Post on 17-Dec-2015
description
Apa yang menyebabkan angin?Angin terjadi karena perbedaan temperatur dari sisi dingin ke sisi panas.*
Bagaimana Angin Terbentuk?*
Angin Darat dan Angin LautAngin terjadi karena perbedaan pemanasan permukaan bumi oleh matahari.Daratan dan lautan mempunyai perbedaan kemampuan menyerap panas.Secondary Infobook, The Need Project, 2007*
Wind Power EquationP = * air density * Area Swept by Rotor * Wind Speed3
P = * * A * V3
Power in the wind is correlated 1:1 with area and is extremely sensitive to wind speed (the cubic amplifies the power significantly)
If the wind speed is twice as high, it contains 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 times as much energy
A site with 16 mph average wind speed will generate nearly 50% more electricity and be more cost effective than one with 14 mph average wind speed (16*16*16) / (14*14*14) = 1.4927
Therefore, it pay$ to hunt for good wind sites with better wind speeds
*Turbin Angin
Value of Wind EnergyThe value of a wind turbine or wind farm depends upon many factors
locationterrainwind speed = f(location, terrain)cost of competing energy sourcerate structure of competing energy source
Jenis Turbin Angin Berdasarkan Posisi SumbuSumbu VertikalDarrieus Wind TurbineGiromillSavonius Wind TurbineHelix Wind Turbinewww.wikipedia.org/helixwww.wikipedia.org/savoniuswww.wikipedia.org/VAWT*
Turbin Angin VertikalKeuntunganTidak memerlukan yaw mechanismPendek.Mudah dirawat karena generator, transmisi dekat permukaan tanah.Mudah ditransportasi (untuk ukuran kecil).Tidak memerlukan menara.
KerugianEfisiensi rendah.Ketinggian terbatas.Perlu permukaan yang datar.
www.wikipedia.org/windturbine*
Sumbu Horizontal
1-blade Wind Turbine2-blade Wind Turbine3-blade Wind Turbinewww.wikipedia.org/HAWT *
Turbin Angin HorizontalKeuntunganPitch sudu turbin dapat diubah-ubah.Menara yang tinggi dapat memperileh angin yang lebih kencang.Penggunaan menara menyebabkan turbin dapat ditempatkan di dataran yang tidak rata, atau bahkan di atas laut.Dapat ditempatkan di atas garis pepohonan di hutan.KerugianSulit beroperasi di dekat permukaan tanah.Sulit mentransportasikan bilah sudu yang panjang.Pemasangan sulit.Mengganggu sinyal radar.Bila dipasang di laut, sebaiknya di laut yang dangkal.
www.wikipedia.org/windturbine*
Wind Power Classifications and utilization *
ClassWindspeed ( m/s)Power Density (W/m^2)Capacity ( kW )Small Scale2.5 4.0< 75Up to 10 MediumScale 4.0 5.075 15010-100 LargeScale > 5.0 > 150>100
Wind Energy BenefitsNo air emissions No fuel to mine, transport, or store No cooling water No water pollution No wastes
Turbines: Different Sizes and ApplicationsSmall (10 kW) Homes (Grid-connected) Farms Remote Applications (e.g. battery changing, water pumping, telecom sites)Intermediate (10-500 kW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed PowerLarge (500 kW 5 MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Offshore Wind
Large Wind SystemsRange in size from 100 kW to 5 MW
Provide wholesale bulk power
Require 13-mph average wind sites
Typical Turbine Size1.3 to 1.8 MW rated capacityRotor diameter 60 to 80 metersTower height 60 to 80 metersTurbine footprint 10 m x 10 mLowest ground clearance is at least 100 ft.165-220 ft TOWER245-330 ft. TIPApx. 100 ft.
Next Generation Wind Turbines
Cross section of blade for 1.65-MW turbine
Power Curves
Wind Power CostsWind Speed
Wind Power CostsProject Size
Wind Power Isnt PerfectWind Power output varies over time; it isnt dispatchable
Wind Power is location-dependent (rural vs. urban where it is needed most)
Wind Power is transmission-dependent for tie-in to the grid
Wind Power has environmental impacts (pro / con)
Wind Power can only meet part of the electrical load
Proyeksi Energi Angin Sumber: Susandi, 2006
Chart2
1.4862745098
2.1058823529
2.7098039216
3.4470588235
4.3333333333
Biodiesel
Year
MW
Data_prod
OilSolarBiodiesel
TahunProduksiImporKonsumsiTahunProduksiImporKonsumsiTahunGDP%Solar%BiodieselBiodieselSolar
20002.7001.2003.90020001.0800.4801.56020000.153100%0%0.0001.560
20102.6001.4674.06720101.0400.5871.62720100.37998%2%0.0331.594
20202.3001.7894.08920200.9200.7161.63620200.53795%5%0.0821.554
20302.2002.0194.21920300.8800.8081.68820300.69194%6%0.1091.579
20401.8002.3674.16720400.7200.9471.66720400.87992%8%0.1361.530
20501.6002.5394.13920500.6401.0161.65620501.10590%10%0.1701.485
20600.4001.5211.92120600.1600.6080.76820601.37287%13%0.0980.670
20700.2001.4241.62420700.0800.5700.65020701.69684%16%0.1030.547
20800.1001.4921.59220800.0400.5970.63720802.08581%19%0.1240.513
20900.0001.1001.10020900.0000.4400.44020902.53676%24%0.1040.336
21000.0000.8110.81121000.0000.3240.32421003.07971%29%0.0930.231
Konsentrasi SO2Case PMCost PMCase LRICost LRICase CDACost CDA
TahunOilSolar20%biodiesel100%BiodieselPM Solar%PM SolarPM 20Bio%PM 20BioPM Solar%PM SolarPM 20Bio%PM 20BioLRI Solar%LRI SolarLRI 20Bio%LRI 20BioLRI Solar%LRI SolarPM 20Bio%PM 20BioCDA Solar%CDA SolarCDA 20Bio%CDA 20BioCDA Solar%CDA SolarCDA 20Bio%CDA 20Bio
200070.07378.39278.3920.7844340.0002%4340.0002%630.001%62.640.001%7,7360.0036%7,7360.0036%10,4430.00%10,443.250.00%7740.057%7740.06%1,0450.000%1,045.00.000%
2010141.96481.74981.4220.8175280.0002%5230.0002%1680.002%166.460.002%8,9330.0038%8,8410.0037%18,2240.00%18,036.120.00%1,0150.063%1,0040.06%2,0700.000%2,049.20.000%
2020389.82482.19181.3690.8225700.0002%5560.0002%2350.002%228.660.002%9,1410.0035%8,9070.0034%25,1360.01%24,494.660.01%1,1730.064%1,1430.06%3,2250.001%3,142.20.001%
2030740.01384.80483.7130.8486830.0002%6610.0002%3330.003%322.930.003%9,8570.0035%9,5480.0034%34,1070.01%33,037.290.01%1,4220.070%1,3780.07%4,9210.001%4,766.80.001%
20401623.58283.75982.3880.8387220.0002%6930.0002%4200.004%403.390.004%9,3890.0031%9,0070.0030%39,2440.01%37,650.200.01%1,5170.068%1,4560.06%6,3430.002%6,085.30.002%
20502452.66883.19681.4840.8327690.0002%7290.0002%5310.005%503.650.005%8,9980.0028%8,5340.0027%44,2720.02%41,988.450.01%1,6250.066%1,5410.06%7,9930.003%7,581.00.003%
20603170.67838.61337.6270.386(283)-0.0001%(307)-0.0001%(231)-0.002%(250.98)-0.003%(2,982)-0.0009%(3,240)-0.0010%(16,878)-0.01%(18,340.35)-0.01%(600)-0.0%(651)-0.0%(3,393)-0.001%(3,687.4)-0.002%
20703164.58732.64331.6120.326(459)-0.0001%(486)-0.0001%(445)-0.004%(471.23)-0.005%(4,356)-0.0012%(4,615)-0.0013%(27,968)-0.01%(29,629.44)-0.01%(973)-0.0%(1,031)-0.0%(6,246)-0.003%(6,617.4)-0.003%
20802929.85732.00030.7580.320(503)-0.0001%(538)-0.0001%(579)-0.006%(619.33)-0.006%(4,297)-0.0012%(4,594)-0.0013%(30,899)-0.02%(33,031.32)-0.02%(1,064)-0.0%(1,138)-0.0%(7,653)-0.004%(8,181.7)-0.005%
20902633.84122.11121.0660.221(823)-0.0002%(854)-0.0002%(1,116)-0.011%(1,158.04)-0.012%(6,331)-0.0017%(6,568)-0.0018%(50,458)-0.03%(52,347.13)-0.04%(1,734)-0.1%(1,799)-0.1%(13,823)-0.009%(14,340.8)-0.010%
21002660.27816.30215.3670.163(1,043)-0.0003%(1,072)-0.0003%(1,673)-0.017%(1,719.82)-0.017%(7,225)-0.0019%(7,426)-0.0019%(63,294)-0.05%(65,049.19)-0.05%(2,187)-0.1%(2,247)-0.1%(19,155)-0.015%(19,686.2)-0.016%
TahunPopuplasiGDPCM%ChildrenCost LRI%adults
20002120.1530.0075135.70%1.3564.300%
20102380.3790.0072832.84%2.0467.160%
20202610.5370.0070730.22%2.7569.780%
20302830.6910.0072227.80%3.4672.200%
20403020.8790.0073825.58%4.1874.420%
20503201.1050.0075423.53%4.9276.470%
20603361.3720.0077021.65%5.6678.350%
20703501.6960.0078719.92%6.4280.080%
20803622.0850.0080418.32%7.1981.680%
20903742.5360.0082216.86%7.9783.140%
21003843.0790.0084015.51%8.7684.490%
TahunCoalOilGasCarbon-Free
20002.003.201.800.10
20102.501.901.900.10
20202.700.803.100.10
20303.000.603.700.10
20403.200.402.900.30
20503.200.301.901.00
20603.300.201.301.52
20703.300.200.902.56
20803.300.100.604.10
20903.30-0.405.38
21003.30-0.306.92
BiodieselOilCarbonSerap CarbonTahunPopuplasiGDPEnergi angin
20100.0331.9751.320002120.153
20200.0820.8767.820102380.3791.486
20300.1090.69016.320202610.5372.106
20400.1360.412341.920302830.6912.710
20500.1700.314180.120403020.8793.447
20503201.1054.333
Data_prod
111
NET Eksport
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Mitigasi
111
NET Ekspor
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Mitigasi
111
NET Eksport
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Dasar
111
NET Ekspor
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Dasar
111
NET Ekspor
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Mitigasi
111
NET Ekspor
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Dasar
111
NET Ekspor
Produksi
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
Skenario Mitigasi
111
Produksi
Konsumsi
Net Ekspor
0.880.880.2
1.1811.1810.53
1.4211.420.86
1.6711.6691.15
1.8571.8491.43
1.981.961.7
2.0111.9692.2
2.0892.0212.6
2.3842.2782.85
2.6562.4953.2
2.8812.6833.6
Dasar
Mitigasi
IPCC
Tahun
0C
Temperatur Potensial
1.080.481.56
1.040.58681.6268
0.920.71561.6356
0.880.80761.6876
0.720.94681.6668
0.641.01561.6556
Produksi
Impor
Konsumsi
Tahun
Exajoule
1.560
1.5942640.032536
1.553820.08178
1.57902163870.1085783613
1.53038312850.1364168715
1.48526126630.1703387337
Diesel
Biodiesel
Year
Exajoule
01
0.020.98
0.050.95
0.06433891990.9356610801
0.08184357540.9181564246
0.1028864060.897113594
Biodiesel
Diesel
Year
0.00000204690.0000020469
0.00000221890.000002196
0.00000218490.0000021291
0.00000241230.0000023367
0.00000239170.0000022946
0.00000240290.0000022789
Solar
B20
Tahun
Prosentase dari Populasi
0.00000626370.0000062637
0.00001681890.0000166457
0.00002346540.0000228663
0.00003333850.0000322932
0.00004204680.0000403392
0.00005310320.0000503646
Solar
B20
Tahun
Prosentase dari GDP
0.00003648930.0000364893
0.00003753460.000037148
0.00003502120.000034127
0.00003483190.0000337398
0.00003108780.0000298252
0.00002811970.0000266695
Solar
B20
Tahun
Prosentase dari Populasi
0.00000753690.0000075369
0.00002902030.0000287214
0.00005171750.0000503971
0.00008327810.000080667
0.00011422340.0001095845
0.00015287530.0001449914
Solar
B20
Tahun
Prosentase dari GDP
0.00056783920.0005678392
0.00063497490.000628435
0.00064381910.0006273809
0.00069608040.0006742556
0.00067517590.0006477554
0.00066391960.0006296807
Solar
B20
Tahun
Prosentase dari Populasi
0.00000075420.0000007542
0.00000329710.0000032632
0.00000663440.000006465
0.00001201570.000011639
0.00001846170.0000177119
0.00002760160.0000261781
Solar
B20
Tahun
Prosentase dari GDP
23.21.80.1
2.51.91.90.1
2.70.83.10.1
30.63.70.1
3.20.42.90.3
3.20.31.91
3.30.21.31.52
3.30.20.92.56
3.30.10.64.1
3.300.45.38
3.300.36.92
coal
oil
gas
carbon-free
coal
oil
gas
carbon-free
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
coal
oil
gas
carbon-free
coal
oil
gas
carbon-free
Year
Exajoules
0
0
0
0
0
Biodiesel
Year
Mt CO2 per Year
0
0
0
0
0
Biodiesel
Year
MW
Potensi Energi Angin di Indonesia
Tantangan Implementasi Energi Angin di Indonesia
Peluang Meningkatkan Implementasi Energi Angin
Kendala Implementasi Energi Angin di Indonesia
**********. . . And second, a blade.***