered on and off, connect
to the ring.
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1.5 FDDI fault tolerance
a. Dual RingIf a station on the dual ring fails or is
powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the
dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled
back onto itself) into a single ring.
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When a cable failure occurs, devices on either side
of the cable fault wrap. Network operation
continues for all stations. It should be noted that
FDDI truly provides fault-tolerance against a
single failure only. When two or more failures
occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more
independent rings that are unable to communicate
with each other.
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Optical Bypass Switch
An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring
operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used
both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed
stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs
this function through the use of optical mirrors that pass
light from the ring directly to the DAS device during
normal operation. In the event of a failure of the DAS
device, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch
will pass the light through itself by using internal
mirrors and thereby maintain the ring's integrity. The
benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter
a wrapped condition in the event of a device failure.
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b.Dual HomingCritical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can
use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to
provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee
operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device
is attached to two concentrators. Figure shows a dual-
homed configuration for devices such as file servers and
routers.
One pair of concentrator links is declared the active
link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link
stays in back-up mode until the primary link (or the
concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to
have failed. When this occurs, the passive link
automatically activates.
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1.6 FDDI Frame FormatThe FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token
Ring frame. This is one of the areas where FDDI borrows
heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring.
FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes.
FDDI Frame FieldsPreamble---A unique sequence that prepares each station for an upcoming frame. Start Delimiter---Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the frame. Frame Control---Indicates the size of the address fields and whether the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other control information. Destination Address---Contains a unicast (singular), multicast (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes long.
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1.6 FDDI Frame Format
Source Address---Identifies the single station that sent the
frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI
source addresses are 6 bytes long.
Data---Contains either information destined for an upper-
layer protocol or control information.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)---Filed by the source station with
a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame
contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The
destination address recalculates the value to determine
whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame
is discarded.
End Delimiter---Contains unique symbols, which cannot be
data symbols, that indicate the end of the frame.
Frame Status---Allows the source station to determine
whether an error occurred and whether the frame was
recognized and copied by a receiving station.
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Pengkodean FDDI
tidak lagi menggunakan Manchester Encoding tetapi
menggunakan 4B/5B/NRZI, yakni 4 bit data dikodekan
dengan 5 bit kode pensinyalan yang kemudian ditandai
dengan Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI).[STAL00]
Pengkodean ini dimaksudkan agar tercapai sinkronisasi dan
diperolehnya pola pengkodean yang unik [TANE97].
Pergeseran timing transmitter dan receiver yang
menyebabkan keduanya tidak sinkron lagi dapat terjadi
karena sinyal berpropagasi dengan transisi (+Volt ke 0 Volt )
yang terbatas, misal selalu +Volt dalam waktu yang panjang.
Oleh sebab itu diperlukan lebih banyak transisi sinyal
(melalui pengkodean) untuk menjaga agar transmitter dan
receiver tidak kehilangan momen sinkronnya.
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©©©
2. COPPER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (CDDI)
Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is the
implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper
wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and
uses a dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI
supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to
concentrator.
CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9.5 Committee. The CDDI
standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical
Medium Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to
as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI),
consistent with the term Fiber-Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and media-
access control layers defined by the ANSI standard.
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2. COPPER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (CDDI) The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). STP cabling has a 150-ohm impedance and adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is data-grade cabling (Category 5) consisting of four unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially
developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to EIA/TIA 568B specifications.
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PengkodeanCDDI
Digunakan MLT-3, yakni • bila bit 0 : tidak ada perubahan pensinyalan, • bila bit 1 : ada perubahan transisi :
• bila pensinyalan terakhir adalah nonzero +V atau nonzero –V, maka berikutnya adalah 0 Volt;
• bila pensinyalan terakhir adalah 0 Volt, maka berikutnya adalah
• nonzero +V bila nonzero bit sebelumnya adalah –V,
• nonzero –V bila nonzero bit sebelumnya adalah +V [STAL00].
FDDI
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FIBRE CHANNEL
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FAST ETHERNET
©©©
Efek MLT-3 adalah terkonsentrasikannya sebagian besar energi sinyal pada frekuensi < 30 MHz sehingga mengurangi emisi radiasi yang berikutnya dapat memperkecil interferensi.
3. FAST ETHERNETLAN berkapasitas 10 Mbps banyak memerlukan perangkat pendukung seperti repeater, bridge, router untuk memperoleh transfer rate yang tinggi.
Komite IEEE 802.3 menyempurnakannya dengan meningkatkan kapasitas dengan cara mempertahankan format paket, antarmuka, deteksi kesalahan, dan prosedur yang lama tetapi dengan mengurangi waktu bit dari 100 ns menjadi 10 ns.
Standarnya disebut IEEE 802.3c yang tidak memperbolehkan pemakaian hub, tap vampire, maupun BNC [TANE97].
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CDDI
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100VG-ANYLAN
FIBRE CHANNEL
HPPI
FAST ETHERNET
Kabel yang digunakan fast ethernet
UTP sebanyak 4 buah UTP sebanyak 4 buah kapasitas 25MHz(kategori
3) dengan mekanisme seperti gambar yang
kemudian disebut 100BaseT4, UTP sebanyak 2 UTP sebanyak 2 buah kapasitas 125 MHz
(kategori 5) dengan mekanisme fullduplex
yang kemudian disebut 100BaseTX, dan
menggunakan pengkodean 4B/5B,
Fiber optic sebanyak 2 strand Fiber optic sebanyak 2 strand dengan mekanisme
fullduplex yang kemudian disebut 100BaseFX
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100BaseT Physical Layer
Characteristics of 100BaseT Media TypesCharacteristics of 100BaseT Media Types
200 meters400 meters200 metersMaximum network diameter
100 meters400 meters100 metersMaximum segment length
ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connector
Duplex SCmedia-interface connector (MIC) ST
ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connector
Connector
4 pairs2 strands2 pairsNumber of pairs or strands
Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP
62.5/125 micron multi-mode fiber
Category 5 UTP, or Type 1 and 2 STP
Cable
100BaseT4 100BaseFX 100BaseTX Characteristics
FDDI
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FAST ETHERNET
©©©
4. GIGABIT ETHERNET
Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of the
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard. Gigabit
Ethernet builds on the Ethernet protocol
but increases speed tenfold over Fast
Ethernet, to 1000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps.
This MAC and PHY standard promises to be a
dominant player in high-speed LAN
backbones and server connectivity. Because
Gigabit Ethernet significantly leverages
on Ethernet, network managers will be able
to leverage their existing knowledge base
to manage and maintain Gigabit Ethernet
networks.
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GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
To accelerate speeds from 100-Mbps Fast
Ethernet to 1 Gbps, several changes need
to be made to the physical interface.
It has been decided that Gigabit Ethernet
will look identical to Ethernet from the
data link layer upward. The challenges
involved in accelerating to 1 Gbps have
been resolved by merging two technologies:
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet and
ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel.
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GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
Figure shows how key components from each
technology have been leveraged to form
Gigabit Ethernet.
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GIGABIT ETHERNET PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
Leveraging these two technologies
means that the standard can take
advantage of the existing high-
speed physical interface technology
of Fibre Channel while maintaining
the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frame
format, backward compatibility for
installed media, and use of full-or
half-duplex (via CSMA/CD).
Acknowledgement to Cisco Documentation developers, Merilee Ford et.al.
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©©©
5. 100VG-AnyLAN is an IEEE specification for 100-Mbps Token Ring and Ethernet implementations over 4-pair UTP. The MAC layer is not compatible with the IEEE 802.3 MAC layer.
100VG-AnyLAN was developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP) to support newer time-sensitive applications, such as multimedia. A version of HP's implementation is standardized in the IEEE 802.12 specification.
The access method is based on station demand and was designed as an upgrade path from Ethernet and 16-Mbps Token Ring. Kabel yang Digunakan :•4-pair Category 3 UTP •2-pair Category 4 or 5 UTP •STP •Fiber optic
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FAST ETHERNET
5. 100VG-AnyLAN The IEEE 802.12 100VG-AnyLAN standard
specifies the link-distance limitations,
hub-configuration limitations, and maximum
network-distance limitations. Link
distances from node to hub are 100 meters
(Category 3 UTP) or 150 meters (Category 5
UTP).
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Konfigurasi Hub
100VG-Any LAN hubs are arranged in a
hierarchical fashion. Each hub has at least one
uplink port, and every other port can be a
downlink port. Hubs can be cascaded three-deep
if uplinked to other hubs, and cascaded hubs can
be 100 meters apart (Category 3 UTP) or 150
meters apart (Category 5 UTP).
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FIBRE CHANNEL
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FAST ETHERNET
Jarak Maksimum Antarstasiun
End-to-end network-distance limitations are 600
meters (Category 3 UTP) or 900 meters (Category
5 UTP). If hubs are located in the same wiring
closet, end-to-end distances shrink to 200
meters (Category 3 UTP) and 300 meters (Category
5 UTP).
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FIBRE CHANNEL
HPPI
FAST ETHERNET
Mekanisme Transmisi
100VG-AnyLAN uses a demand-priority access
method that eliminates collisions and can
be more heavily loaded than 100BaseT. The
demand-priority access method is more
deterministic than CSMA/CD because the hub
controls access to the network.
The 100VG-AnyLAN standard calls for a
level-one hub, or repeater, that acts as
the root. This root repeater controls the
operation of the priority domain. Hubs can
be cascaded three-deep in a star topology.
Interconnected hubs act as a single large
repeater, with the root repeater polling
each port in port order.
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FAST ETHERNET
Mekanisme Transmisi
In general, under 100VG-AnyLAN demand-priority
operation, a node wanting to transmit signals
its request to the hub (or switch). If the
network is idle, the hub immediately
acknowledges the request and the node begins
transmitting a packet to the hub.
If more than one request is received at the same
time, the hub uses a round-robin technique to
acknowledge each request in turn. High-priority
requests, such as time-sensitive
videoconferencing applications, are serviced
ahead of normal-priority requests.
To ensure fairness to all stations, a hub does
not grant priority access to a port more than
twice in a row.
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FAST ETHERNET
©©©
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI)
Jaringan ini muncul karena adanya
kebutuhan transmisi data dalam
jumlah besar di Lab perancangan
senjata nuklir Los Alamos AS.
Guna mengamati gerak jatuhnya bom
diperlukan frame berukuran 1024 x
1024 pixel (pixel = 24 bit) dengan
kecepatan penayangan 30 frame /
detik, sehingga diperlukan transfer
rate sekitar 750 Mbps.
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FAST ETHERNET
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI)Pada awalnya HIPPI dirancang
sebagai saluran data point to point
dengan bentuk master – slave yang
menggunakan kabel dedicated tanpa
switching. Kapasitas yang
disediakan 800 Mbps dan 1600 Mbps.
Pada kapasitas 800 Mbps digunakan
50 kabel twisted pair untuk
menyalurkan 50 bit (32 bit data +
18 bit kontrol). Setiap 40
nanodetik sebuah word dipindahkan
ke saluran secara simplex dengan
panjang tak lebih dari 25 m.
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FAST ETHERNET
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI)Dalam perkembangannya guna menghubungkan
beberapa superkomputer (sebagai host) dan
peripheral lain, maka dibentuk jaringan
dengan crossbar switch berukuran 4x 4.
Setelah melalui masa yang berat akhirnya
komite ANSI X3T9.3 menghasilkan standar
HIPPI yang mencakup phisical layer dan
data link layer, sedangkan layer di
atasnya tergantung pada pengguna.
Protokol dasarnya adalah : host harus
meminta crossbar switch untuk membentuk
koneksi, kemudian host mengirim pesan bagi
pembebasan koneksi tersebut agar dapat
dilakukan komunikasi.
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FAST ETHERNET
6. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HIPPI)
Frame HIPPI berukuran 256 word yang berisi
1016 byte header dan kapasitas payload
hingga 232 – 2 byte data.
Deteksi kesalahan menggunakan VRC dan LRC
[TANE97].
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©©©
7. FIBRE CHANNELPerkembangan aplikasi guna pelayanan
informasi yang berbasis grafis, video,
multimedia lainnya membutuhkan saluran
yang berkecepatan semakin tinggi.
Saluran ini menangani baik saluran data
termasuk HIPPI, SCSI, dan multiplexor
mainframe IBM, serta koneksi jaringan
termasuk IEEE 802, IP, dan ATM.
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FAST ETHERNET
7. FIBRE CHANNELStandar yang digunakan ANI X3T11. Struktur
protokol pada saluran serat terlihat pada
tabel berikut ini.
Future800 Mbps
400 Mbps
200 Mbps
100 Mbps
FC-0
8/10 encode/decodeFC-1Phisical
Layer
Protokol Pembuat FrameFC-2
Layanan Umum (aturan multicast)FC-3
ATMIP802IBMSCSIHIPPIFC-4Data link Layer
JARINGANSALURAN DATALAYER
Sumber : Tanenbaum, 1997
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7. FIBRE CHANNELStruktur dasarnya adalah sistem ujung yang
disebut stasiun dan jaringan yang
terbentuk oleh elemen-elemen switch yang
disebut fabric.
Setiap stasiun mencakup satu terminal atau
lebih yang disebut N-port, sedangkan
elemen fabric-switch mencakup terminal-
terminal multipel yang disebut F-port.
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7. FIBRE CHANNEL
80 m57 m46 m28 mShielded Twisted Pair
42 m28 m19 m14 mKabel koaksial mini
100 m100 m71 m50 mKabel koaksial video
-1 km1 km175 mSerat multimode 62,5 µm
-2 km1 km0,5 kmSerat multimode 50 µm
-10 km10 km10 kmSerat mode tunggal
100 Mbps200 Mbps400 Mbps800 Mbps
KAPASITASTIPE MEDIA
Sumber : Stallings, 2000
Sistem seperti ini sangat fleksibel dalam
penambahan atau pengurangan stasiun. Karena
didasarkan pada jaringan switching, maka
penambahan N-port, rate data, dan jarak
jangkauan lebih mudah dilakukan.
Demikian pula penambahan media transmisi baru
dapat dilakukan dengan menambah F-port dan
switch baru ke fabric. [STAL00].
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FIBRE CHANNEL
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FAST ETHERNET
***
