237499117 Al Hidayah Fee Nahw

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AfAZA THE GUIDANCEIn 'Arabic GrammarA Compilation Of The Rules Of 'Arabic SyntaxTranslated By

Ali Abdur-Rasheed 2008 Ali Abdur-RasheedPublished By:Madani [email protected] Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be published without expresswritten consent.pjATABLE OF CONTENTSLesson Topic

PagePreface A8 ____________________________________________________________________

_1. Definition of Nahw, the Kalimah and its Divisions ( ) 9 .....i , ...:. , .,-.. .,,.:

_______________2. Definition of the Noun & Verb ( ) 11 ... , ,., .,,.:

_____________________________________3. Definition of the Particle & the Meaning of Speech ( ) 14 ,:. ... ..:... , .,,


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________________4. The Declinable Noun & Types of I'rab ( ) 18 ,,., _,.i , ,,... -

_____________________________5. The Remaining Types of I'rab of Nouns ( ) 24 ,., ,,.( _,.i .,., -

_____________________________6. Fully

Declinable & Partially

Declinable Nouns ( ) 29 .,.... ,,. , .,....

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7. Remaining Causes Preventing Full-Declension ( ) 34 .,.. _.. ,,. .,.,

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8. Nominative Nouns: The Verbal Subject & Proxy-Subject ( ) 39 .... ,... , .... ...,,.. .....


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______9. Nominative Nouns: The Nominative Subject and Predicate ( ) 45 ,,-. , i.:,..

___________________10. Nominative Nouns: ( ) 50 .-.. .,... . , ,., ,:,,::.. . , .. ,.( , ( ,, , .

_____________11. Accusative Nouns ( ) 55 ., ,.... , _.a.. ,....


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________________________________________12. Accusative Nouns: ( ) 61 _.....

____________________________________________________13. Accusative Nouns: ( ) 66 ... ,.... , .. ,.... , ., ,....

________________________________14. Accusative Nouns: ( ) 71 .-.

______________________________________________________15. Accusative Nouns: ( ) 75 ,,,.:.

_____________________________________________________16. Accusative Nouns: ( ) 78 .::...

__________________________________________________17. Accusative Nouns: ( ) 85 ,., ,:,,::.. . , .. ,, , .-. _... . ,.( , ( ,.( , .


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____________The Guidance In Grammar A- ZA AfA 5Lesson Topic

Page18. Genitive Nouns: ( ) 91 .,.( ..... , .,,,-.. .....

_______________________________________19. Subordinate Nouns: ( ) 96 ....

____________________________________________________20. Subordinate Nouns: ( ) 102 .,,-.., .a..

______________________________________________21. Subordinate Nouns: ( ) 106 .,:.:.

___________________________________________________22. Subordinate Nouns: ( ) 111 .,,. .a. , .,.

___________________________________________23. Indeclinable Nouns: ( ) 115 .,....


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_________________________________________________24. Indeclinable Nouns: ( ) 122 .,.., ....i

_______________________________________________25. Indeclinable Nouns: ( ) 129 ..,:,.. , .,.. ....i , ... ....i

______________________________26. Indeclinable Nouns: ( ) 133 ..,..:.

__________________________________________________27. Indeclinable Adverbs: ( ) 137 .,.,.. .,,a.

'_____________________________________________28. Remaining Indeclinable Adverbs ( ) 141 .,.,.. .,,a. .,.,

'

__________________________________29. Conclusion: Remaining Rules of the Noun: ( ) 146 .... ....i , ,,:.:. , .,,.:.


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___________________30. Remaining Numbers ( ) 152 .... ....i .,.,

____________________________________________31. Masculine and Feminine ( ) 156 :,..:. , ,,:.:.

__________________________________________32. The Plurals ( ) 161 _,.-.

_________________________________________________________33. The Masdar ( ) 168 ,....

_________________________________________________________34. The Verbal Adjective ( ) and the Superlative Noun ( ) 174 .,,:.. .... ,..:. ,.(

__________________35. The Verb ( ) 180 ...

____________________________________________________________36. The Present-Tense Verb ( ) 186 _,....

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37. The Present-Tense and Words of Requital ( ) 192 .,.-.. ....: , _,....

_______________________The Guidance In Grammar A- ZA AfA 6Lesson Topic

Page38. The Command Verb ( ) and Passive-Voice Verb ( ) 199 ,.. . ,,-.. ...

_____________________39. The Passive Voice & Active Voice Verb ( ) 205 ..:.. , ,,. ...

____________________________40. Defective Verbs & Verbs of Approximation ( ) 211 .,,.... ..i , ...... ...

____________________41. Verbs of Surprise & Verb of Praise and Blame ( ) 217 ,.. , _... ..i , ,-.:. .

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42. The Particle ( ) 222 .,-.

_________________________________________________________43. Completion of the Genitive Particles ( ) 228 ,-. .,, ..::

__________________________________44. The Remaining Genitive Particles ( ) 234 ,-. .,, .,.,

____________________________________45. Particles Resembling the Verb ( ) 241 ...., .,,:.. .,,

_________________________________46. Particles Resembling the Verb ( ) 246 ...., .,,:.. .,,

_________________________________47. Appositive Particles ( ) 251 .a.. .,,

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48. Appositive Particles ( ) 255 .a.. .,,

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49. Particles of Notice ( ) 259 .,,.:. .,,

_________________________________________________50. Extraneous Particles ( ) 264 ...,,. .,,

_______________________________________________51. The Particles of Explanation ( ) 269 ,,..:. .,

__________________________________________52. Particles of Anticipation and Interrogation ( ) 273 ,.,.:., , _,.,:. .,

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53. Particles of Condition ( ) 277 :,:. .,,

______________________________________________54. Particle of Restriction ( ) 283 _.,. .,

________________________________________________55. Tanween and its Divisions ( ) 287 .....i , ,,.:.


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_________________________________________56. The Nun of Emphasis ( ) 291 .,:.:. ,. -

________________________________________________ Footnotes 296 ________________________________________________________________The Guidance In Grammar A

ZA AfA 7fA

PREFACEYjA YjA A nIjBA E (x) fZ J nA vA BA Li fZA.fvA AfrA mjA BJC U al

Hidayah, as its name suggests, is a guide to the rules of 'Arabic syntax or sentence -grammar. While many books of grammar contain similar topics and discussions, thebeauty and usefulness of Hidayah lies in its organization of these topics. Beginning with -

the definition of Nahw or 'Arabic syntax, each chapter lays a foundation for anotherchapter until the reader, in the end, has been thoroughly exposed tothe underlyingfundamentals of 'Arabic syntax.As a book, al

Hidayah is somewhat of a mystery. Although it has been used as a text

book -of grammar for generations, it is unclear who its author is. The index of publications in theLibrary of Alexandria by Abu Ahmad Abu 'Ali Ameen lists the author as Ibn Hayyan ---Andulusi (Muhammad Ibn Yusuf) a resident of Cairo (654

745 H). Other books, likeKashf-az

Zanun mentions three other individuals as possible authors: az

Zubair al

Basri Ibn -

Ahmad ash

Shafi'; 'Abdul

Jaleel Ibn Fairuz Gaznavi or Ibn Dastawaih 'Abdullah Ibn Ja'far.


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- -al

Hidayah has been published in many forms. Islamic seminary students in Iran,Iraq and -other places are familiar with al

Hidayah as one of the books foundin Jami - -al

Muqaddimat, a collection of small books the majority of which are

related to 'Arabic -grammar on different levels. The version which is translated here wasprepared by theAcademy Of Islamic Sciences ( ) of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This mA A VA edited version departs from the tradition arrangement of al

Hidayah in favor of

a text

book -type format with the traditional topics organized into fifty

six lessons. At the end of eachlesson, a summary, questions and exercises are provided to further engage the reader inthe lesson's objectives. This format is easy for the reader to digest and memorize.Upon completion of the book, the reader will have undoubtedly developed a fundamentalunderstanding of 'Arabic grammar. Supported with this guidance, the reader canbegin toexplore the branches issuing from the fundamentals outlined in this book and theopinions

of notable scholars of 'Arabic grammar.Ali Abdur

RasheedMay 11, 2008/5 Jamadi al

Awwal, 1429The Guidance In Grammar A

ZA AfA 8A pifATHE FIRST LESSON,.

.:: .,, , ..,,.. ..... ..,:. .,.,..: ,-, _:. ..,.. _ ......

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.

In the beginning, it is required to advance a preface due to the dependence of variousmatters upon it (later). In the preface are three sections:A vA : ZA jM

SECTION ONE: Definition Of The Discipline of Nahw,,:,: .,.,: , ...,. , ,,., :, . ::. ,.:. ,,i ,i .,, .,.: ,.., ,.. .,-..

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....,.,. , ,,.. ,: _ _a... .a-. . .... ...,. .... ,.. , ., _. .,

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Nahw is the knowledge of the principles by which the states of the endings of words areknown in the three parts of speech with regard to declension ( ), construction () ,,., ...,.

and the manner of constructing one word with another. The aim of Nahw is the protectionof the tongue from verbal mistakes in the speech of the 'Arab. Nahw's topics are: ( ) ...:.

the word and ( ) speech. ,:.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 9:BRA vA BBnC A

SECTION TWO: The Word and Its Types. i ..( .,.. .., , . , ,.( .,...i .:: _ .,.-.. _- , ..,.. .... _., .. ....:..

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o three ...:.

types: the ( ), the ( ), and the ( ). If the word does not signify NounVerb Particle ,., ... .,-.

a meaning in itself, it is a Particle. Or it signifies a meaning in itself and its meaning isassociated with one of the three tenses (of time), it is a Verb. Or it signifiesa meaning in

itself and its meaning is not associated with one of the three tenses, it is a Noun.ubA_ .a-. . .... ...,. .:... , ...,. , ,,., :, . ,,.. ,: ..,.,

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.,.. .... _., .. ...:. , ,:.

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.,....i ... , ...:. .,. .

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 10BRA pifA

THE SECOND LESSONDefinition of the Noun and Verb A mA jM

, .-. , _.... _..i ..::. ...,. .., ,:.. ,,. .,... _ ... .. .: ...: .,.,

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i ., ,.,, ... , i.:,. ,i .,... ,i .. .,.. ..,:-. ,:, i ... ,.,, ... ,.

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.

A noun is a word signifying a meaning in itself without an association with oneof the three

tenses, meaning the past, present (imperfect tense) and future. For example:., A man;

,.. . Knowledge

The signs of a noun:1. It is proper to give information about the noun ( ) and to giveinformation ... ,.,,

by means of it ( ), as in: . ., ,.,, ,... .,, Zaid is standing

2. Idafah ( ) is proper (with the noun), as in: .1..., .,, ,. The servant of Zaid-

3. Entering the Definite Article ( ) upon the noun (is proper), as in: .,,.:. ,. .,. The

man .4. The state of Jarr ( ) is proper (with the noun), as in: ,-. ., _ ,.. In thehouse is a'


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man . (Also appropriate for the noun is:)Tanween ( ), as in: ,,.:. ., A man;

The dual ( ), as in: .,.::. ., Two men;

The plural ( ), as in: _.-. .., Men;

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 11An adjective ( ), as in: .... ., ,,. A tall man;

A Diminutive ( ), as in: ,,..:. ,., A little man;

The Vocative ( ), as in: .... ., .., O men!

Each of these are among the peculiarities of the noun.The meaning of ( ) is that (information is attributed to) a noun governed as a ... ,.,,

subject, object or Mubtada. The meaning of ( ) is that attribution (to another word) is ., ,.,,


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made by means of a noun, like the Khabar.The Definition Of The Verb A jM

, ,..i .,.., .,.. .,-. ..::. ...,. .., ,:.. .,... _ ... .. .: ...: ....

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... , . ..- : , ,::i .,-. ..,:.:.

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The verb is a word signifying a meaning in itself while being associated with one of thethree tenses, as in: (Past Tense); (Imperfect Tense); ,.. ,.., ,..iHe helped He is helping

(You) Help! (Future).The signs of a verb are:1. It is proper to attribute information by means of the verb but

attribution is notmade to the verb (itself), as in: . _.. _.,,. Ali hit me

2. It is proper to enter ( ), ( ), ( ) and the state of ( ) upon the verb, as in: .. .,. ,.. ,,.-.


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.. .,. ,. ,.. ,.., ,.., He already helped; Soon he will help; Later he will help; .

,.., . He did not help

3. It is proper for the verb to change into the Past Tense, Imperfect Tense, andImperative, as in: (Past Tense); ,.. ,.., He helped He is helping/will help

(Imperfect Tense); and (Imperative). (You) help! ,..i

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 124. It is proper to attach conspicuous pronouns to the verb indicating the subject, asin: (Also appropriate for the verb is:) ,:: . I wrote.

(Attaching) the unvowelled Feminine Ta ( ), as in: ..:... :,..:. ..: ,:: . She -


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wrote;(Attaching) the Nun of Emphasis ( ), ex. .,:.:. ,. ,::i Surely (Y

ou) must -

write!All of these are among the peculiarities of the verb.:mC

.. ..:. ,:.i .,., .,,.: ,- ..

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:jM :BNA VA BA FmA XjbNmG

(.... ... ..i ... ,- .) i2


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.

.(,. , .,.... ,,. ...) ,3

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..,, . ,,.. _

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.,.. .,.. ... .

(,.. ,.. . _., ... () .-4

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 13SBRA pifA

THE THIRD LESSON


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Definition Of The Particle jZA jM

..-.... , ..( , . .,-. ..-,,. _ , ..,... _ ... .. .: . ...: ..

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...,:., , ..:,, ... ,,., .. ,:. .., .( ..-.... .. ..: . :.. , ...,:., ..:,,

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.,:. .( .,.,. . .,. ...,. _ .,:. , .,.,..:

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.... . , ..... .... ,., . i , .., . , ... ,.,, _., . i .,-. ..


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..,.. . ... ,,. , ...,:. .,.. _... ( .,-. .,:.. ,i .,...., .,:: .

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.

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...: ... ... ( :..:. ,... _ .,.,,.: _:.,. _:.

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The Particle ( ) is a word not signifying a meaning in itself, rather it signifies (a .,-.

meaning in) other than itself, like ( ) and ( ). Their meaning is the beginningpoint and . .(

end point. However, they do not signify their meaning except after mentioning that whichis understood of a beginning point and end point, like Basrah and Ku

fah, as you would-say: . .,:. .,.,. .,. .( . I traveled from Basrah to Kufah


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-The signs of Particle are:It is not proper to make attribution with the particle nor have attribution made to the

particle (itself).The Particle does not accept the signs of the verb or the noun. In the Arabic language, there are many benefits of the Particle, like the connectionbetween two nouns. as in: or connection between a noun ,.. .,, _ Zaid isin the house;

and a verb, as in: or connection between two sentences, as ,.... .,:: ,I wrote with the pen;

in: . (And there are benefits) ..,:. .,.. _.... ( If Sa'eed comes to me, I will honor him

other than that whose introduction will come in the third-section, ifAllah, the Exalted,wills.The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 14:SBRA vA A jM


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THE THIRD SECTION: The Definition Of Speech ( ) A jM

.,.: :,-, ,. .( ,:..:. .( .,.. ...., , .....,., ,:..:. ..: .. .

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.,, ,.. .,-. ..,,.. .,:.. _., .... ,..-....

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.,. , . ,i .,.. ... .., , ..., .,, .,-. .,.. . .( .-, . ,:. i ,...

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., ...-,,. _ ... .,.( ..... , ..... .,, . .( .,.. ... .., , ..,.. . .,-.

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., .,..i ,... ,... .... ., ..... ... ., .,-. ......, .:., .- .,. , ..,.. ,:..

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....., .:., .... ,- , ,..i

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Speech ( ) is an expression comprised of (at least) two words with ascription () ,:. ....,

between one another. Ascription is defined as the connection of one word with theanother, wherein the listener benefits (from the ascription making it)proper for him toremain silent, as in: . .,, ,.. Zaid stood

It is known that speech is only achieved with either two nouns, referred to as a nominalsentence ( ). Or (achieved) with a verb and a noun, referred to asa verbal .,.., ...-.


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sentence ( ), as in: . Then, the ascribed word and that word .,.... ...-. .,.. .. Sa'eed sat

which is ascribed to it are not found together in other than the no

un and verb. It isrequired, therefore, that speech (is comprised) of the two.If it is said that (the rule) is broken by the Nida, as in:We say: the ... ., O Khalid! -

-Vocative Particle stands in the place of ( ) and ( ) and they are verbs. Therefore, the ,..i ,..i

rule is not broken by the Vocative.The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 15:ubA.,...i .:: .( ...:. ,...:.

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.. . .. ,- , .. , .::. ...,. .., ,:. ,,. . .:.. ... .. . .. ,- , .,.(


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.

. , ,. ,i ,.. . .( .-, ..

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.,. :. , ..,-. .., ,, .

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.

.:., ... _., , .,:. .,.

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 16:iBM :MD B VA I ,jZA BA FmA XjbNmG -1


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,.::. .,,:.( i

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_.,.. .- .,.. .. ,

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..,..., .... ...( _

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,-. _. ,,-. ..,. :i .

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,,... ,, , ,,,:. ,,:( .-

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.

,.:.. _-. .,i, ,

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:BNA VA jZA mA A VA XjbNmG -2

.:,.., .. , ......, ,,.( , .,...., .,.. ..,, i

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 17IAjA pifA

THE FOURTH LESSONThe Noun mA .,,., _ ...:i ,:.. , ._.,. , ,,.. .,... .( ,..., ,.,

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The Noun (Al-Ism) is divided into two types: The ( ) and the DeclinableIndeclinable ,,..


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( ). We will mention their rules in two chapters: _.,.

A LBJA

v QQ B fA .MBa fuB QQ f ,LjA mA

THE FIRST CHAPTERThe Declinable Noun ( ). In (the first chapter) is an introduction, three objectives ,,... ,.,

and a conclusion. In the Introduction are three sections:A vA : LjA mA


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SECTION ONE: The Declinable Noun, _.... ... , .,-. _..i ... _.,. .,:, . , .,,. _. ,:, ,. : ,- .,,... ,.,

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.:,, ., ..:-, i ..: , .,,.:. ..,,.. ..:.:. .., , ..,-.., .,:. .,,.

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, .: _... .,-. .,,..: ,i ..,,, .,,. , ..,, .,i, , ..,, _... .,-. ...,..

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 18

The declinable noun is every noun constructed (in an expression) withother than itselfand (the declinable noun) does not resemble originally indeclinable nouns, mean


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ing theParticle ( ); the past-tense verb ( ) and the command verb ( ), such .,-. _.... ... ,..-. ,..

as ( ) in: not the word ( ) alone due to lack of (grammatical) .,.. .,.. ... .,.. Sa'eed Came,

construction. Nor is ( ) in: due to the existence of a resemblance to a .- .- ,.. This stood,

particle.

The (Declinable Noun) is referred to as ( ) due to its acceptance of Mutamakkin :.:..

Tanween Nunnation ( ) or . The rule of the Declinable Noun is that its endingchanges ,,.:.

-with a change of word government ( ). This change may be literal ( ), as in:.,.. .a.. .,, _....

Zaid came to me; I saw Zaid; I passed by Zaid . Or (the change may) be

.,, .,i, .,,, .,,.


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estimated ( ), as in: ,,..: : _.... : .,i, :., .,,. A youth ca to me; I saw a youth; I

passed by a youth.... , ..,. , ,,. , .,.:. , .-:.. , .....: .,,... , ..:-, ., .. .,,., ,

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._,.i .:: ,., ,,.( ,.

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.,-. .,. .,-. ,- ,., . ,,., -. , ,-. , ,... , _,. ., .-, .. ..... ,

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... . .. ., , ,,.( .... , .,,.. ,... ... , ... i,. , .... i,..

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.

...: ... ... ( _..:.

.

Declension ( ) is that by which the ending of declinable nouns are changed, like(the ,,.,

signs of declension): Dammah ( ); Fathah ( ); Kasrah ( ); Waw ( ); Ya ( ), .... .-:.. .,.:. ,,. ..,.

-

-

and Alif ( ). Declension of the noun is of three types: Nominative ( ); Accusative ( ) ... _, ,..


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and Genitive ( ). ,.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 19Word government ( ) is that by which the nominative, accusative and genitive states ....

are achieved. The place of declension ( ) of the noun is its last letter, as in: ,,., -. ... i,.

'

Khalid read . The word ( ) is the governing word ( ) and the word () is the i,. .... ... -

declinable governed noun ( ). Dammah is the (sign of) declension andthe ,,... ,....

letter ( ) in the word ( ) is the place of declension ( ). . ... ,,., -.

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Know, that in the speech of the 'Arabs there are no declinable words other than theMutamakkin Noun ( ) and the present-tense verb ( ). (The verb's) :.:..

,., _,.... ...


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ruling will come in the second section, if Allah, the Exalted, wills.BRA vA : mA LAjG BuC

SECTION TWO: Types of Declension of the Noun.....i ...: ,., ,,.(.

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:A ._., .., :-, , .,.:.., ,-. , ..-:..., ,... , ......, _,. ,:, i

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.

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.,-. .... ., ., ,:, . .. ...-.. ... ,- , ._,-.. .,.... .,... ,.,.,

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'.

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..i.

.,.. .,-. .:.. .,.,. .. .., ,i ,, ., ,:, .. ,- , ._,-.. ,-. ,.-....

.


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_,...

, .., , ._,. , .,, , ...i _...- .,.: ., .,-. ..,.... ,.:.. _.-.., _

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..

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.

., , ._,. , .,, , ...., .,,. , ..., , .,,. , ,, , ...i .,i,

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Declension of the noun is of nine types:The First: That it is nominative ( ) with Dammah; accusative ( ) with Fathah; and _,. ,...

genitive ( ) with Kasrah. It is exclusive to the following: ,-.'

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 20a) The Fully Declinable Singular Sound Noun ( ). According to the _,-.. .,.... .,...


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scholars of Nahw, it is a noun which does not have a weak letter at its ending,asin: .,, Zaid.

b) al-Jari Majra as-Saheeh ( ). It is a noun whose last letter is Waw _,-.. _,-. ,.-. - -

-or Ya with (the preceding letter) being unvowelled ( ), as in: :... ,.. _,. A bucket; -

A Gazelle .c) The fully

declinable Broken Plural ( ), as in: You .,.... ,.:.._.-. .., Men.

would say: ..i _....- ,,. _....- _,. _....- A lion attacked me; A cub attacked me; A


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Gazelle attacked me; Some men attacked me . .., _....-

(Or you can say:) ..i .,i, ,,. .,i, .,,. .,i, I saw a lion; I saw a cub; I saw a

gazelle; I saw some men I passed by a lion; . (Or you can say:) ...

, .,i, ..., .,,.

,,-, .,,. _,a, .,,. ..,, .,,. I passed by a cub; I passed by a gazelle;I passed by


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some men .-:BRA .,-. .,.... :.,.. _.-.., :-, , .,.:.., ,-. , ,... , ......, _,. ,:,

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......, .,,. , ....... .,i, , ....... _.:.. .,.: .......

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The Second: That which is nominative ( ) with Dammah, and accusative( ) and _,. ,...

genitive ( ) with Kasrah. It is exclusive to the Feminine Sound Plural ( ), ,-. ,.... :.,.. _.-.'

as in: . You would say: ...... ...... _.:... Muslim women Some Muslim women came to

me; I saw some Muslim women; I passed by some Muslim women . ...... .,i,......, .,,.


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:SBRA ...i .,-. ..,.... ,,., :-, , .-:..., ,-. , ,... , ......, _,. ,:, i

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..., .,,. , ...i .,i, , ...i _... .,.:

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.

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The Third: That which is nominative ( ) with Dammah and accusative () and _,. ,...

genitive ( ) with Fathah. It is exclusive to the Partially Declinable Nouns ( ),as ,-. .,.... ,,.'

in: . You could say: ..i ..i _.... ..i .,i, .,,. Ahmad Ahmad came to

me; I saw Ahmad;

..., . I passed by Ahmad

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 21


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:IAjA ,,. .,,:. .:.. ......, :-, , ...,.., ,-. , ....., ,... , .,,.., _,. ,:,.

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'

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.,. , ..,,i , ..,i ._- , .,.::.. .., ,,. .( .... _. . , ...:. ,,. ..,.. .,...

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_.,,. .: , .,., .,,. , ...i .,i, , ..,i _... .,.: ... ,. , .,.- , ., ,

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The Fourth: That which is nominative ( ) with Waw, accusative ( ) with Alif, and _,. ,...

-


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genitive ( ) with Ya. It is exclusive to The Six Nouns ( ) (with the condition that ,

. .:.. .....'

-

they are) non-Diminutive ( ); singular; not dual or plural, and annexed to .,... ,,. .,,:.

other than the (pronoun of the) first person singular ( ). The Six Nouns ,.::.. .., ,,. .( ....

( ) are: .:.. ..... .,i .,,i .,. ., Your brother; Your father; Your father-in-law; Your mouth;

.,.- .. ,. . i _.... . i .,i, You would say: Your thing; Wealthy. Your brother came to me; , .


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I saw your brother; I passed by your brother . Likewise, it is for the remaining . ., .,,. ,

words.:mC .. :. , .,,... ,., .,.

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. .

.. ..:. ,,.( .:.:.. ,., ,- ..

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,,., ... ,:.i

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,., ,,.( _,.i ,:.i .

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,,., -. ,, , ..... .,. .

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.,.. ... :. .:. ,:. _. .,.. ..,,i _,.( .,., ,,.( ....i _- ,:

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..

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.

.. :. ._,-.. ,-. ,.-. ,., ,- ..

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,.:.. _.-. , ._,-.. ,-. ,.-. , ._,-.. .,... ,., . : ,,., .,:

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.,....

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 22.... :. , .,.... :.,.. _. ,,.( .,.,: ,:.i


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... _.,, ..:. ..- ..,.... ,,. ,., ,,., ,,

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..:.i ,:. _. .,,,.( .... ,, , .:.. ..... ,:.i

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.

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:iBM 1 :BIAjG PB I ,BNA VA IjA FmA XjbNmG -

(,. , .,.... ,.. ... ..-.) i

6.

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... _.. .. .. ,, ..., ,.


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.

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(,:... , ..:-.. . ,.: ... () _7

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_:.. . . ,,i .. .

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_,.,..., ,.. ,. ..:.. .- .-

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,,.. ... .. ,,., ...,... ,

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.

..,... _ ..i .. .... ,

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:BNA VA BbA BA NnA FmA BJmB BmA y -2

.. .a. , ,,:( i

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..

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...-. .. _.,i, ,

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.( ,a.i _

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_:. ,... .

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,..: .. .-.

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.. .... ,

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,,-. ...... _, ,

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 23oBbA pifA

THE FIFTH LESSON


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The Remaining Types Of Declension Of The Noun mA LAjG BuC I

:oBbA , ..:..., :-, , .,.,. .. _,:... ..,.., ,-. , ,... , ....., _,. ,:, i

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' .

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., ...-: ,. _... .,.: ..:.: , ..:( , .,,.. .( ,... ...: .( .:.: , :


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,.: , ...,,.: ,.,.., .,,. , .,.: , ...,,.: ,.,. .,i, , ...:(

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The Fifth: That which is nominative ( ) with Alif and accusative ( ) and genitive ( ) _,. ,... ,-.

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with Ya, the letter before it being Maftuh (vowelled with Fathah). This is exclusive to the -- Dual ( ) and that which is attached to the Dual, and these are ( ) and ( ) whenthey .:.. : .:.:

are annexed to a pronoun. Also attached to the Dual are the words ( ) and ( ). You ..:( .:.:(

would say: ..-: .,. _.... ..,,.: ..,. .,i, Two men came to me, both of th; I saw two ,

men, both of them; I passed by two men, both of them . .., .: ..,.., .,,.

, ,


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:peBnA , .,.,. .. ,,.:.. ..,.., ,-. , ,... , ..,.,. .. ,,.... ,,.., _,. ,:, i

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'.

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.,.... _... .,.: .,:,i , ,,:. , _.,i.: ., _-... , .,.... ,:... _.-.., :-,

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, .,...., .,,. , ... _.,i , ., ,,:. , .,.... .,i, , ... ,.,i , ., ,,:. ,

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.

.. _.,i , ., ,,:.

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The Sixth: That which is nominative ( ) with Waw, the letter beforeit being Madmum _,.

--(vowelled with Dammah) and accusative ( ) and Genitive ( ) with Ya, the letter ,... ,-.

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-before it being Maksur (vowelled with Kasrah). It is exclusive to the Masculine Sound -Plural ( ) and its attachments, which are: and and her sisters. You ,.... ,:... _.-. _.,i ,,:.8

could say: ..... _.... ., ,:. _.... , , Muslim men came to me; Twentymen came to me;


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.. _.... .... .,i, ,.,i , . (Or you could say:) Wealthy people came tome I saw Muslim men;

., ,:. .,i, .. .,i, .,,. , _.,i . (Or you could say:) I saw twenty men; I saw wealthy people

...., ., ,:., .,,. .. , .,,. , , _.,. I passed by Muslim men;

I passed by twenty men; I


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passed by wealthy people .The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 24.,-. ...., ... .a.., ..- , .,i .,:.. _.-. ,. , ..,i .,,.:. .,.::. ,. i ,.. ,

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,.. ,.... , ..,, ... _...

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Know, that the Nun of the Dual ( ) is always Maksur (vowelled withKasrah). The .,.::. ,. -

-Nun of the Plural ( ) is always Maftuh (vowelled with Fathah). Also, know that both of _.

. -

- these Nun are dropped with annexation ( ), as in: ..., .,, ... _.... Zaid's servants came -

to me; The Muslims of Egypt came to me . ,.. ,.... _....

:IBnA :-, , .,.:. ,,..:, ,-. , ..-:.. ,,..:, ,... , ..... ,,..:, _,. ,:,'

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, .,.::. ,,. ,.::.. .., .( ......, , ..,. .,-. ..,,... ..i ., .. ,- , .,,.....,

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, ._.. , .,. .,i, , ._.. , .,. _... .,.: _.. .,-. .,.... ,:... _.-.

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_.. , .,., .,,.

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The Seventh: That which is nominative ( ) by the estimation of Dammah; accusative _,.

( ) by the estimation of Fathah; and genitive ( ) by the estimationof Kasrah. It is ,... ,-.

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exclusive with (Alif) Maqsurah, as in: and (the word) annexed to the (pronoun)Ya of .,.-

-the first

person, not the dual nor the Masculine Sound Plural, as in:

. _.. My servantYou could say: _.. , .,. _.... _.. , .,. .,i, Musa and my servant came to me; I saw

Musa and my servant; I passed by Musa and my servant. _.. , .,., .,,.

:BRA :-, , .,.:. ,,..:, ,-. , .a.. .-:..., ,... , ..... ,,..:, _,.'

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.,i, , ._.... _... .,.: _.... .,-. ..,.,. .. ,,.:. .., ., .. ,- , .,.....,

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.

_....., .,,. , ._....

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The Eighth: That which is nominative ( ) by the estimation of Dammah; accusative _,.

( ) with Fathah literally, and genitive ( ) by the estimation of Kasrah. It isexclusive ,... ,-.

'

to the Manqus. It is that noun ending in (the letter) Ya with theletter before it being --Maksur (vowelled with Kasrah), as in: . You could say: _.... _.... _.... The judge The -

Judge came to me; I saw the Judge; I passed by the Judge . _.... .,i, _....., .,,.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 25:mBNA ,.... ,:... _.-.., :-, , .a.. ..,.., ,-. , ,... , .,,. ,,..:, _,. ,:,

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'.

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....: _ ..,. , ,,. ...:( .,.... ...i _.... _... .,.: .,.::.. .., .( ....

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.,.... .,.:.., .... ...,i , ..,. _ ....i , ..., ,,. .,.. ...:.. ..,.. .,. , ...

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_...., .,,. , ._.... .,i, ._.... _... .,.: ._.... ,.. ...,..

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The Ninth: That which is nominative ( ) by the estimation of Waw and accusative _,.

-( ) and genitive ( ) with Ya literally. It is exclusive to the Masculine Sound Plural ,... ,-.

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-( ) annexed to the Pronoun Ya of the first person singular ( ), as in: ,.... ,:... _.-. ,.::.. ..,

-

_.... _.... ,.... . Its origin is: ( ). The Waw and the Ya are Myteacher came to me


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- -combined together into one letter, the first being Sakin (vowelless) and the Waw is - -converted to Ya. Contraction is made in the (two letters) Ya. The Dammah is repl

aced by --Kasrah as being an appropriate (vowel) for the Ya. Then, it becomes( ). You could _.... -

say: _.... _.... _.... .,i, _...., .,,. My teacher came to me; I saw my teacher; I passed by

my teacher .ubA.,.. .:,, ., ..: , .,,. _. ,:, ,. : .,,... ,.,

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.

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.'

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., .... , ..,.:. , ..-:.. , ..... .,., ,,.( ... ., ..:-, ., .. ,- .,., ,,.(

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.....i ...: ,., ,,.,, ..,. , .,,..

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., , _,. , .,.. , ....: ..,.:.., ,-. , ..-:..., ,... , ......, _,.

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.......: ..,.:.., ,-. , ,... , ....., _,. .


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..i.: ..-:..., ,-. , ,... , ....., _,.

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'.

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.:.. ......: ...,.., ,-. , ...., ,... , ,,.., _,. .

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.:..-.. , .:..., :-, , ...,.., ,-. , ,... , ...., _,. .

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'.

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 26.:..-.. , ,.... ,:... _.-, :-, , ...,.., ,-. , ,... , ,,.., _,.

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.,..: ..,.:. ,,..:, ,-. , .-:.. ,,..:, ,... , .... ,,..:, _,.

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_.....: ..a.. .-:..., ,... , .,.:. , .... ,,..:, ,-. , _,. .

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.., .( .... ,.... ,:... _.-, :-, , ..a.. ..,.., ,-. , ,... , ,,. ,,..:, _,.


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_.....: .,.::..

:mC .:., ... ,, ..:.. ,,., .,:

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..:.i ,:. _. ,-: , ,..: .., ,:.i , .-,:.i .,,.., _,: ..... i


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..,. :. ..... _.-. , .,.::. _.,. .:, _- ..

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..,.. ..:.., ,i .,.... ,:... _.-. , .,.::. ..,. :..: :. .


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... ,,, .:. _. .-,:.i ..,,,.( .... _,. ,..: ..... i .

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..:.i ,,. _. .,,.( .... ,, , .,.... ,., .,.

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..

.... :. .,.::.. .., .( .,.i .( ,.... ,:... _. ,,.( ,:, .,:

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..


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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 27:iBM

:IAjG I ,BNA VA LjA mA XjbNmG -1

..... , .., . ,..... ,.. . ,.... i

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..,. _ ,,.,. ..,... _ ,.-,.. ,,. ,


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.'

_: _.:-. ....-. ,,, .( .... ,,, : ..- ..:.,.. _ _.:-. .,. .:: -. ..

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...... ..... _ ...,. .:,, .,,. ... _,,.. _ ... , ..,,,.. .... ,..:.

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.-,.,. .,..., ,.. .,.i .( _

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...,. ,, .,,. ..,. ..,. .-

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,.. .,. .,. ,,i ,.. ,

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.., . _..-. _.... .. ,

..

:BNA VA BbA BA if jY C jZBI BIj BmA y -2

.::...-


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.-... ...,

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.,:-.-.

. .

_:. .,..: .

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,a. ,.-:.,.

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.The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 28

peBnA pifA THE SIXTH LESSONA :SBRA v LjA mA

SECTION THREE: The Declinable Noun...,. ,,... ,.,

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-C .., , ..,.. .,-. ..,:. ...:. ,.,.. . .,,. ., ,. .. ,- , ..,...


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, ..,.. _... .,.: i :. .,,.:. _. ::. ..:,-. ...: i ..: , ..:.:.

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.,.., .,,. , ..,.. .,i,

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-L , ..,.... ,,., .,.. ., ,i ....:. ,.,.. . .,,. ., .. ,- , ..,... ,,.

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,. ..: ..,:.. ,-. _.,. _ ,:, , .,,.:. , .,.:. ...: . i ..:


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.

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. .

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The Declinable Noun (Al-Ismul- Mu'rab) is of two types:The Fully-Declinable Noun ( ), is that word not possessing two of t

he nine .,...

following reasons (which obstructs full-declension), as in: . (This type of.,.. Sa'eed

noun) is referred to as Mutamakkin ( ). Its rule is that the three types of vowe

ls :.:.

along with Tanween ( ) may be entered upon it, like your saying: ,,.: .,.. _.... Sa'eed

came to me; I saw Sa'eed; I passed by Sa'eed . .,.. .,i, .,.., .,,.


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The Partially-Declinable Noun ( ), is that word possessing two of the nine .,... ,,.

reasons which obstruct full-declension or (it possesses) one reason that stands inthe place of two. Its rule is that Kasrah and Tanween are not entered upon it. In thegenitive state ( ) it will be Maftuh (vowelled with Fathah), as has been mentioned. ,-.'

-

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 29,, , ,,:,:. , _.-. , ..-.. , .,... , :,..:. , ..,. , ... ._- ...:. ,.,.. ,.

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._., ..: .,.,..: , .:..,. ,.. , ... , ...

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The nine reasons which obstruct full-declension are: ( ) Being a noun

having ...

undergone transformation; ( ) Being a naturally descriptive noun; ( ) Being a ..,. :,..:.

feminine noun; ( ) Being a definite noun; ( ) Being a noun of foreign origin; () .,... ..-.. _.-.

Being a plural noun; ( ) Being a compound noun; ( ) Being a noun on the ,:,.. ... ,,


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pattern of a verb and ( ) Being a noun possessing the extraneous Alif and .:..,. ,.. , ...

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Nun. Their details are as follows: -:fA

1 ,

, .... _ ,,,.: , ,i ..,. .( .,... .:.,. . ... ,,,.: ,- ,

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.,... ..


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. .

.:: .:: , .,.:( ,.:( . ..,. .,... ..- , :: ..:. .,-. ._.,.-: i

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_.. ., .,,. ,, , ,... . ,... ..,, ,.. :, ,, .,.. .,-. .,,..: ,

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, ._..:. _ .,.... _. , .,. _ ..,. _. _.:-, ... i ... . ,.. , .,..

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.i ... ,, _. _.:-, .

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.1. ( ) Transformation. fA It is the changing of a word from its orig

inal pattern toanother pattern without a change in the meaning. Transformation is of two types:( ) Verifiable, as in: . They are both _.,.-: .:. :: Two by

two; Three by three

transformed verifiably from: and: . ,.:( ,.:( .:: .::

( ) Estimated, as in: . Whereas transformation is estimated ,,..: ,.. ,,'Umar; Zufar

from: and: with regard to the perspective of obstruction of full-declension. ,... ,,From that, it is known that in the first type, it may be combined with a descriptive word( ) and combined with a proper name ( ) in the second type. Primarily, ..,. .,....


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transformation is not combined with a word on the pattern of a verb ( ). ... ,,

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 30:uA -2 ( , .,,... ,,. ,.,i , .,.i , ._.,. .i _ ..., ,:, i ..,. ,.

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.,... _,,i .,.., .,,. ...,. _ _,,i , .,..,. _ ..,:.... .,-.. ,.. ,...

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. ..,.... _. ..,. _.:-, . , ..,. _ .,... ,... ... ,, , .,.., ., i

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.i

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2. ( ) A Descriptive Word uA . Its condition is that the word is descriptive in i

ts originalformulation. Therefore, (the words:) are partially-declinable, due to their ,.,i , .,.i

origin in being descriptive although they have both became the namesof snakes.The word in your saying: , is fully-declinable _,,i _,,i .,.., .,,. I passed by four women

with it being descriptive, on the pattern of a verb and lacking being originallydescriptive. Primarily, a descriptive word is not combined with a proper name (). .,....

:FNBI SDNA -3 .. ,- , .,.... .: , .... , .-.. .,-. ..... ,:, i ..,. ,


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:.. .,:: .: ( ,.... :.,.. ,: ,.,, .:. .:,..: ... ,. :.,.. .... .

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3. ( ) Feminine with Ta FNBI SDNA . Its condition is that it be a proper name ( ),as in: .... -

.

.. .... Likewise, is the (feminine) in meaning. It is that which is Talhah;

Fatimah.

-made a proper name for a female without the sign of the feminine, like: ,.,,

Zainab . The (feminine) in meaning, if it is a three

lettered noun with an unvowelledmiddle

letter and is a non

foreign word, its full

declension is permissible with theexistence of two reasons (obstructing full

declension), as in: otherwise, ..

Hind,

its obstruction from full

declension is required, as in: ,.,, ,..

... Zainab; Saqar;


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Mah Jaur. and ,,. -

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 31Feminine words ending with the Shortened Alif ( ), as in: .,,.... ... ., Pregnant;

and the Elongated Alif followed by Hamzah ( ), as in: ..,.... ... .,. Red-faced

(woman), are partially-declinable because Alif stands in place of tworeasons:femininity ( ) and its requirements. It is as if such a word has been made :,..:.

feminine twice.9:jA -4 .:. ...,. ,,. _. _.:-: , .,.... .( .,, .,.. _.. _ ,,:., .

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..i , ,,-,,(

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4. ( ) The Definite Noun. jA Only being a proper name ( ) is taken into .,....

consideration in obstructing full-declension. It is combined with (a word) otherthan adescriptive noun, as in: ,,-,,( ..i Ibrahim; Ahmad.

mC .,,... ,., ,..., .... ,:

..


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.:. ,:. _. ..,. ,, ..,.... ,,. ..... _ ..,. ,- ..

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,,-: ... :. ..,. ,,-, , :.,. :.. .... ,.... :.,.. .: .(

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 32:iBM :B jvA KJm I ,BNA VA jvA j FmA XjbNmG -C

.,. , .,. ...,,. .

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..:. .:. .-... . ,.... _,

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.jv IiC Bju KJm I jv j FmC IiC jgC -2

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 33IBnA pifA THE SEVENTH LESSONjvA LBJmC NM


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The Completion of the Reasons Which Prevent Full-Declension:VA -5 .,-. ..,i .:: .. .., , ..,,,.. ,,. .,.-.. _ .... ,:: i .,.,. ,

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5. ( ) A foreign word. VA Its condition is that it must be a propernoun ( ) in a ,..


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Non-'Arabic foreign language and has more than three letters, as in: ,,-,,( ,....( Ibrahim;

-

Isma'eel. Or it is a three lettered word with the middle letter being vowelled, as in: ... -

Lamak . Therefore, is fully

declinable (even) with it being a foreign word because it is ,.

.not a proper name. ( ) are fully

declinable due to the vowelless middle consonant in ` both.:VA

6 ., _.-. ..i .., ,:, i ,- , ._,.-. ,:.. ..,. .. ,:, i

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6. ( ) The Plural. VA Its condition is that it must be the ultimate plural form( ). _,.-. ,:..

10


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It is that after the Alif of plural, there are two vowelled letters, as in:..... ,,. Mosques; A

'

riding-animal . Or after the Alif of the plural, there are three letters with the middle letterbeing unvowelled and (the word is) unable to accept (the feminine) Ta, as in: . _,,... -

Surely, and are both fully

declinable due to their acceptance of the (feminine) ....,. ..,,

Ta. The plural also stands in the place of two reasons: being plural and its obstacle to11-being an (ultimate) plural at one time and at another time, a broken plural. The

n, it is as ifwere being made plural twice.The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 34:KjNA -7 ... .,. ( , ..,.., .,-. .....( . , ...( , .... ,:, i .

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7. ( ) A Compound. KjNA Its condition is that it must be a proper name withoutannexation( ) or ascription ( ), as in: . Surely, is fully-declinable due to ..., ...., .,.., ... .,. Ba'labakk12

annexation and is (totally) indeclinable ( ) due to ascription. .-..,. ,.. _.,.


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:BMfAlA A A -8 .,.. .,-. ..... ,., ,:, .,. _ .:..: (

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8. ( ). BMfAlA A A The extraneous Alif and Nun. Their condition is that if thn a -noun, then the noun must be a proper name ( ), as in: . The,.. ,.. ..:. 'Imran; 'Uthman


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-

-

word is fully declinable because it is the name of a plant not a proper name.If (the ...

Alif and Nun) are in an adjective, then its condition is that its feminine (form) not be (on -the pattern of) , as in: and The word is fully

declinable due to the ... ,:. _,:. .... .

existence of: . ......

:A k -9 ,:, i ,-, ., :-, ,. ( , .,.. .,,. .,-. ....., :-, i ..,. ,

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.:. , ,,. _. _.: :.. , .... ., :,::, ,. .. , .:..,. ,.. , ... ., .. ,.,

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9. ( ) Pattern of a verb. A k Its condition is that it must be (a pattern) elusive to the

verb, as in: . If it is not exclusive to the verb, then, it is required that one of the ,.. .,,.

Particles of the Present-Tense ( ) be in its beginning and that theHa is not ..,.... .,,

-entered upon it, as in: . The word13..i ,::, ,..: .,. ...., Ahmad; Yashkur; Taghlib; Narjis

is fully-declinable due to its acceptance of (the feminine) Ta, as in their saying: ...., .... A -

work camel .14The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 35Know that all of that in which a proper name is conditional are: the feminine with Ta; the -

feminine in meaning; the foreign word; the compound and the noun which has the


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extraneous Alif and Nun. That which is not conditional but is combined with another -reason only are: transformation and pattern of a verb. When you makethem indefinite,they are fully

declinable..,.: .., ,,. .. ....,. _..:. ,... _ ..i , .,,. , ,., ...,. ,. ,... _ ..i

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As for the first group, the nouns remain without a reason (preventing full-decle

nsion). Asfor the second group, they remain with one reason. You can say: , .-.. , .-..... Talhah

came with another Talhah; 'Umar stood with another 'Umar; , ,.. , ,.. ,.., ..i , ..i ,..

Ahmad stood with another Ahmad . , ,:..., .,,. .,-. .,-. ... _ .,.:. .:.. ,. ... ,i ..,.i .( .,.., . .. : ,.

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Each of that which is partially-declinable, when it is annexed (in an Idafah) orthe Lam (of- -the Definite Article) has been entered upon it, Kasrah may be entered upon it in thegenitive state, as in: . ,..., , ,:..., .,,. I passed by your Ahmad and by thered


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ubA: LjA mA

,,., ., ,,. ,i ....:. .,.. _.. ,.,.i . .,,. ., ,. .. ,- , ..,...

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.:jvA nNA LBJmA

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 36:mC

.... :. ..,.. . _... _ ..-.. :,. ,- ..

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... ,, .. .. ,., _ .,.. _.. ,,. :,,. ,:.i

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:iBM .B R ,A B jNrM NA jvA LBJmC ef-C

:BNA VA jvA A j ,jvA A FmA XjbNmG -L


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..,... .( ,.,, ...

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 37.:a. ..i ...

., .., ,.i .,,. -i .

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:FmA B B KJm jgA jvA A jvA FmA -3


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.,,-,,( ..., ...,, ._.... .,:,,.,. .,.i ..... .,-. .-... .....,. .,,-..

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R ,jvA mA JJnA B B fYA NA LBJmA ef -4


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.BThe Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 38BRA pifA

THE EIGHTH LESSONA fvA : jA FmA


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THE FIRST AIM: The Nominative Nouns ( ) PBjA

:BnC BQ

The Nominative Nouns are of eight types:1- Verbal Subject ( ) ....

2- The Object whose subject is not mentioned ( .... ,., ,. .. ,.... )

3 & 4- The Nominal Subject ( ) and Predicate ( ) i.:,.. ,,-.

5- The Predicate of ( ) and her sisters ( ) ( .,:,i , ( ,,

6- The noun of ( ) and her sisters ( ) .: .,:,i , .: ,.(


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7- The noun of ( ) and ( ) resembling ( ) - ( ) .. . ,. ,., ,:,,:.. . , ..

8- The Predicate of ( ) which is for negating the collective noun ( ) . .-. _..._:. .

BA :A nA .. ..,,i ,... ... .... ,.. .,-. ..,.( ..., , .... ., ,,., .,,. ,i .. ..,. ,. : ,-

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.,.. .,-. .,... ,i .,.. ,-. .,-. ..: ,,a. ._,,. .. . .. ., . ..

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 39FIRST TYPE: The Verbal SubjectThe verbal subject ( ) is every noun having a verb preceding it ora verb's likeness ....

(by which the verb's) action is established while ascribing (the action) to the verbalsubject, as in: ,.. . ,... ... ... ,, .. ... ,,i .,.. Khalidstood; Khalid's father is standing;

-


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-

Sa'eed did not visit Khalid . -It is a requirement for each verb to have a nominative subject, be it apparent( ), like: ,,a.

,

. ,... .,.. .,.. ,

. or concealed ( ), like: . If it is a transitiveSa'eed left; Sa'eed, he left15

verb, it will also have an accusative object ( ), like: ., ,....,, ... .,.. Khalid visited

-Sa'eed ., .,.,,. ,. , .,,. ,. , ..,, ,. .,-. ..,i ... ., .,-.. ... .... .: ,

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If the subject is an apparent noun ( ), the verb is always made singular, as in: ,-.. .,, ,.

Zaid studied; (The two) Zaids studied; (The) Zaids studied . Ifthe .,,. ,. ,.,,. ,.

subject is concealed, the verb is made singular for the singular subject, as in: ,. .,, Zaid

studied; the two Zaid studied it is made dual for the dual subject,

as in: and ..,. .,,.

made plural for the plural subject, as in: . ,.,. ,.,,. The Zaids studied

_., ,. ( .,i ... :.i ....,,-. . ,:.. ..,,, .,, .. ,- , ..,.,. .:.,. .... .:

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,. .,-. .:,..:. , ,,:.:. ,. ..:, ,. ( , ...- .... .,-. ..... , ... ,, ...

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... ..... ... .: .( .- ..:. _.. .... ... ( , ..:. .... .,-. ._.,.-.

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.,. .... , ..,. ,.. .,.: ._.,.-.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 40If the subject is a genuine feminine ( ), and it is that whose male

counterpart _.,. :.,.

exists among animals, then the subject is always made feminine, if a separationdoes notoccur between the verb and the subject, as in: . If (the verb and ..- .... Hind stood

subject) are not connected, (making the verb) masculine and feminine are bothpermissible, as in: . If desired, you could say: ..- ,,,. ,. ..- ,,,. ..,.Hind studied today


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Hind studied today . Likewise, the masculine and feminine are permissible in thenon-genuine feminine ( ), as in: . If you desire, you _.,. ,,. :.,. .:. .... The sun rose

could say: . This is when the verb precedes the subject. Regarding .:. _.. The sun rose

when (the verb) is placed after (the subject), the verb is made feminine, as in: .... .:.

The sun rose . The Broken Plural ( ) is like the non-genuine feminine, you would ,,.::. _..

say: . ..,. ,.. ..,. .... The men stood; The men stood

, ..,. .,. ,.. .,-. .,.. ., , .,,,... .: .( ,.... .. .... ,,..: ,-, ,

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.,.. ... ,.. , .,-, ,:.:. :i.

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It is required to place the verb before the object when there are two Maqsur nouns and16-confusion is feared, as in: . It is permissible to place the .,. .,. ,.. Musa helped 'Isa

object before the subject when an indication eliminates confusion, whether they (thesubject and object) both be two Maqsur nouns or not, as in: ,

, _,:.: :i Yahya ate a-

pear; Khalid helped Sa'eed .... .,.. ,.. .

-It is permissible to elide the verb wherever there is an indicator (of its meaning), as in:


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.,.. ... . (which is said) in reply to he who had said: Likewise, the Sa'eed, Who came?

subject and verb may be elided together, like: , (which is said) i

n reply to he who ,.. Yes

had said: .,, ,..i Did Zaid stand?

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 41B n B :BRA nA

, .,.. ,.. ...,i .... ,... .., , ..... ,.... ,,.i , .... .. ,... : ,- ,

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SECOND TYPE: The Object Whose Subject Is Not MentionedIt is each object whose subject is elided and the object is put in (the subject'


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s) place. It isalso called the Proxy-Subject ( ), as in: . Its rule in the .... ,... .,.. ,.. Sa'eed was helped

singularity of its verb and its being dual; plural; masculine and feminine is based on thatwhich you are aware regarding the subject.17ubA

, ..,:,i , ( ,, , .,,-. , .i.:,.. , ..... ,... , ..... ..,...: ..... . ...,,

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..,,.. _. ,,-, ..: ...,,. .., .( .( .... .. ,.... ,,..: ,,-, . ... , .... ,,.

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 42:mC ..... . ...,,.. ... .


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.. :. , ..... .,.

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.,. ..:.i ,:. _. .,,:.: , ... :,..: .,,. ,:.i

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.... , .:,.:: , ... .,,: _ .... ,... ,: ,- ..

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:iBM :BNA VA I A JB BA XjbNmG-C


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(,.,.. ,:,.. ,::) 18

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... ,.,, ..i ..

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,.::. ,.

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The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 43. BJB A UA ,BNA VA BA hYG -L

...:. ..:i i

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,,-. .... ,


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.

.... ,:: . ...,.... ..- ... _

'

.

.

.

,,. _.. _.... .

,,. _.. .i .-

:MA VA BbA BA I C ,BA BJB C B y -X


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,,.

,..a. ,,:-,

.,..,:: .

.,,. .... ,,..: .

.

.

.

... .,:.. _.,.: ..

.

(,:..i , .. ,..:..,. .( ,) 20

.


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.

.-... _..

.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 44mBNA pifA

THE NINTH LESSONjJbA CfNJA :IAjA SBRA nA

THIRD & FOURTH TYPE: The Subject and the Predicate.., .... _..:. , .i.:,.. .., , .,.( .... ..-.i ..,a... .,.. . .,-. ... ..- ,

.

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.

.

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.


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.

.

..:,, ,- , .,... ..,, _,. ... , ..., .,.. .,-. .,,-. .., ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

They are nouns devoid of any literal word government. One of them having ascriptionmade to it, and it is named the Mubtada (nominal subject). The second is ascribed to (the

subject) and it is named the Khabar (predicate), as in: . .., .,.. Sa'eed isstanding


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.i.:,. _.: i ,. ..., .( .,:.. , ..,:. ,:, i ,,-. .i , ..,.. ,:, i i.:,.. .i

.

.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

_ ,i .,-. ., .,, ...-: .( .: , (.,:. . ,, .,. .,.. ,) ....: ..,. .,-..

.


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..

.

..

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.,.. ,. , ., ,.. _ , ....... ,. _, , .... ,, .i .. , ..i,. ,i ,..

.

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.

.

.


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.

.

.

.

The principle of the Mubtada is that it is definite. The principle of the Khabar is that it

indefinite. The indefinite noun is permissible to occur as a Mubtadawhen it is modified(by an adjective), as in the Exalted's saying: (.,:. . ,, .,. .,.. ,) "Certainly a believing

servant is better than an idolater." Likewise, when it is particularized from another21perspective (it is also permissible), for example: .i,. ,i ,.. _ .,i Is there a man in the

house or a woman?; There is no one better than you; Great ...,, .i .. , ...... ,. _, ,


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happiness embraced the family; In the house is a man; Peace be upon ., ,.. _ .,.. ,.

you .22The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 45...: ( , ,. ..: .,, .,:.. , i.:,. .,... .. .,:. ,. , .,.. ,.., .i .: ( ,

.

.

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.


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.

. .

.

... .. ..-. , ...,,i ,. , ...,..( ... .:. .,, ,. , i.:,. ... ..,,i .. ,:,..

.

.

.

.

..

.

.

..,,. .. , .,..'


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.

If one of the two nouns are definite and the other is indefinite, make the definite noun theMubtada and the indefinite noun the Khabar. If the two nouns are both definite,you canmake either of the two the Mubtada and the other the Khabar, like:

..,..( ... Allah is our

God; Adam is our father; Muhammad (S) is our Prophet . ..,,i ,. , ..,,. .

. , .,.. ... .. ..-. ,

'

..,.,. ,i ..,,i ,.. .,, .,-. ..,.. ,i .,... .,,i .,.. .,-. ..,.. ... ,,-. ,:, .. ,

.

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.


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.

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.

_..:, .,a. , ,.. _ .,.. , .... ... .,-. ..,,. ,i ...,:. _... ( .,.. .,-.

.

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.

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.

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.


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.

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..,. .... ... _ .. , .,a. _ ... ,.... . .,.:.( ._- , .,::. ... ...-,

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.

.

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.


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,.. _ ,.:. .,.. .,,..: ,.. _ .,..

..

.

.

Sometimes the Khabar will be a nominal sentence ( ), as in: .,..( .... .,.. ,... .,,i Sa'eed's

father is fasting; Zaid's father stood; or a verbal sentence ( ), asin: or a .,.. .... .,, .,,i ,..

conditional sentence ( ), as in: .,.,. .... .,.. ..,:. _.... ( If Sa'eed comes to me, then I will


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honor him; Khalid is in behind you; or an adverbial sentence ( ), as in: and .,,. .... ... ...

-.,.. .,. ,.. _ . The adverb ( ) is associated with a sentence withSa'eed is in the house

most scholars. The adverbial (meaning is derived from the estimated verb) ,.:.( To to

settle, reside, stay, as this estimated verb is the governing agent (

) in the adverb. ...

Therefore, your saying: , estimates: ,.. _ .,.. ,.. _ .,.. Sa'eedin the house ,.:.(


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Sa'eed stays in the house .

... .. ,,-, , .,. .. _ ..,..: .i.:,.. .( .,.,. .,,,-. ...-. _ ,,.. . ., . ,

.

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.

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.

,,-. ,..:, .. , ... i .,-,. .::, ,.,:. .a.-. , .,-,., .,.,. ,.. .,-. ...,,. .,

.

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.

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..,,:: ,.,., .,. i.:,... :,, i ,,-, , .,. ,.. _ .,-. ..,. .: ( i.:,.. ..

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.


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.

.

.

.

... ,... .. .,.. .,-..

.

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.

.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 46A pronoun is required in the informative sentence ( ) which refers back to the .,,, ....

Mubtada, like the Ha ( ) in that which has passed ( ). It is .- .. .,:. _.... (.,.. .,... ,,i .,.. . . -

permissible to elide the pronoun with the existence of an indication


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(of its meaning)sentence, as in: ,

,., .,.,. ,.. ,-,. .::, ,.,:. .a.-. Milk is an Awqiyaha dirham Wheat

is a Kilo for three dirham, in other words: . At times, if the Khabar is an ,.,:. .a.-. ...

adverb ( ), the Khabar is placed before the Mubtada, as in: .,. .,. ,.. _ Inthe house is

Hameed . It is permissible for a single Mubtada to have numerous Khabar, as in:.. .,..

... ,... . Sa'eed is reasoning, knowledgeable, virtuous


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.,-. ._... ., .., ..., ... ,- , .,.( ...., ,. i.:,.. . , .... ..-... i ,.. ,

.

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.

.

.

.

'

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.

_,: i ..,. , ...,, ,... - , .... ,...i .,-. .,.,.:., ., .., ,i ..,.. _, ..

..

.


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..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

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.

.....i .-, .,. ,...i , .,. ,... .. .,-. ...., ,-.. ... .... ..

.

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.

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.


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.

, ,... ,, ...... .:,.:: ,. ... .( , ...., ,-.a. ,., _,, ,. ..,. , ..,..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,,. i.:,. ,..

.

.

Know, that with some scholars of Nahw, there is another kind of Mubt

ada which has noascription to it. It is the adjective occurring after a particle of


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negation, as in: .. .,.. _.,

Sa'eed is not returning; Is (or the adjective occurs) after interrogation, as in: i .... ,...

Khalid arriving? Is Zaid standing? Its condition is that this adjective gives the - .,, ,... -

nominative state to an apparent noun following it, as in: ,... .. .,. The twomen are not

fasting; Are the two men fasting? Are two fasting In contrast to: .,. ,...i .,. .....i

(ones) the two men? The descriptive word does not give the nominative state to an

apparent noun following it. Otherwise, its dual would not be permissible, then ( ) is .....

the Khabar advanced and ( ) is the Mubtada placed after (its Khabar). .,.

The Guidance In Grammar ZA AfA 47ubA

i.:,, . , .,a... .,.. ..,,.. .: . , ..,.. ... ..,.. ...:: ...( .,,-. , i.:,..


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.,-. ,i ..,, ...-: .( .,:...,

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.. .,., ,,.. . ...-. ,,-. _ ., . , .,.,. ..,,. ..,.. ..,..( ... , .,.. .,,-.


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.

.

.

. .

..

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.., ,.,.:., , _... .., ..., ... i.:,.. ,:, .. , ., i.:,.. ,,-. ...:, .. , i.:,.

.

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.


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.

.

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.

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..., ,-.. ...

.

.:mC ..,. :. , ,,-. , i.:,.. . : .,.

.

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.


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... _,.( ..,a... .,..., .,.. ,- ..

.

.

.

..:.., ... ,, .,,-. , i.:,.. _ .. ,- ..

.

.

.

.

..:.., ... ,, ..,:..., ..:,, ,,-, :..

.

.


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.

..,.. ..:.i _. ,,-. _,.i ... .

.

.

.

.. :. .,,-. _ ..... ,,... ,,., :.

.

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.:., ... _., ...... ,,... .. ,,-, :.

.


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.

..:.i .,,( _. ... _,.( .i.:,.. .. ,,-. ,,..: ,,-, :.

.

237499117 Al Hidayah Fee Nahw

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