Post on 25-Jun-2018
Dr. Taufik Hery Purwanto, M.Si.
Prodi Penginderaan Jauh, Departemen Sains Informasi Geografis
Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada
Foto Fotogram
Foto : tidak diperlengkapi dengan tanda-tanda tepi atau tanda kolimasi. Tidak
digunakan untuk pengukuran yang akurat. Fotogram :
diambil dengan menggunakan kamera fotogrametrik, yaitu kamera dengan jarak tetap antara bidang negatif dan lensa serta diperlengkapi dengan tanda-tanda tepi atau tanda kolimasi. Dapat digunakan untuk pengukuran secara akurat.
H
• FU menyajikan "bird's-eye view" objek di permukaan bumi tampak seperti dari udara.
• Sejarah FU diawali oleh Nadar, 1858, dengan menggunakan Balon udara, perang Dunia I (World War I) digunakan militer untuk merekam daerah musuh dan pergerakan musuh. Setelah Perang Dunia digunakan sipil dalam aplikasi topografi, bentuklahan, vegetasi, bentukan budaya, dll.
• FU dapat diambil dari wahana ruang angkasa, pesawat terbang tinggi atau rendah, wahana dekat dengan permukaan bumi.
• FU mempunyai resolusi spasial yang tinggi, tetapi resolusi spekral yang rendah.
• FU menggunakan kamera dan film untuk merekam pantulan EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) pada pajng gelombang 0.3 m - 0.9 m (the mid ultra-violet - the near IR).
• FU dipelajari dalam ilmu Photogrammetry terutama untuk pengukuran.
Alper Yilmaz, PhD
Brief History
1914 WWI
1860 Boston
1854 Nadar 1860 Boston
In 1907, a German by the name of Julius Neubronner, outfitted a pigeon to take the first avian aerial
photography.
1908 AERIAL IMAGERY OF SCHLOSSHOTEL KRONBERG CAPTURED BY HOMING PIGEONS (NOTE THE WING TIPS AT THE EDGES OF THE UPPER PHOTOGRAPHY). BY JULIUS NEUBRONNER.
HOMING PIGEONS OUTFITTED WITH CAMERAS FOR CAPTURING AERIAL IMAGERY. JULIUS NEUBRONNER, 1909.
https://www.gislounge.com/aerial-mapping-balloons/
1942
Kodak patents first false color I.R. sensitive film
CIR (coloured inrared)
1940´s
Colored photography
– 1940 Color infrared CIR
– 1972: Launch of ERTS-1 = Landat 1. Satellite
copy of CIR sensor
• 80 m pixel resolution
– 1986: Launch of SPOT-1
– 1999: Landsat 7 ETM
– 2000: Shuttle SRTM Mission
– 2001: Digitalglobe Quickbird
• 61 cm pixel resolution
– 2005: Google Inc. releases
Keyhole, http://earth.google.com
– 2007:- 2014: WorldView 3: Eight band
multispectral: 0,31 cm geometric resolution,
SWIR: 3,7
– 2015: Launch of Sentinel-2
– 2016 Nano satellites
• permanently available HD video
from space:
Nano - Satellites Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
Fotogrametri atau Photogrammetry : “photos” = cahaya, “gramma” = sesuatu yang digambar atau ditulis “metron” = mengukur.
Fotogrametri = mengukur fotogram (potret atau foto).
Semula definisi Fotogrametri adalah ilmu atau seni dalam memperoleh pengukuran-pengukuran yang dapat dipercaya dengan menggunakan
foto (American Society of Photogrammetry/ ASP, 1934).
Dengan perkembangan yang pesat, maka pada tahun 1979 oleh ASP fotogrametri dinyatakan atau didefinisikan sebagai berikut: Fotogrametri adalah seni, ilmu dan teknologi dalam pemperoleh informasi yang terpercaya mengenai obyek-obyek dan lingkungan fisis, melalui proses perekaman, pengukuran dan penafsiran citra fotografik dari pola-pola energi elektromagnetik dan gejala lainnya.
Photogrammetry is defined as the art or science of recording,
measuring, and interpreting photographic images (Slama, 1980).
Moffit(1980) describes two basic types of photogrammetry:
1. Metric photogrammetry, which uses accurate measurements to
determine the precise location of points in space for
determining position, elevation, areas, and volumes
2. Interpretative photogrammetry, which recognizes and identifies
objects in a photographic image such as soils, crops, and
timber stands
Photogrammetry is concerned with the measurement of certain
quantities using electromagnetic energy. Usually this has taken the
form of obtaining measurements of an image from a photograph.
Photogrammetry can be divided into two areas [Moffitt and
Mikhail, 1980], metrical photogrammetry and photointerpretation
(also called remote sensing).
In the practice of metrical photogrammetry, a certain amount of
interpretation must be performed in addition to making
measurements.
A more complete definition is that of Mikhail, "the art and science
of acquisition, measurement, interpretation, and evaluation of
photographs, imageries, and other remotely sensed data" [Moffitt
and Mikhail, 1980].
The recording can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Photographic (analogue recording) Results in a photograph. 2. Electronic (digital recording) Results in an image. The detection of electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) can be performed either photographically or electronically.
Photograph Image
A scene which was detected as well as
recorded on film.
A scene which was detected electronically.
Chemical reactions on a lightsensitive
film detects the intensity of the
incoming energy.
Generate an electrical signal proportional
to the incoming energy.
Simple, cheap, well known, high degree
of spatial detail.
Can sense in many wavelengths, data can
be easily converted into digital form for
automated processing.
Only sense in the wavelength of 0.3 –
0.9 μm, manual interpretation.
Complex, expensive sensors
FU
Aspek Semantik penafsiran citra fotografik dan pola-pola energi elektromagnetik yang bercahaya dan gejala lainnya.
Aspek Metrik proses perekaman, pengukuran
Pengukuran • Panjang (jarak)
• Lebar (jarak)
• Luas
• Tinggi
• Volume
• Kemiringan
• Arah
Tinggi (FU Tegak)
FU Tunggal FU Stereo
Relief
Displacement Bayangan Sudut
Kemiringan
Lereng
Parallaks
Mistar Parallax bar
TRACING
TABLE
PROYEKTORKIRI PROYEKTOR
KANAN
MODEL 3D
PETA
PROYEKSITEGAK
FOTOKIRI
FOTOKANAN
FOTO UDARA
DENGAN PERTAMPALAN(60% - 70%)
RESTITUSI MODEL 3D
FOTOGRAMETRI
BOBBY SD - 1999
FOTO UDARA
• Foto udara merupakan rekaman fotografis obyek di atas permukaan tanah yang pengambilannya dilakukan dari udara.
• Citra atau bayangan yang diperoleh adalah hasil proyeksi sentral. Sinar cahaya matahari yang terpantul oleh obyek dipermukaan tanah atau terain yang masuk ke dalam kamera melewati celah yang ada di dalam lensa akan Jatuh pada film yang telah dipasang berimpit dengan bidang negatif.
• Obyek yang direkam dapat berupa bentang alami seperti bukit, lembah, sungai dan telaga maupun hasil perbuatan manusia seperti bangunan-bangunan gedung, perumahan, jalur transportasi, waduk,bendung dan saluran.
32
Airborne platforms include:
1. High altitude platforms:
high-altitude balloons, U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, etc.
2. Mid-altitude platforms:
normal aircraft
3. Low altitude platforms:
light aircraft, remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)
High-altitude airborne platforms
high-altitude balloon that can reach
the top edge of the atmosphere
U-2 military spy aircraft that flies near 30,000 meters.
Remote sensing aircraft
Mid-altitude remote sensing aircraft
Low-altitude platforms
Price Wars: Counting the Cost of Drones, Planes and Satellites.
38 Carrier Pigeons Take Aerial Photos With New Camera (Feb, 1932)
39 Aerial Kite Photography
40
41
The Super G with the Panavision HI-DEF Genesis camera
42 Red ballon – with aerial camera
43 The Balloon Exposure Procedures, Catur Aries Rokhmana.
Pemanfaatan Foto Udara Digital Inframerah Berwarna Format Kecil Dari Wahana Balon Udara Untuk Pemetaan Kerusakan Tanaman Padi
(oryza Sativa) Akibat Serangan Hama Tikus Sawah (rattus Argentiventer)
WIKAN JAYA P; KARTOGRAFI DAN PENGINDRAAN JAUH UGM, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2013, Jenis: Skripsi
47
48
49
50
51
Trike
Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph) - SFAP
Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph) - SFAP
Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph)
SFAP Kota Bintuni Maret 2009
54
Or this?
Source: http://www.microdrones.com/
Microdrone $21,367
Base Station $19,424
Video Transmitter $1,545
Video Receiver $1,000
Daylight Video $1,545
Lowlight Video $3,100
GPS Hold $1,934
Complete Package $59,681
August 2007
a. Menawarkan sudut pandang dan titik pengamatan yang baik
b. Merupakan rekaman permanen
c. Memiliki kepekaan spektral yang lebih luas daripada mata manusia
d. Memiliki resolusi spasial dan geometris yang lebih baik daripada data penginderaan jauh lainnya.
a. Sumber Informasi • FU bersifat komunikatif -> memberikan informasi gambaran suatu
daerah secara spasial dari udara • Penggunaan lahan • Morphologi • Memperjelas struktur natural maupun man-made environment
b. Mempelajari perubahan-perubahan • Pemotretan daerah sama dalam interval waktu tertentu, dapat
dipelajari perubahan-perubahan terutama perubahan fisik
c. Sebagai pengganti peta • Dengan dibuat mosaik foto udara pada suatu daerah • Diatas mosaik diberi informasi yang terkandung pada foto udara
dapat dilaksanakan pekerjaan perancangan sampai tingkat skematis
d. Sebagai peta perancanaan • Dilakukan pada pemetaan dari foto udara. Peta-peta yang
dihasilkan antara lain: peta foto, peta topografi, peta penggunaan lahan, dsb.
e. Sebagai dasar pembuatan “Peta Dasar keadaan terakhir”
MEMBANGUN BASISDATA SPASIAL 3-DIMENSI UNTUK REKONSTRUKSI WILAYAH
(Aplikasi : Daerah Genangan Karena Banjir Rob)
1. Small Format Aerial Photography Except a very few areas, aerial photography of most of the parts of the earth have been carried. With the advent of satellite remote sensing, even these areas have been covered. With rapid urbanisation and industrialisation the need of the hour is very high resolution maps i.e. large scale maps. In this respect small format aerial photography is playing a key role. In this type of photography a small format (35mm) automatic camera is used. This type of camera allows for hands-free operation and is light enough to be lifted by a large kite. Critical camera settings like focus, shutter speed etc. are controlled by a microchip and light meter within the camera body. Simple acquisition of airphotos can be attained by enabling the camera's timer function to take photograph after a few seconds.
2. Low Altitude Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Aerial Photography The latest improvement in aerial photography is the utilisation of a remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) for aerial photography. Utilizing an unmanned, remotely piloted vehicle, offers cost effective alternatives to traditional aerial photography. Since RPV's are not limited by the same restrictions as full-size aircraft, they can be operated at altitudes of less than 500 feet, even in residential areas where full-size aircraft are restricted to a minimum altitude of 1000 feet. As a result of the freedom associated with this method of aerial photography unique, low cost aerial photographs from previously impossible perspectives for a multitude of applications can be obtained.
Jonas Nelson
Z/I DMC
• 4 panchromatic CCD arrays each
7000 x 4000 pixels, Final image
13824 x 7680
• 4 multispectral (R,G,B, NIR) CCD
arrays, each 3000 x 2000 pixels
• Pixel size: 12 μm x 12 μm
• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle:
69.3° across strip, 42° along strip
• Focal length: 120 mm (pan)
• 25 mm (MS)
• Stereo angle: 42°
Jonas Nelson
Z/I DMC - cameras
4 panchromatic high-resolution (7000x4000) CCD camera heads, covering a quarter each. Focal length 120 mm. 4 multispectral (R, G, B, Near IR) CCD camera heads with 3000x2000 pixel resolution each. Focal length 25 mm.
Jonas Nelson
Z/I DMC – panchromatic cameras
To speed up reading of the sensors, each sensor has its data downloaded from all four corners. Still takes 2.1 seconds / image. 12x12 micrometer pixel size. Radiometric resolution is 12 bit (4096 levels).
Jonas Nelson
Leica ADS40
Sensor head SH40
• 3 panchromatic CCD lines each 2 x 12,000 pixels, staggered by 3.25 μm
• 4 multispectral CCD lines, each 12,000 pixels
• Pixel size: 6.5 μm x 6.5 μm
• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle: 64° (across strip)
• Focal length: 62.77 mm
• Stereo angles: 16°, 26°, 42°
Jonas Nelson
The Digital Sensor ADS40
ADS40 Airborne Digital Sensor
Leica ADS40 system
1. Sensor head SH40 with: - Digital optics DO64 - IMU
2. Control unit CU40 with: - position & attitude computer POS
3. Mass Memory MM40 4 . Operator interface OI40 5. Guidance Indicator GI40 6. Mount PAV30
Leica ADS40 - sensors
3 panchromatic 12000 pixel line scanners (forward, nadir, back) 4 RGB+NIR 12000 pixel line scanners
Jonas Nelson
Leica ADS40 - panchromatic
3 panchromatic line scanners = three seamless image strips. Forward 26 º, nadir 0 º and backward 16º.
Jonas Nelson
Configuration of multiple linear CCD arrays for the Leica ADS40 airborne digital camera.
Stereo data capture with the ADS40 push-broom sensor.
With an airborne digital camera, images can be captured simultaneously in grayscale (also called panchromatic), true color (RBG), and false-color infrared (CIR). SOURCE: EarthData Fugro.
General Principle Of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)
Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)
Individual Tree Species Identification Using Laser Altimetry Intensity in Mixed Conifer Forests of Western Montana
ASPRS, 1996, Digital Photogrammetry : An Addendum to the Manual of Photogrammetry, American Society for Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing, Maryland USA.
Ligterink G.H., 1987, Dasar-Dasar Fotogrametri Interpretasi Foto Udara, Penterjemah : Boesriati Boerman, UI-Press.
Lillesand/ Kiefer, 1990, Penginderaan Jauh dan Interpretasi Citra, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
Paine D. P., 1993, Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation for Resource Management, Gadjah Mada University Press.
Paul R. W.,1993, Elemen Fotogrametri, Gadjah Mada University Press.
Sutanto, 1989, Penginderaan Jauh 1, Gadjah Mada University Press.
Zorn H. C., 1975, Introductory Course Photogrammetry, International Institute For Aerial Survey And Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede The Netherlands.
Teori/Kuliah :
Aktivitas/kuis = 10%
Tugas = 10%
Midterm = 40%
Ujian Akhir = 40%
100%
Praktikum :
Pretest
Kegiatan Praktikum
Laporan
Responsi
=
=
=
=
10%
30%
30%
30%
100%
EVALUASI
Tingkat kehadiran > 70%