by

B~1

I. GENERAL FEATURES

A. FUNGSI UMUM

• Transpor dan hemoestasis berfungsi

untuk menyebarkan oksigen, bahan

nutrisi, antibody dan hormon ke seluruh

jaringan tubuh serta mengumpulkan

karbon dioksida dan produk limbah

metabolik lain untuk dikeluarkan melalui

organ ekskretoris.

B. 2 system sirkulasi

1. The cardiovascular system

• Pembuluh darah tertutup

• Pompa darah

• Four components : jantung,arteri,vena dan kapiler

2. The lymphatic vascular system

• Bergerak dalam 1 arah

• Aliran limfe tidak merupakan peredaran tertutup

• Three types :

• Kapiler limfaticus

• Pembuluh limfaticus

• Duktus limfaticus

C. Walls of the blood and lymphatic vessels

1. Tunica intima• Lapisan terdalam• lapisan Endothelium dan subendothelial

2. Tunica media• Lapisan tengah• terdiri atas sel-sel otot polos yang teroriantasi melingkar• Arteri tipis

3. Tunica adventitia• Lapisan terluar• Terdiri atas Serat kolagen dan elastis

Large Artery : Aorta (Transverse Section)

4. Intima

5. Internal elastic membrane

1. Adventitia

2. Elastic lamellae in media

3. Smooth muscle in media (unstaine)

B. ARTERIES

Three types :

a. Large elastic arteries, conducting arteries

exp : Aorta, pulmonary arteries, common carotid arteries, large lumen

• T. intima

- endothelium cells

- subendothelial : elastic fibers, collagen, smooth muscle cells.

• Internal elastic lamina

• T. Media

- concentric fenestrated elastic laminae

- some collagen fibers and smooth muscle cells

• Poorly defined external elastic lamina

• T. Adventitia :

- Scattered collagen fibers

- Small elastic fibers

- Vasa vasorum

- Small lymphatic

- Nerve fibers

Neurovascular Bundle (Transverse Section)

1. Sympathetic ganglion nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers

2. Nerves

3. Arteriole

4. Venule

5. Lymph node hilus and lympathetic tissue

6. Lympathic vessels

7. Veins

8. Nerves (o.s and t.s.)

9. Arterioles

10. Nerves

11. Lymph node : medulla

12. Lymph node : cortex

18. Lumen of large (elastic) artery

14. Capsule

15. Tunica Adventitia

16. Tunica Media

17. Internal elastic membrane

13. Marginal sinus

19. Endothelium and subendothelial connective tisuue

20. Adipose tissue

21. Capillaries

22. Medium-sized vein (l.s) filled with blood

23. Tunica media

24. Tunica adventitia

25. Nerve

26. Arterioled

b. Muscular arteries

Medium sized, distributing arteries

• Relatively thick wall

• More smooth muscle

• Fewer elastic fiber in t.media

• Exemple a brachialis, a mesenterica superior

• T. intima

- Endothelium

- Subendothelial connective tissue

• Internal elastic lamina : promineut

• T. media :

- Thick

- Circularly smooth muscle layer

- Elastic and reticular fibers

• External elastic lamina

• T. Adventitia

- relatively thin (smaller) than t. media

- Collagen fibers

- Elastic fibers

- Vasa vasorum

Photomicrogra

ph of a section

of muscular

artery stained

by Weigert’s

method for

elastic

structures

Internal Elastic

Lamina media

Adventitia

Diagram comparing the structure of a muscular artery (left) and accompanying vein (right). Note that the tunica lamina and tunica media the highly development in the artery but not in the vein

Endothellium Internal elastic lamina

Intima

Media

Adventitia

Endothellium

c. Arterioles

0.5 mm

• T. intima

- Endothelium

- Lack subendothelial connective tissue

- Membrana elastica interna (smaller arteriole)

• T. Media : 1-5 layer, smooth muscles

• T. adventitia, very thin collagen fibers

d. Metarteriole

• Small branches of arteriole

• Precapillaary sphincters

• T. Intima :

• Internal elastic membrane -

• T. Media : single layer smooth muscle

C. VEINS

- Thinner walls than arteries

- Thicker adventitia

- Valves

Three types :

1. Venules

2. Medim and small size

3. Large

1. Venules :

• T. Intima, endothelium

• T. Media and adventitia very thin

2. Small and medium sized

• V. saphena, hepatic portal

• T. Intima : endothelium + subendothellial connective tissue, valus +

• Internal elastic membrane -

• T. Media :

- thin smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

• T. adventitia, relatively thick

Blood and Lymphatic Vessels

1. Arteriole

2. Nerves (t.s)

3. Venule (o.s)

4. Small (terminal) artery tunica media

5. Arteriole

6. Tunica adventitia of small artery

7. Vein (o.s)

8. Arteriole with a clot (l.s)

9. Capillary (l.s) with erythrocytes

10. Venule

11.Capillary

12. Lymphatic vessel with valve

18. Vein with blood clot

14. Nerve

15. Vasa vasorum

16. Endothelium

17. Subendothelial layer

13. Adipose tissue

19. Internal elastic membrane

20. Capillaries

21. Small (terminal) artery

22. Medium-sized vein

23. Nerves (t.s)

24. Endothelium

25. Tunica media

26. Tunica adventitia

27. Vein (o.s)

28. Adipose tissue

3. Large

e.g. superior and inferior venaecavae

• T. Intima :

- Endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue

- Value +

• T. Media : smooth muscle, reticular fibers, collagen, elastic fibers

• T. Adventitia :

- Thickest

- Prominent bundles of smooth muscle + collagen fibers

- Vasa vasorum

Photomicrograph of a section of a larger vein.

Observe the well-developed adventitia with

characteristic longitudinal smooth muscle bundles.

Intima

Media

Adventitia

Simplified schematic diagram of the vessels of the blood vascular system. Schematic cross sections of the various types of vessels are also shown. Compare the relative thickness of the 3 tunics in the cross-sections : intima (white, media (heavy stipple) and adventitia (light stipple).

Capillary bed

Muscular artery

Arteriole

Metarteriole

Blood and Lymphatic Vessels

1. Arteriole

2. Nerves (t.s)

3. Venule (o.s)

4. Small (terminal) artery tunica media

5. Arteriole

6. Tunica adventitia of small artery

7. Vein (o.s)

8. Arteriole with a clot (l.s)

9. Capillary (l.s) with erythrocytes

10. Venule

11. Capillary

12. Lymphatic vessel with valve

18. Vein with blood clot

14. Nerve

15. Vasa vasorum

16. Endothelium 17. Subendothelial layer

13. Adipose tissue

19. Internal elastic membrane

20. Capillaries

21. Small (terminal) artery

22. Medium-sized vein

23. Nerves (t.s)

24. Endothelium 25. Tunica media 26. Tunica adventitia27. Vein (o.s)

28. Adipose tissue

C. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SMALL ARTERIES AND VEINS

1. Capillaries

2. Portal system

3. Asteriovenous anastomoser

4. Glomus

Types of microcirculation formed by small blood vessels. The usual sequence of arteriole Metarteriole capillary venule and vein is shown at (1). An arteriovenous anastomosis is shown at (2) and an arterial portal system as is present in the kidney glomerulus is shown at (3). A venous portal system such as occurs in the liver is shown at (4).

III. HEART

A. Chambers

• Two atria

• Two ventricles

B. Tunics, walls of the heart

1. Endocardium

• Endothelium

• Subendothelial connective tissue

• Subendocardium Purkinje fibers

2. Myocardium : cardiac muscles

3. Epicardum

• Visceral pericardum

• Single layer squamous

C. Cardiac Skeleton

• Annuli fibrosae

• Trigona fibrosae

• Septum membranaceum

cells

Superior vena cava

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His

Right bundle branch

Purkinje system

Posterior fascicle

Anterior fascicle

Left bundle branch

Aorta Diagram

of the heart,

showing

the impulse-

generating

and

conducting

system

HEART :LEFT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE

(PANORAMIC VIEW, LONGITUDINAL SECTION)

2. Myocardium of atrium

1. Endocardium of atrium

3. Annulus fibrosus

4. Mitral valve :a.Endocardiumb.Connective tissue

core

5. Chorda tendina

6. Endocardium of ventricle

7. Myocardium of ventricle

8. Purkinje fibers (conduction fibers)

10. Coronary artery

9. Plate A

11. Coronary sinus

12. Coronary vein with valve13. Epicardium of

atrium14. Subepicardial

connective tissue and fat

15. Perimysial septa with blood vessels

16. Epicardium and subepicardium of ventricle

17. Columnae carneae

18. Apex of papillary muscle

1. Endocardium

2. Purkinje fibers (t.s)

3. Transitional fiber

4. Purkinje fibers (l.s)

5. Myocardial fibers (l.s and t.s)

PURKINJE FIBERS (CONDUCTION FIBERS)

D. Cardiac value

• Control the direction of blood flow through the heart

• Endocardium enclosing dense connective tissue and continuous with the anulli fibrosae

• Tricuspid value : between r atrium and R ventricle (Three cusps). Free edges of each cusp anchored to papillary muscles in the floor of each ventricle by fibrous cords called chordae tendinae.

• Bicuspid valve : between L atrium and L ventricle (2 cusps), anchored to papillary muscles by chordae tendinae.

E. The conducting system

• Sinoatrial node (pacemaker node)

• Atrioventicular (AV) node

• Atrioventicular (AV) bindle (of his)

• Purkinje fibers

F. Blood supply

• Coronary arteries

G. Lymphatic supply

• Lymphatic capillaries in myocardium

H. Innervation

• Myelinated and unmyelinated autonomic motor fiber

• Sympathetic increases heart rate

• Parasympathetic decreases

IV. LYMPHATIC VESSELS

A. Lymphatic vessels and ducts

• Walls resemble veins

• Adventitia Thin

• Lacks smooth muscle

• Media contains : longitudinal and circular smooth muscle

B. Lymphatic capillaries

• Simple squamous endothelial

• Large diameter

• Thinner basal lamina

• Lack fenestrations, lack basal lamina

Section of the thoracic duct

C. Route of the lymph

Lymphatic vessels

Blind ending lymphatic capillaries

Lymph node

Lymphatic vessels

Right Lymphatic duct Thoracic duct (left)

Junction of angular and subclavian veins in the neck

Venous systemVenous system