1 Pendahuluan [Compatibility Mode]

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1_PENDAHULUAN Program Studi Fisika FI365 FI365 FI365 FI365 – – SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI Waslaluddin, dkk

Transcript of 1 Pendahuluan [Compatibility Mode]

Page 1: 1 Pendahuluan [Compatibility Mode]

1_PENDAHULUAN

Program Studi Fisika

FI365 FI365 FI365 FI365 –––– SISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASI

Waslaluddin, dkk

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PENDAHULUAN

ISI KULIAH

� Definisi dan Terminologi

� Prinsip Transduksi Fisika dan Kimia

� Klasifikasi Sensor

� Perkembangan Sensor

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI DAN TERMINOLOGI

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

� to sense : merasakan� Sensor adalah suatu perangkat (device ) atau

sistem (sensor system ) yang dapat merasakan suatu besaran fisika, kimia atau biologi dan merespon besaran tersebut dalam bentuk besaran fisika, kimia atau biologi lainnya atau mengkonversi besaran yang dirasakan menjadi

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mengkonversi besaran yang dirasakan menjadi besaran lainnya.� Sensor head

� Transducer adalah suatu perangkat (device ) dapat mengubah (to convert ) suatu energi atau besaran fisika, kimia atau biologi ke bentuk energi atau besaran lainnya � Energy Converter atau Modifier

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

MekanikMekanik

Radiasi

KimiaMekanikMekanik

Radiasi

Kimia

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MagnetikMagnetik Termal

Elektrik

MagnetikMagnetik Termal

Elektrik

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

� Transduser: Sensor dan Aktuator� Sensor : Sebagai transduser input

� misal : microphone, thermocouple, RTD, pitot tube dsb

� Aktuator : Sebagai transduser output � misal : loud speaker, control valve, damper, motor listrik dsb

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

� Sistem� Kombinasi dua atau lebih elemen, subsistem atau bagian yang

diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu fungsi� Untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan (real world) suatu sistem

memerlukan� Sensor : perangkat input� Aktuator : perangkat output� Pemroses : sinyal informasi dan pengetahuan

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� Sensor merespon dalam bentuk sinyal yang dapat diproses lebih lanjut seperti

� Amplifikasi, pemfilteran, transmisi, pemrosesan dan displai

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

Sensor atauSistem Sensor

Sensor atauSistem Sensor

Variabel-variabel fisika, kimia atau

Sensor, sistem sensor atau transduser merupakan antar muka (interface) antara besaran-besaran fisika pada fenomena alam, proses, mesin, lingkungan dan sebagainya ke suatu sistem pengukuran, monitoring dan pengontrolan

Variabel-variabel fisika,

kimia atau

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kimia atau biologi

kimia atau biologi

(umumnya besaran listrik seperti arus atau tegangan)

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

� Measurement� The process of comparing an unknown quantity with a standard of

the same quantity or standard of two or more related quantities

� Measurement Science� the systematic study and organization of the methods by which

INFORMATION is gathered from the PHYSICAL world

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

� Instrument Engineering� the systematic design and manufacture of reliable, cost

effective measuring instrumentation that fulfills a given measurement specification

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PENDAHULUAN

Intelligent Sensor

� Intelligent� Kemampuan untuk mengkombinasikan

� A priori knowledge (available before experience) &� Adaptive learning (from experience)

� Intelligent sensor system� Suatu sistem sensor yang memiliki kemampuan menyimpan

informasi sebelumnya dan adaptasi menyesuaikan dengan keadaan yang saat ini dan akan datang

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1010

yang saat ini dan akan datang � Beberapa definisi yang ada

� A sensor that is capable of modifying its internal behavior to optimize the collection of data from the external w orld [Whi97]� Konsep adaptasi dan kompensasi adalah sentral filos ofi sensor cerdas

� Suatu perangkat yang mengkombinasikan suatu elemen sensor dan pemroses sinyal pada suatu IC tunggal [PY95a]

� Sensor cerdas adalah suatu sensor yang memiliki fun gsi yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan representasi yang ben ar besaran yang dideteksi atau besaran yang dikontrol [1451.2] [Fnk00]

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PENDAHULUAN

Prinsip Sub-sistem dalam suatu Sistem Sensor Cerdas [BW96]

� Elemen primer (primary sensing elements)� Kontrol eksitasi� Amplifikasi� Pemfilteran analog� Konversi data� Kompensasi� Pemrosesan informasi digital� Pemrosesan komunikasi digital

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1111

� Pemrosesan komunikasi digital

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PENDAHULUAN

Prinsip Sub-sistem dalam suatu Sistem Sensor Cerdas [BW96]FI 365

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PENDAHULUAN

E-noseFI 365

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI FISIKA DAN KIMIA

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PENDAHULUAN

DEFINISI

� Transduksi: Pengubahan dari satu energi ke energi lain� energi termal ���� energi elektrik� energi mekanik ���� energi elektrik� energi radiasi ���� energi elektrik� energi magnetik ���� energi elektrik� energi kimia ���� energi elektrik

DIRECT Radiasi

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COMPLEXX

energi kimia ���� energi mekanik

energi elektrik

energi mekanik ���� energi termal

energi elektrik

MekanikKimia

Magnetik Termal

Elektrik

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PENDAHULUAN

SINYAL DOMAIN ENERGI

Mekanik : L, A, V, v, ωωωω, a, m, F, P, Torsi, aliran, viskositas

Termal : Temp (T), Cp, aliran kalor, keadaan materi

Elektrik : V, I, Q, R, L, C, E, ε.

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Magnetik : H, B, ΦΦΦΦ, χχχχ, µµµµ, dipol momen (µµµµm).

Radiasi : Warna, Int., T, R, A, refraktif indeks (n), koef. ekst.(k)

Kimia : Komposisi (xA), C, kec. reaksi (R), pH, humiditas

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PENDAHULUAN

TRANSDUKSI KE PENGLIHATAN (E. RADIASI)

� thermometers: temperature (T) � panjang (L)

� barometers: tekanan udara (P) � panjang (L)

� scales: berat/massa (m) � sudut (θθθθ)

� kelembaban: puntiran rambut (τ) � sudut (θθθθ)

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� kelembaban: puntiran rambut (τ) � sudut (θθθθ)

� indicator dyes: konsentrasi kimia (C) � warna

� photo film: intensitas radiasi (I) � kepekatan Ag (ρρρρ)

� speedometers: kecepatan (v) � sudut (θθθθ)

� ……??….. ……??……. � ……??……..

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PENDAHULUAN

TRANSDUKSI KE ELEKTRIK

� Thermistor : temperature ���� resistance

� Electrochemical : chemistry ���� voltage

� Photocurrent : light intensity ���� current

� Pyroelectric : thermal radiation ���� voltage

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� Pyroelectric : thermal radiation ���� voltage

� Humidity : humidity ���� capacitance

� Length (LVDT) : displacement ���� inductance

� Microphone : sound pressure ���� ……???

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PENDAHULUAN

Physical effect: signal energy conversionFI 365

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PENDAHULUAN

SENSE – THINK - ACT

loop

meas

transduce perceptionto electrical signal

measure involts, amps, ohms,henrys, farads, etc.

convert fromsignal to symbol

SENSORADC

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2020

surand

signal to symbol

compute control actiontransduce signal toheat, displacement,

illumination, etc

convert fromsymbol to signal

SENSOR

ACTUATOR

ADC

DAC

Transducer

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Capacitance

V

qC =

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2121( )ab

d

AC

o

o

/ln

2 lεπ

ε

=

=l

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

( )ab

HC o

o /ln

2 επ=

Contoh : Level sensor (physical)

εo,r , b, a, H

h VFI 365

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2222h � C � V

εo,r , b, a, H constant

( ) ( )[ ]hhHab

C ro εεπ +−=/ln

2

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Contoh : Occupancy sensor (physical) x V

x

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2323x � Cso � V

Csg, Cog: constant

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Resistance

( )RiV

A

TR .== lρ

A l

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( )

A

A

R

RA

AR

∆−∆+∆=∆

=

l

l

ll

ρρ

ρρ ,,

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Contoh : Level sensor (physical)( )

RiVA

TR .== lρ

h V

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2525h � d � R � V

h

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Contoh : Force sensor (physical)

( )RiV

A

TR .== lρ

l FEσ =∆=

F V

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ll

ll

l

V

RVa

R

aE

ρ

ρρ

σ

2

2

=∆∆

==

==l

F � σ � l � R � V

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Contoh : Temperature sensor (physical)

( )RiV

A

TR .== lρT V

bimetal

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( )[ ]

VaR

TT2

1212 1

ll

ll

ρρ

α

==

−+=

T � α � l � R � V

2l

1l

bimetal

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Contoh : Gas sensor (chem.) C R

CCO

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twAR

qn e

.

1 ll

σρ

µσ

==

=

CCO � q � σ � R

t w

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PENDAHULUAN

PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI

Contoh : Humidity sensor (chem.) %H2O Z

%H2O C2, R2, C3, R3 constant

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CjRZ ω+= 1

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KLASIFIKASI SENSOR

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PENDAHULUAN

KLASIFIKASI SENSOR

� Proprioception (Internal state) v.s. Exteroceptive (external state) � measure values internally to the system (robot), e.g.

battery level, wheel position, joint angle, etc,� observation of environments, objects

� Active v.s. Passive

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� Active v.s. Passive� emitting energy into the environment, e.g., radar, sonar� passively receive energy to make observation, e.g.,

camera

� Contact v.s. non-contact

� Visual v.s. non-visual� vision-based sensing, image processing, video camer a

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PENDAHULUAN

� Encoders, Potentiometers� measure angle of turn via change in resistance or b y

counting optical pulses

� Gyroscopes� measure rate of change of angles

Proprioceptive SensorsProprioceptive SensorsProprioceptive SensorsProprioceptive SensorsFI 365

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� measure rate of change of angles� fiber-optic (newer, better), magnetic (older)

� Compass� measure which way is north

� GPS� measure location relative to globe

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PENDAHULUAN

Classification of SensorsClassification of SensorsClassification of SensorsClassification of Sensors

• Stimulus : physical, chemical & biological measurand (energy)

• Transduction effects : Active (self-generating) vs Pasive (modulation)

• Scale of measured properties : scale of measurands

• Sensing constraints : ways of measurement

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• Field of applications : e.g. automotive, industrial, robotic, etc.

• Materials

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PENDAHULUAN

StimulusStimulusStimulusStimulus

Mekanik

Radiasi

Kimia

MagnetikMagnetik Termal

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Elektrik

SensorSensoroutputsignal

measurand

SensorSensoroutputsignal

measurand

powersupply

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Transduction effectTransduction effectFI 365

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Transduction effectTransduction effectFI 365

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Scale of measurandsScale of measurandsFI 365

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Sensing constraintsSensing constraintsFI 365

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PENDAHULUAN

Radiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic SpectrumRadiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible Spectrum

700 nm 400 nm

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PENDAHULUAN

Radiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic SpectrumRadiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic Spectrum

Light SensorsLight Sensors• Photodiodes • Phototransistor • Photoresistors • Cooled Detectors • Thermal Detectors

• Golay Cells • Thermopile Sensors

Light SensorsLight Sensors• Photodiodes • Phototransistor • Photoresistors • Cooled Detectors • Thermal Detectors

• Golay Cells • Thermopile Sensors Radiation SensorsRadiation SensorsRadiation SensorsRadiation Sensors

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• Thermopile Sensors • Pyroelectric Sensors • Bolometers • Active Far-Infrared Sensors • Gas Flame Detectors

• Thermopile Sensors • Pyroelectric Sensors • Bolometers • Active Far-Infrared Sensors • Gas Flame Detectors

• Scintillating Detectors• Ionization Detectors

• Ionization Chambers • Proportional Chambers • Geiger–Müller Counters • Semiconductor Detectors

• Scintillating Detectors• Ionization Detectors

• Ionization Chambers • Proportional Chambers • Geiger–Müller Counters • Semiconductor Detectors

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PENDAHULUAN

Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsOccupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Occupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors

Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors

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• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

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PENDAHULUAN

Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical Sensors

Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer

• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope

Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer

• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope

Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors . • VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors

Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors . • VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors

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• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes

• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes

Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors

Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors

• Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge

• Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge

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PENDAHULUAN

Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical Sensors

Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

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• Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors

Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

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PENDAHULUAN

Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsTemperature SensorsTemperature Sensors

• Thermoresistive Sensors • Resistance Temperature • Silicon Resistive Sensors • Thermistors

• NTC Thermistors • Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors • PTC Thermistors

• Thermoresistive Sensors • Resistance Temperature • Silicon Resistive Sensors • Thermistors

• NTC Thermistors • Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors • PTC Thermistors

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• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors • Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors • Optical Temperature Sensors

• Fluoroptic Sensors • Interferometric Sensors • Thermochromic Solution Sensor

• Acoustic Temperature Sensor • Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors

• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors • Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors • Optical Temperature Sensors

• Fluoroptic Sensors • Interferometric Sensors • Thermochromic Solution Sensor

• Acoustic Temperature Sensor • Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors

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PENDAHULUAN

Magnetic SensorsMagnetic SensorsMagnetic SensorsMagnetic Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors

• ChemFET

• Electrochemical Sensors

• Potentiometric Sensors

• Conductometric Sensors

• Amperometric Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors

• ChemFET

• Electrochemical Sensors

• Potentiometric Sensors

• Conductometric Sensors

• Amperometric Sensors

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors

• Pellister Catalytic Sensors

• Optical Chemical Sensors

• Mass Detector

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors

• Pellister Catalytic Sensors

• Optical Chemical Sensors

• Mass Detector

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• Amperometric Sensors

• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors

• Elastomer Chemiresistors

• Amperometric Sensors

• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors

• Elastomer Chemiresistors

• Biochemical Sensors

• Enzyme Sensors

• Biochemical Sensors

• Enzyme Sensors

Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors

• Electrical Conductivity Sensors

• Thermal Conductivity Sensor

• Optical Hygrometer

• Oscillating Hygrometer

Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors

• Electrical Conductivity Sensors

• Thermal Conductivity Sensor

• Optical Hygrometer

• Oscillating Hygrometer

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Chemical SensorsChemical SensorsChemical SensorsChemical Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET • Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET • Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector

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• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors

• Mass Detector • Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors

• Mass Detector • Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors

Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors • Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer• Oscillating Hygrometer

Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors • Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer• Oscillating Hygrometer

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PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI SENSOR

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Multisensor integration and fusionFI 365

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