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    KULIAH PENGANTAR PRAKTIKUM BIOKIMIABLOK HEMATOLOGIBLOK HEMATOLOGI

    DIAN ARININGRUM, dr, MKes, SpPK

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    Tujuan pembelajaran1. Struktur dan fungsi membran eritrosit2. Metabolisme dan energetika eritrosit3. Aspek klinis dari defek struktur membran

    dan defek metabolisme eritrosit4. Membrane disruption agent 5. Kalsium darah

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    K nsep Dasar Me!ab l"sme Er"!r s"!- Tdk punya inti organela tdk bisa mensintesis protein

    - Msh aktif se!ara metabolik AT" disintesis dr glikolisis anaerob

    asuk sel se! facilitated di usion #glucosa transporter $ glu!ose

    permease% sebagian insulin-

    dependent &

    'M" #(likolisis anaerob& AT") *aktat +A,

    alur *uebering-/apoport

    2)3-,"( regulasia0nitas b- 2

    alur "entose-"hosphate

    "eran ( ",% menghasilkan +A," reduksi (SS( m d (S

    melindungi membran dr kerusakan

    oksidatif

    '+4 M "AT 6 anemiahemolitik

    (SS( Oxidized Glutathione (S Reduced

    7esi eme hrs tetapberada dlm bentuk

    8e29

    Methemoglobin /edu!tase)koensim +A, #dr 'M"&

    ,estruksi eritrosit tua)di S/'

    - Tetrapirol 7ilirubin- 8e (lobin reutilisasi

    (enetik : bMAkuisita : ksidan

    Sintesis emoglobin :- eme- (lobin

    • ,efek Sintesis eme•

    ,efek Sintesis (lobin#Kualitatif Kuantitatif&

    'M (* 7 + "AT 6

    Sumber energi : (lukosa

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    Karakteristik struktur) isi sifat metabolisme eritrositmendukung fungsinya yaituutk transport gas$ ;akram bikonkaf luas

    permukaan relatif lebihbesar dibandingkan?@

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    Membran Er"!r s"!7ersifat semipermeabel

    #$! s%ele! n#$! s%ele! n eritrosit merupakan

    e aring yang dibentuk oleh protein0lamentosa yg kompleks

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    'un&s" membran1& Mempertahankan bentuk sel2& Melindungi sel memungkinkan sel bertahan

    thd stress selama melalui mikro

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    STRUKTUR MEMBRAN

    Lipid 43%: fosfolipid, olesterol, gli olipid

    !rotein 4"% # le$ih dari 0 &enis protein'ar$ohidrat (%

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    8luid-Mosai! "lasma Membrane8luid-Mosai! "lasma Membrane

    Membran eritrosit mrpk struktur yg dinamis B

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    'lu"d(M sa") M del

    C 'lu"d $o Membran plasma berbentuk

    !air pd suhu tubuh) krnkandungan fosfolipid tak enuh

    o /asio kandungan asam lemaktak enuh : enuh pd bbrp tipe selberbeda2 Duiditas berbeda

    C M sa") $o = 5E enis protein membran membentuk pola

    anyaman asimetris di bagian dalam luar membrano "rotein perifer dan protein integral #hidro0lik di luar)hidrofobik di dalam&

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    LIPID BILA*ER8osfolipid glikolipid dg gugus polar hidro0likdi permukaan eksternal internal) gugus non

    polar hidrofobik di tengah membran membran sbg liquid sealer

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    'LUIDITAS MEMBRAN

    C "erubahan Duiditas mempengaruhi konformasi)orientasi) mobilitas dan clustering proteinmembran

    C 8luiditas membran terutama ditentukan oleh

    komposisi lipidC Kolesterol memegang peranan penting dalammempertahankan struktur matriks bilayer

    C "eningkatan komponen kolesterol menurunkan

    Duiditas membran

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    8luiditas lapisan lipid bilayerditentukan oleh komposisinya

    1. "an ang rantai asam lemak$ *ebih pendek gaya

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    PROTEIN MEMBRAN PERI'ER

    7erikatan ionik dg membran. Terlepas bila terpapar garamkonsentrasi tinggi) larutan dgkekuatan ionik sangat tinggiHrendah atau p ekstrim.

    *apisan lipid bilayer tetapinta!t.Menentukan

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    PROTEIN MEMBRAN INTEGRAL

    Tidak larut dlm air. Tidak terlepasH larut dlmpaparan garam konsentrasitinggi #=1EEmM +a;l&.Menyatu dg lapisan lipid bilayermelalui interaksi hidrofobikprotein-lipid) hanya dpt terlepasbila t d kerusakan struktur lipidbilayer) mis krn paparandetergen.7iasanya berupa protein2 transmembran) kontak dg

    permukaan dalam luar.;ontoh;ontoh : band 3 #transport channel )t gl) osa * ion2+(ly!ophorins A # sifat antigeni #gol drh -.+

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    'un&s" Pr !e"n Membran

    Transp r!Pr !e"n

    En+$ma!")Pr !e"n

    Signal binding proteins

    Cellular joining

    #ellRe) &n"!" n

    Pr !e"n Attachment

    # annelPr !e"ns $!hannel forlipid insolublemole!ules andions to passfreely through#arr"erPr !e"ns $bind to asubstan!e and!arry it a!rossmembrane)!hange shapein pro!ess

    ;arry outen+$ma!")rea)!" ns right at themembraneJhen asubstrate binds

    to the a!ti

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    8asilitasi pergerakan substrat dari keluarsel1. !a-"-#$%ase transport aktif +a

    #keluar sel& K #masuk sel&2. &a-Mg-#$%ase calcium pump

    transport ;a keluar sel - bila ;a intraselterlalu tinggi ggn deformabilitas

    Mempertahankan besi dlm keadaan

    tereduksi Menghasilkan AT" +A," Sintesis heme

    SISTEM EN-IM MEMBRAN ERITROSIT

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    Molekul keluar masuk sel dg :'. %assi(e $ransport : di usi) facilitated di usion ) osmo). #cti(e $ransport : endositosis) pinositosis) fagositosis

    Ba&a"mana m le%ul ber&era% %eluar masu%sel .

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    Fhat is ,i usionN

    ,i usion is the net mo

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    Fhat is 8a!ilitated ,i usionNC 'a)"l"!a!ed d"/us" n "s ! e ne! m 0emen! 1

    m le)ules 1r m a "& ) n)en!ra!" n ! a l 2) n)en!ra!" n ith the aid o! channel orcarrier proteins 3

    C I ns 4Na 5 , K 5 , #l (6

    C Su&ars 4Glu) se6C Am"n A)"dsC Small 2a!er s luble

    m le)ulesC 7a!er 41as!er ra!e6

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    Molekul a"r bergerak dari larutan dg konsentrasi solute lebirendah menu u konsentrasi lebih tinggi melalui membransemi permeabel

    OSMOSIS

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    Te%anan Osm !"% Te%anan Osm !"% C ,ihasilkan oleh Lat terlarut *solute+ dalam

    larutanC Merupakan tekanan yg men!egah molekul air

    memasuki larutan dengan konsentrasi solutelebih tinggi

    C Meningkat bila umlah partikelterlarut bertambah

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    H 2 D H$p ! n"), H$per! n"), and Is ! n") S lu!" nsA/e)! ! e 7a!er M 0emen! 1 a #ell.

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    Dlm lar "s ! n"s Dlm lar "p ! n"s Dlm lar "per! n"s

    Tek osmotik larutan samadng tek osmotik intraeritrosit

    PsoluteQ G PsoluteQ lar0siologis tek. osmotik G

    molekul air bergerakmemasuki eritrosit eritrosit bengkak pe!ah#hemolisis&

    PsoluteQ= PsoluteQ lar0siologis tek. osmotik

    molekul air bergerakkeluar eritrosit eritrokisut #krenasi&

    ,isebut sbg larutan0siologisB

    (lukosa 5.E@ atau +a;lE.>E@

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    A red !ell in a high salt

    solution Jill shri

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    alur metabolisme utama eritrositC 'ritrosit memerlukan energi utk :

    Mempertahankan deformabilitas elastisitas membran/ 2 enLimatik pembentukan AT") mempertahankan besidlm keadaan tereduksi #8e 29 &

    Transport ion +a) K) ;a keseimbangan osmotik intrasel

    Tdpt 2 alur metabolisme utama eritrosit :1.(likolisis anaerob # alur 'mbden-MeyerhofH 'M"& energi

    sbg AT" #1 molekul glukosa 2 AT"&2. e ose Monophosphate # M" Shunt H alur "entose

    "hosphate& +A, +A," sbg daya pereduksi

    NADH : Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide; NADPH : Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide Phosphate

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    Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University(- -", R (lu!ose- -"hosphate ,ehydrogenase

    Lueber"n&(Rap p r! S un!

    He8 se M n p sp a!eS un! 4HMP69 Pen! se

    P sp a!

    Me!Hbredu)!ase

    pa! 2a$

    Embden(Me$er 1

    Pa! 2a$ 4EMP6

    alur *uebering $ /apoportmenghasilkan :,;(DPG #2)3-,iphosphogly!erate& mbtkkomplek dg b #1 : 1& mengatur a0nitas b thd 2

    Menghas NADPH akti0tas (lutathionreduktase #reduksi (SS(m d (S & (S utkdekomposisi 2 2 # 2 2== pbtk Met b&+A," uga diperlukan olMet b reduktase utkmempertahankan besi tetadalam keadaan tereduksi

    b#8e 39 & b#8e 29 &Met b

    redu!tase

    +A,

    'M" ugamenghasilkan NADH

    yg diperlukan olehenLim

    Methemoglobin

    redu,tase utkmereduksi Met b

    (- -",

    "yru

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    uga dihasilkan +A,"( ", mereduksi +A," # nicotinamide-

    adenine-dinucleotide phosphate & m d +A +A," mereduksi oxidized glutathione

    #(SS(& m d btk tereduksi #(S & melindungi membran eritrosit b dr stress

    oksidatif

    alur "entose-"hosphateH exose-

    Monophosphate* M%+ hunt

    alur M"H "entose "hosphate

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    ASPEK KLINISC Maintenan!e of hgb fun!tion reOuires a!ti

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    ASPEK KLINIS

    $ Met gb /edu!tase "athJay - maintains ironin the redu!ed fun!tional state.

    C There are 2 pathJays) the +A, and the+A," redu!tase pathJays. They are

    dependent upon +A, and +A,"respe!ti

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    AS"'K K* + S : ANEMIA HEMOLITIK

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    AS"'K K* + S : ANEMIA HEMOLITIK

    !C5 : !aro6ys al Cold 5e oglo$in)ria517 : 5e olytic 1isease of the 7e $orn5US : 5e olytic#Ure ic Syndro e88! : 8hro $otic 8hro $ocytopenic !)rp)ra19C : 1ise inated 9ntravasc)lar Coag)lation!75 : !aro6ys al 7oct)rnal 5e oglo$in)ria

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    Abnormalitas umlah atau struktur proteinmembran

    1& ereditarysphero!ytosis

    # S&2& ereditary

    ellipto!ytosis

    # '&

    AS"'K K* + S : De1e% membran er"!r s"!

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    HS HE

    De>n"s"Merupakan kelainan genetik autosomaldominan) ditandai dg defek membran eritrosit)mengakibatkan membran men adi kurangdeformable dan mudah pe!ah.

    E!" l &"Ankyrin dan Spe!trin

    Spe!trin) protein I.1)

    protein I.2

    M r1 l &"

    'ritrosit berukuranlebih ke!il) lebihbulat #tidakbikonkaf&*ebih fragil

    •'ritrosit berbentukelips

    ASPEK KLINIS @ de1e% en+"m

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    Stress ksidatif1. Antimalaria : "rimakuin

    2. Sulfonamide3. +itrofuranI. "hena!etin5. Uit K sintetis

    . +aphthalene #moth balls&?. Makanan : ka!ang fa. Ketoasidosis diabetik

    'pisode hemolitik

    ekstra

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    ksidasi 8e 29 m d 8e 39 pbtk Methemoglobin tidak mampu mengika

    +ormal : Selama fase deoksigenasi b 1 $ 3@ bteroksidasi m d Met b tiap hari direduksi kembalioleh enLim Methemoglobin reduktase # Met&breduction path a% &

    - /nstable emoglobins #herediter&- ,e0siensi Met b- reductase- -

    M !H MOG"O#$% M

    b#8e 39 & b#8e 29 &Methemoglobinredu!tase

    +A, #dr. alur 'M"&

    Defek pada Jalur Reduksi Methemoglobin

    ASPEK KLINIS @ de1e% en+"m er"!r s"!

    d 1 % +"

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    ASPEK KLINIS @ de1e% en+"mer"!r s"!

    'ritrosit mempertahankan

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    ASPEK KLINIS

    C Kandungan asam lemak kolesterol diit adanyapenyakit2 yang mempengaruhi metabolismekolesterol #penyakit hati empedu) ggn enLim&mempengaruhi komposisi asam lemak kolesterolmembran perubahan bentuk membran #seltarget) a!antho!yte& gangguan Deksibilitas

    deformabilitas eritrosit sur

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    ASPEK KLINISC Adanya komponen

    protein di bagian luarmembran eritrositbermuatan negatif #Letapotential& tdk

    menempel satu sama lain;eta potential is the potential difference$et een the dispersion edi) and thestationary layer of fl)id attached to thedispersed particle

    high eta potential ill confer sta$ility, i e , thesol)tion or dispersion ill resist aggregation

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    • !er)$ahan o posisi protein plas a a an en)r)n aneta potential rouleaux eritrosit pening atan L=1

    C nDamasi peningkatan kadar 0brinogen rouleaux eritrosit

    C Multiple Myeloma sintesis globulin oleh selplasma ↑ rouleaux eritrosit

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    >left : itho)t he olysis+ red $lood cell s)spension >0 % sheep /-Cs in saline+, see s red andopa?)e> iddle : itho)t he olysis+ /-Cs sedi ented spontaneo)sly for @0 in 7ote that the s)pernatant is

    not colored>right : he olysis+ /-C s)spension treated ith the he olysin of S. pyogenes at 3AC for 30 in$eco e transparent $y he olysis

    'M * S S '/ T/ S T

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    Tube mLs3 C

    Na#l

    mLsd"s!"lled

    2a!er

    Na#l # n)34C6

    1 E.E 1E.E E emolisis total2 >.E 1.E E.2 emolisis total3 V.E 2.E E.I emolisis sebagianI ?.5 2.5 E.5 Tidak ter adi

    hemolisis

    5 ?.E 3.E E. Tidak ter adihemolisis

    .5 3.5 E.? Tidak ter adihemolisis

    ? .E I.E E.V Tidak ter adihemolisis

    V 5.5 I.5 E.> Tidak ter adihemolisis isotonis

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    Tes! 'ra&"l"!asOsm !"% Er"!r s"!

    'Osmotic(ragilit% Test)

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    '/', TA/6 S" '/ ;6T S Sasil $es 0ragilitas Osmoti, 1ritrosit

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    'W" SX/' T ; 'M ;A* S *U'+TSC ' posure measurements in !ombination Jith

    analysis of haematologi!al parameters may be atool for early dete!tion of !ellular !hanges in theblood !aused by e posure to sol

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    ' posure to to i! metalsC *ead poisoning

    C 'rythro!ytes as an important target of lead to i!ityC After ingestion or inhalation) lead mole!ules enters

    the bloodstream Jhere it is predominantly bound toerythro!yte proteins) !ause proteolysis and disruptionof /7; membrane.

    C *ead alters lipid metabolism) enhan!es lipidpero idation and de!reases !ell membrane Duidity.

    C *ead may be responsible !ausing osmoti! !hange inblood hen!e osmoti! fragility is the reason forhemolysis.

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    S+AK' U'+ MC Snake

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    KALSIUMKALSIUMC 8ungsi struktural mineral tulang gigiC

    8ungsi regulasi :- econd messenger

    ker a hormon- Kontraksi otot

    - Konduksi syaraf - "embekuan darah- Kofaktor utk akti

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    TRANSPORT KALSIUM DLMTRANSPORT KALSIUM DLMDARAHDARAH

    Kalsium ekstraseluler intraseluler hanya 1@ dr total

    kalsium tubuhKalsium intraseluler : E.EEE1konsentrasi kalsiumekstraseluler

    Konsentrasi kalsiumekstraseluler intraseluler

    diatur dg ketat,lm darah kalsium berada dlm3 bentuk :

    0ree #ionized &calcium #5E@& fungsional

    Terikat pd albumin #IE@&

    Kompleks dg bikarbonat) sitratatau fosfat #1E@&

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    P RA% &A"'$(M )*aP RA% &A"'$(M )*a 2+2+ dlm hem stasisdlm hem stasis

    C Trtm di alur intrinsik alur bersamaC ;a :5 sbg koenLim) berikatan dg faktor koagulasi

    mengaktifkan faktor koagulasi punyaakti0tas enLimatik% memungkinkan ikatan faktorkoagulasi pd membran fosfolipid trombositterakti

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    KONTROL HOMEOSTASIS KALSIUM & FOSFAT

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    KONTROL HOMEOSTASIS KALSIUM & FOSFAT

    "'/X7A A+ KA A/ KA*S XM A/A"'/X7A A+ KA A/ KA*S XM A/A

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    "'/X7A A+ KA,A/ KA*S XM ,A/A"'/X7A A+ KA,A/ KA*S XM ,A/ACarpopedal SpasmH"p %alsem"a

    C Tetani otot *carpopedal spasm+

    C ,ilatasi antung∀ ↑ permeabilitas membran selC (gn pembekuan darah

    H"per%alsem"aC ,epresi sistem syaraf) ↓ reDeC Kelemahan ototC (gn motilitas usus) konstipasi

    C "embentukan kristal kalsium fosfat

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    Koreksi kadar ;al!iumC "erubahan kadar albumin 1 gramHd*

    perubahan kadar kalsium serum E.V mgHd*C Kadar albumin serum normal 3.5 - 5.E gHdlC 7ila tidak m"sd"a&n s"s "per%alsem"am"sd"a&n s"s "per%alsem"a

    ;al!ium terkoreksi Albumin R

    Serum )al)"um 5 4 (album"n6 F 3

    ;ontoh: ;a 3 mgHd* Alb 2.5 gHd*:R 1E.5 9 P#I $ 2.5& W E.VQ R 3J mgHd*

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